Ipomoea Carnea

Gupta et al. Int. AvailableJ. Phar. & onlineBiomedi. at Rese www.ijpbr.net. (2020) 7(6), 4 -15 ISSN: 2394 – 3726

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2394-3726.1107 ISSN: 2394 - 3726 Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. (2020) 7(6), 4-15 Review Article

Peer Reviewed, Refereed, Open Access Journal

A Review - On Indian Folklore Medicinal Plants: Ipomoea Carnea

Garima Gupta*, Ajit Kiran Kaur, Anil Kumar Department of Pharmacy, Monad University, N.H. 9, Delhi Hapur Road, Village & Post Kastla, Kasmabad, P.O Pilkhuwa - 245304, Dist. Hapur (U.P.), India *Corresponding Author E-mail: [email protected] Received: 9.11.2020 | Revised: 15.12.2020 | Accepted: 23.12.2020

ABSTRACT The previous study of Ipomoea carnea commonly known as Besharam or Behaya tree belongs to the Convolvulaceae family. The Plant is native of America and India. Because of fast growing nature of Ipomoea carnea, it is widely distributed in India. If the pregnant animal (Got) eat this plant it was found that a lack of maternal infants bonding. Due to this nature, generally the plant called as Besharam / Behaya or Shameless. Different Species of Ipomoea available in different part of India, phytoconstituent of Ipomoea carnea, responsible for his toxic nature like Swainsonine, and pharmacological, toxicological property of Ipomoea carnea , like antibacterial, anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, anti-cancer, anticonvulsant, immunomodulatory, anti-diabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, sedative anticancer, etc. It was used in ancient system of medicine and the fact that the plant had immense potential for pharmacological and insecticidal Properties. Ipomoea carnea has great importance in Ayurveda.

Keywords: Ipomoea carnea, Phytochemistry Pharmacology.

INTRODUCTION shape and greenish in colour. Plant also Bush Morning Glory botanically named as contains alternate leaves. Leaf is simple and “Ipomoea carnea” from the family of petiolat. Petiole is cylindrical, attains 4.0 - 7.5 Convolvulaceae. It is a large, diffuse or cm length and 2.5 – 3.0 mm diameter. Upper straggling perennial shrub. In Hindi it is surface of leaf is dull green and the lower is known as beshara /behaya, its meaning pale. Leaves which grow in shade is larger shameless1.This genus is except- tonally than the which grow in sunlight. Its flower is diverse, containing over 600 species of vines axial with green pedicel and cylindrical in and shrubs widely distributed throughout the shape. Flower up to 1.5 to 2.2 cm in length 3- tropics and subtropics region2. Ipomoea 5. The leaves which receive lesser sunlight carnea grows to a height of 6 m on terrestrial may grow larger than the leaves which receive land, but acquires a shorter height in the full sunlight. aquatic habitats more or less cylindrical in

Cite this article: Gupta, G., Kaur, A. K., & Kumar, A. (2020). A Review - On Indian Folklore Medicinal Plants: Ipomoea Carnea, Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. 7(6), 4-15. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2394- 3726.1107

Gupta et al. Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. (2020) 7(6), 4-15 ISSN: 2394 – 3726 The stem of Ipomoea carnea can be used for carcinogenic and oxytoxic properties making paper (Dutt et al., 2005). The plant is (Chand, Navin & Rohatgi, 2005). also of medicinal value. It is used in different  Colourful flowers are often grown as traditional medical systems including ornamentals, and a number of cultivars Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani. The plant part is have been developed. Their deep flowers used for Safed Dag (Leucoderma) (Adsul et attract Butterflies and hummingbirds. al., 2012), Cyclophosphamide (Phillips et al.,  Stem is also used as fire wood. 1994) as aphrodisiac, purgative and cathartic.  The plants are also used for fencing. It contains a component identical to marsilin, a  It contains a component identical to sedative and anticonvulsant (Meira et al., marsilin, a sedative and anticonvulsant 2012). The stem of Ipomoea carnea can be (Chand, Navin & Rohatgi, 2005). used for making paper (Chand, Navin &  A glycosidic saponin of Ipomoea carnea Rohatgi 2005). has ant carcinogenic and oxytoxic Other uses of Ipomoea carnea are- properties.  A glycosidic saponin has also been  Leaves are used as fertilizer. purified from I. carnea with ant  The plant has various medicinal values.

Scientific Classification Kingdom - Plantae Clade - Angiosperms Clade - Eudicots Clade - Asterids Order - Solanales Family - Convolvulaceae Genus - Ipomoea Species - I carnea Binomial name - Ipomoea carnea Jace.

Synonym Hindi - Beshram, Behaya, English - Bush Morning glory Oriya - Behayo Marathi - Beshram Bengali - Beshram

Ipomoea carnea: Basic features and ranging from Argentina to the southern parts traditional usage of USA (Shaltout et al., 2009, & Chaudhuri et The shrub Ipomoea carnea is up to 2.5 m tall, al., 1994). This plant species has also been of which, branches are ascending, usually reported from South Asia, including fistular, and contain milky juice. The stem of Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, Ipomoea carnea is erect, woody, hairy, more or and several African countries like Egypt, less cylindrical in shape and greenish in Kenya and coast of tropical East Africa colour, monopod ally branched, and bears (Farahat et al., 2012). It is quite a common alternate leaves. The seed is three sided, with flower in the rural areas of Bangladesh and two flat ventral surfaces that may have a India as well as the roadside. In some parts of central depression and one convex dorsal China, Hainan, Guangxi, as well as Taiwan. surface (Shaltout et al., 2006, & Farahat et al., Ecological amplitude for I. Carnea is much 2012). Ipomoea carnea belongs to the class of wide, and they are observed to growing in Magnoliophyta and family Convolvulaceae xeric and hydric conditions. Ipomoea carnea (Nusrat et al., 2014) Ipomoea carnea is highly commonly grows in dense populations along distributed throughout American tropics, river beds, drain banks, road sides, field edges, Copyright © Nov.-Dec., 2020; IJPBR 5

Gupta et al. Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. (2020) 7(6), 4-15 ISSN: 2394 – 3726 banks, canals and other waterlogged areas. rapid propagating behaviour, wide ecological Ipomoea carnea is a flowering plant and is amplitude and extraordinary competitive cultivated in the garden as ornamental plant. It abilities (Farahat et al., 2012). A photograph of is also cultivated as hedge plant in the crop I. carnea is presented in Figure. fields, fence and firewood (dry) due to its

Figure 1 Photograph of flowering plant Ipomoea carnea

PHYTOCHEMISTRY: leaves of this plant showed the presence of The literature survey reveals that the plant thirteen compounds which include possess various bioactive compounds such as hexadecanoic acid, stearic acid, 1, 2 diethyl glycosides, alkaloids, reducing sugars, phthalate, n-octadecanol, octacosane, flavonoids, fatty acid, esters, alcohol1 and hexatriacontane, tetracontane, 3-diethylamino- tannins (Sharma & Bachheti, 2013). The 1- propanol (Nandkumar, 2009).

a) Stearic acid b) Hexadecanoic acid

c) N-octadecanol d) 3-diethylamino-1- propanol

Gupta et al. Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. (2020) 7(6), 4-15 ISSN: 2394 – 3726

e) Tetracontane Fig.2 Structure of compound present in Ipomoea carnea

One study shows that Ethanol – Water (80: 20) separated from Ipomoea Carnea. Its structure extract of Ipomoea Carnea contains was studied by HPTLC, IR, MS, 1H-NMR, appreciable amount of flavonoids and phenol. 13C-NMR (Chaudhuri et al., 1994). Flowers contain maximum amount of Saleem M. et al and Sahayaraj K et al studied phenoliccompounds while stem contain their that when bioactive secondary metabolites minimum amount. Phenolic values lies isolated from the n-hexane soluble part of the between 45 to 73 mg catechol equivalent / gm ethanolic extract of Ipomoea Carnea, which (Afifi et al., 1988, & Shaltout et al., 2006). were identified as octyl-p-coumarate, Ipomoea Carnea is a rich source of chemical umbelliferon, β-sitosterol, stigmasterol, compounds, pigments, steroid etc (Farahat et dodecyl-p-coumarate, methyl-p coumarate, al., 2012). Chloroform extract of Ipomoea scopoletin and 3-oleanone (Moindi et al., Carnea showed the presence of steroids, 2012). carbohydrates, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, Latex of Ipomoea Carnea contains a saponins, xanthoproteins and flavonoids. compound Carnein. It is 80 kDa subtilisin-like Gupta A et al studied that when Ipomoea serine protease. It shows exceptionally high Fistulosa flowers were analyzed with resistance to chemical and thermal Petroleum ether and Hydro alcoholic treatment denaturation. Carnein were isolated from then Flavonoids, Tannins, Glycosides, Ipomoea Carnea latex, purified and Alkaloids, Carbohydrates, and Phenolic crystallized by the hanging-drop vapour - compound were observed (Nusrat et al., 2014). diffusion method (Nandkumar, 2009). In another study, leaves, flowers and Qualitative Test for phytochemicals seeds of Ipomoea Carnea were treated with The different extract of leaves of Ipomoea aqueous ethanol. The extracts obtained were carnea were tested for various components by purified with Amberlite IR-120B (H+ form). their specific tests viz. Mayer’s test, After this they were treated with N-methyl-N dragendroff's test, wagner's test for alkaloids; (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide. These gelatin test, ferric chloride test, vanillin derivatives were analysed by capillary GCMS hydrochloride test for tannins and phenolic presence of swainsonine and calystegines B1, compounds; million test, ninhydrin test, B2, B3, and C1 are found in all parts of the xanthoproteic test for proteins and amino plant Ipomoea Carnea. Swainsonine are found acids, salkowski test, sulfur powder test for in all parts of Ipomoea Carnea. It is sterols and triterpenoids, molisch's test, lysosomotropic compound which produces benedict's test, barfoed's test, bromine water neurological disorders. The nortropane test for carbohydrates and foam test for alkaloids calystegines B2 and C1, together saponins. (Shaltout et al., 2006) (Farahat et al., with swainsonine have been detected in the 2012) (Nusrat et al., 2014) (Shaltout et al., leaves collected in Mozambique where goats 2009). were intoxicated (Shaltout et al., 2009). Test for alkaloids Khatiwora E. et al. (2010) and Adsul et Dragendorff’s reagent: 2 mL of acidic test al. (2012) studied that when bioactive solution in a test tube was neutralized with secondary metabolite dibutyl phthalate was 10% ammonia solution. Dragendorff’s reagent Copyright © Nov.-Dec., 2020; IJPBR 7

Gupta et al. Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. (2020) 7(6), 4-15 ISSN: 2394 – 3726 was added and turbidity or precipitate was Benedict’s test: 5 ml of Benedict’s solution observed as indicative of presence of was added to 0.5 mg of extract and boiled in alkaloids. water bath. The appearance of red or yellow or Hager's Test: Test solution was treated with green precipitate indicates the presence of few drops of Hager's reagent (saturated picric reducing sugars. acid solution). Formation of yellow precipitate Test for Saponins-Honey comb test: 0.5 mg would show a positive result for the presence of extract was taken in a test tube and few of alkaloids. drops of 5% sodium bicarbonate solution was Test for Flavanoids added. The mixture was shaken vigorously and Ferric chloride test: Test solution when kept for 3 minutes. Formation of honey comb treated with few drops of Ferric chloride like froth shows the presence of saponins. solution would result in the formation of Foam test: 0.5 mg of extract was diluted with blackish red color indicating the presence of 20 ml distilled water and shaken well in a flavonoids. graduated cylinder for 15 min. The formation Lead acetate solution Test: Test solution of foam to a length of 1cm indicated the when treated with few drops of lead acetate presence of saponins. (10%) solution would result in the formation Test for Protein & amino acids of yellow precipitate. Biuret test: To 0.5 mg of extract equal Test for Phenols and Tannins volume of 40% NaOH solution and two drops Lead acetate test: 10 mg of extract was taken of 1% copper sulphate solution was added. and 0.5 ml of 1% lead acetate solution was The appearance of violet colour indicates the added and the formation of white precipitate presence of protein. indicates the presence of tannins and phenolic Ninhydrin test: About 0.5 mg of extract was compounds. taken and 2 drops of freshly prepared 0.2% Ferric chloride test: Five mg of extract was ninhydrin. taken and 0.5 ml of 5% ferric chloride was reagent was added and heated. The appearance added. The development of dark bluish black of pink or purple colour indicates the presence color indicates the presence of tannins. of proteins, peptide. Sodium hydroxide test: Five mg of extract PHARMACOLOGY: was dissolved in 0.5 ml of 20% sulphuric acid Over the last few decades, a number of solution. Followed by addition of few drops of researches demonstrated several aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, it turns pharmacological effects of I. carnea,including blue which indicates the presence of phenols. anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, anti- Test for steroids and sterols cancer, anti-convulsant, immunomodulatory, Salkowski’s test: Five mg of extract was antidiabetic,hepatoprotective, anti- dissolved in 2ml of chloroform and equal inflammatory, anxiolytic, sedative and wound volume of concentrated sulphuric acid was healing activities. added along the sides of the test tube. The Glycosidase Inhibitory Activities: upper layer turns red and lower layer turns Analysis of Ipomoea Carnea plant material by yellow with green fluorescence, indicating the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry presence of the steroids and sterols compound, established the presence of the mannosidase in the extract. inhibitor swainsonine and 2 glycosidase Test for Carbohydrates inhibitors, calystegine B2 and calystegine C1, Fehling’s test: 5 ml of Fehling’s solution was consistent with a plant-induced a- added to 0.5 mg of extract and boiled in a mannosidosis in the goats. The described water bath. The formation of yellow or red storage disorder is analogous to the lysosomal precipitate indicates the presence of reducing storage diseases induced by ingestion of sugar. locoweeds (Astragalus and Oxytropis) and

Gupta et al. Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. (2020) 7(6), 4-15 ISSN: 2394 – 3726 poison peas (Swainsona) (Shaltout et al., Antidiabetic Activity: 2009). In one study antidiabetic property of Ipomoea Anti-Inflammatory Activity: Carnea leaves were carried out in normal rats Aqueous extracts of mature green leaves of and in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Ipomoea Carnea were used for anti The aqueous extract of Ipomoea Carnea inflammatory activity. The extracts were used significantly reduces the blood glucose level of at a dose of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body rats. It increases the glucose tolerance in weight. The study concluded that Ipomoea normal rats. The phytoconstituents probably Carnea leaves posses a strong anti- explains such anti-diabetic or hypoglycemic inflammatory activity at dose of 500 mg/kg effect. The polyhydroxylated nortropane and possesses better result as compare to alkaloids calystegines are found in I. carnea Etoricoxib 6 mg/kg (Nandkumar, 2011a). and other Convolvulaceae plants (Vaishali et Antioxidant Activity: al., 2009). Calystegines B1 and C1 are potent The oxidation of other molecules by competitive inhibitors of bovine, human and quenching reactivefree radicals and, therefore, rat β- glucosidase activities. Calystegine B2 is may have health beneficial effects in the a strong competitive inhibitor of the α- prevention of degenerative diseases. galactosidase activity in the livers of bovine, Khatiwora et al. (Li et al., 2012) reported the human and rat, while calystegines A3 and B2 substantial presence of antioxidants like, are selective inhibitors of rat liver β- polyphenols and flavonoids, in leaves, stem glucosidase (Vaishali et al., 2009). and flowers of I. carnea. The polyphenol and Antimicrobial Activity: flavonoid contents of I. carnea were found to In one study n- hexane (1), ethyl acetate (2), have a strong DPPH radical scavenging acetone (3), ethanol (4) and acetone fraction activity (a reliable assay for anti-oxidant (A) extract were prepared from Ipomoea capacity measurement) (Amna et al., 2011). Carnea leaves. Crude extracts were prepared Specifically, the flower part of this plant is from leaves of Ipomoea Carnea in n- hexane more abundant in anti-oxidant (1), ethyl acetate (2), acetone (3), ethanol (4) phytoconstituents. and acetone fraction (A). Crude acetone In one research study the methanolic extracts shows activity against Proteus extract of Ipomoea Carnea was dissolved in vulgaris and Salmonella typhimurium, while distilled water and partitioned with n-hexane, the crude ethanol extract elucidates chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol antimicrobial activity against pseudomonas successively. The antioxidant potential of all aeruginosa. This is the first report showing these fractions and remaining aqueous fraction inhibition of Proteus vulgaris and Salmonella was evaluated by four methods: DPPH free typhimurium by the acetone extract while radical scavenging activity, total antioxidant ethanol extract exhibits promising inhibition activity, FRAP assay and ferric thiocyanate against pseudomonas aeruginosa of Ipomoea assay and total phenolics were also Carnea leaves (Gupta et al., 2010). determined. Different fraction show variable Antimicrobial activity of metal complexes activities with respect to different values. The prepared from leaf proteins of Ipomoea Carnea percentage inhibition of DPPH radical was was reported (Gupta et al., 2012). highest for n-Butanol fraction (91.11% ± The tropical use of I. carnea in skin 0.68), total antioxidant activity was highest for disease has been practiced in traditional chloroform (0.9096 ± 0.1). FRAP value was medicine for a long time, but with a very few highest for ethyl acetate fraction (511.99 ± 1.8 scientific study. Mogle (Hosomi et al., 2008) μg of trolox equivalents). Total phenolic showed the antifungal activity of aqueous leaf contents were maximum for chloroform extracts of I. Carnea against seven fungi fraction (113.05 ± 1.2 mg of gallic acid namely Aspergillus niger, Penicillium equivalents) (Nandkumar, 2011b). digitatum, Botrytis cinera, Rhizopus arrhizus, Copyright © Nov.-Dec., 2020; IJPBR 9

Gupta et al. Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. (2020) 7(6), 4-15 ISSN: 2394 – 3726 Aspergillus flavus, Chaetomium brasiliense Effects of swainsonine (SW) in female rats and Rhizoctonia solani. Among these, against were (a) Reduction in body weight (b) A. niger, the extract showed most potential Increase in spleen/body weight ratio, (c) effect (Hosomi et al., 2008). The major anti- Decrease in the thymus/body weight ratio, and fungal fraction of I.carnea leaves was reported (d) Histological changes. When pregnant rats to contain two cumarate isomers:(E)-octadecyl were treated with 7 gm/kg of Ipomoea Carnea p-coumarate and (Z)-octadecyl p-coumarate. AF, all of the litters died immediately after Antibacterial Activity: birth. Rats consume significantly less food due The nanoparticles synthesized from Ipomoea to effect of Ipomoea Carnea. Swainsonine has Carnea extract: Recently biosynthetic method immune effect due to glycoprotein has been developed using plant resources, metabolism. Due to this rheumatoid arthritis Ipomoea Carnea has also been used for this (RA) was developed to both adult (70 days purpose. It contains polyphenols and alkaloids old) and juvenile rats (21 days old). So which can be used as reducing agents in the swainsonine modulates immune function synthesis of nanoparticles. Thus Ipomoea (Hosomi et al., 2008, & Sharma et al., 2013). Carnea has additional antimicrobial use. The Cardiovascular Activity: weed is extracted and silver nitrate is added to When aqueous extract of Ipomoea Carnea was it. Silver nanoparticles are obtained by this introduced to isolated frog heart then initial method. The weed extract-based synthesis of blockade for 5 - 10 seconds was observed. silver nanoparticles is very efficient against When dose increased then the timing increased selected human pathogens and can be used in up to 2 minutes. It may be suggested that the fabrication of hospital clothes, gloves and Ipomoea Carnea produces a positive inotropic masks to avoid the spread of infection among effect on isolated frog heart by sodium healthcare workers (Gaur et al., 2009). extrusion or release of the intracellular calcium Wound Healing Activity: (Li et al., 2012). When atropine 1 μg/ml was Ambiga S et al studied fresh flowers of introduced in extract then the initial different Ipomoea Carnea extracted with 95% ethanol. phase was blocked used stimulant effect The extract was concentrated in vacuum and become stronger. the aqueous concentrate was treated with Embryotoxic effect: successive fraction of various solvents viz., Dried leaves of Ipomoea Carnea were used to diethyl ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate. prepare an aqueous extract of prenatal daily The fresh flowers of Ipomoea Carnea contain exposure to 0.0, 0.7, 3.0 or 15.0 mg/kg. When Kaempferol and its 3-O-β-D glucoside. These these extract were introduced to rats following were found to possess appreciable wound result were observed. healing activity. Wound healing normally a) Maternal reproductive performance showed involves an initial inflammatory phase adverse effect. followed by fibroblast proliferation, formation b) Skeletal and visceral abnormalities. of collagen fibres and shrinking and drying of c) Malformations were observed the scar. These phases are concurrent but rats induces embryo toxicity. These effects are independent of each other. These activities are associated to an active principle from Ipomoea comparable to Sulphathiazole and significantly Carnea acting on maternal homeostasis, or improved than untreated wounds (Haraguchi et directly in the conception (Amna et al., 2011). al., 2003). Antifungal Activity: Immunomodulatory Activity: Antifungal activity of Ipomoea Carnea has Ipomoea Carnea is a poisonous plant. Toxic been identified against Alternaria alternate and component in it are- the nortropane alkaloid curvularia lunata (Asano et al., 2001, & Hueza calystegines B1, B2, B3 and C1 and the et al., 2005). Chloroform and Methanol extract indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine (SW) of Ipomoea Carnea show antifungal activity (Nandkumar, 2011b), & Li et al., 2012). against eleven pathogenic and nonpathogenic Copyright © Nov.-Dec., 2020; IJPBR 10

Gupta et al. Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. (2020) 7(6), 4-15 ISSN: 2394 – 3726 fungi (Winchester et al., 2000). Antifungal necrosis in some of them (Haraguchi et al., fractions of the leaves of Ipomoea Carnea 2003). were achieved using Colletotrichum Anxiolytic Activity: gloeosporioides and Cladosporium Ipomoea Carnea appears to fall under the cucumerinum as test organisms. The activity sedative-hypnotic category of central of the purified fraction was further confirmed depressants activity. The anxiolytic effects of by the dose dependent inhibition of the spore the aqueous and methanolic extract of germination of Alternaria alternata and A. Ipomoea Carnea leaves (32.50 and 16.25 porri. The active fraction was identified as a mg/kg i.p.) was evaluated in mice using mixture of (E)-octadecyl p-coumarate and (Z)- elevated plus maze, open field test and hole octadecyl p-coumarate (Van Kampen & board test models, diazepam was used as James, 1969). positive standard. The intra-peritoneal (i. p.) Hepatoprotective Activity: LD50 of the Ipomoea Carnea leaf aqueous Liver diseases are serious health problem extract (ICLAE) and Ipomoea Carnea whose treatment is limited. Ipomoea Carnea methanolic extract (ICLME) in mice was can be a promising bioactive substance for found to be 325 mg/kg i. p. body weight. prevention and treatment of liver injury ICLME showed greater anxiolytic effect as (Hueza et al., 2003). Ipomoea Carnea compared to ICLAE (doses of 32.5 mg/kg and possesses hepatoprotective activity using CCl4 16.2 mg/kg) and diazepam. The effect of the induced hepatotoxicity in rat. This ICLAE and ICLME showed a dose dependent hepatotoxicity is due to free radical CCl3 significant increased the number of head which is metabolite. It reduces alkalization of dipping behaviour in hole board test at doses cellular proteins and other macromolecules 32.5 and 16.2 mg/kg when compared with with simultaneous attack on polyunsaturated control and diazepam 1mg/kg, 2 mg/kg as a fatty acids to produce lipid peroxide. It results standard. These observations indicate that in liver damage (Tirkey et al., 1988). ICLAE and ICLME showed an anxiolytic Effect on Nervous System: activity (Rios et al., 2008, & Barbosa et al., Ipomoea Carnea is a poisonous plant, it affects 2006). central nervous system adversely. When goats Anti HIV activity: were fed with fresh leaves flowers and stems In study for screening the HIV-1 RT inhibitory of Ipomoea Carnea for 45 to 60 days then potential of medicinal plant, at a concentration Hirsute coat, depression, difficulty to stand up, of 200 μg/mL, crude water extracts of I. carnea ataxia, hypermetria, wide–based stance, subsp. fistulosa (aerial parts), proved to be incoordination of muscular movements, strongly active with 98.95% of inhibition). intense tremors, spastic paresis, abnormal Other study for evaluation of postural reactions, nystagmus, hyperreflexia, immunomodulatory activity of this species on hypersensitivity to sound, head tilting and loss peritoneal cells of rats suggest that low of equilibrium were observed in all treated dosages of I. carnea induced enhanced animals. The cerebellum is one of the main phagocytosis activity and hydrogen peroxide affected organs in the Ipomoea Carnea production by macrophages. The extract of I. intoxication. This organ processes information carnea subsp. fistulosa presents from other nervous areas, mainly spinal cord antiinflammatory activity when tested in rats and sensory receptors, with the purpose to The extract from the leaves of this species was coordinate skeletal muscle movements tested in vitro against the adenocarcinoma de (Vaishali et al., 2009). The functional units of colon (L-HT29C) and human lymphocyte (L- the cerebellum cortex are the Purkinje cells; THP) and presented no cytotoxicity). these cells send inhibitory projections to the Anti-convulsant activity: deep cerebellar nuclei. These neurons were The anti-convulsant activity of both polar and severely affected in this intoxication, including non-polar extract was evaluated in mice and Copyright © Nov.-Dec., 2020; IJPBR 11

Gupta et al. Int. J. Phar. & Biomedi. Rese. (2020) 7(6), 4-15 ISSN: 2394 – 3726 rats using the pentylenetetrazole and maximal Activity, Wound Healing Activity electroshock (MES)-induced seizure models Antimicrobial Activity, Immunomodulatory by Rout et al. (Winchester et al., 2000). The Activity, Cardiovascular Activity, result of MES induced convulsion showed that abortifacient, Antifungal Activity, Anticancer the polar extract significantly reduced extensor and Hepatoprotective Activity etc. The plant phase and stupor phase at a dose ranging from shows the presence of many active chemical 200 mg/kg to 400 mg/kg. Indeed, the anti- constituents which are responsible for various convulsant activity was comparable to that of pharmacological medicinal uses. Hence standard drug, Phonation. The polar extract Ipomoea carnea has a leading role for the also delayed the onset of time and increased development of noval efficacious drugs in the duration of pentylenetetrazole-induced future. convulsion. Thus extracts caused a significant dose-dependent increase in onset of REFRENCES convulsion compared with the control in Adsul, V. B., Khatiwora, E., & Deshpande, N. pentylenetetrazole and MES-induced seizures R. (2012). Evaluation of antioxidant (Winchester et al., 2000). activity of Ipomoea carnea leaves. J. Anti-cancer activity: Nat. Prod. Plant Resour. 2(5), 584- The study of Sharma et al. (Asano et al., 2001) 588. suggested the cytotoxic effect of hexane, Agarwal, R. K., & Uppadhay, R. K. (1997). chloroform and ethyl acetate fraction of I. Antimicrobial activity of metal carnea with a LC50 value of 141.1μg/mL, complexes prepared from the leaf 211.28μg/mL and 307.28μg/mL, respectively. proteins of Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Swainsonine, a natural alkaloid isolated from Indian Drugs Phar. Ind. 14(2), 23-25. I. carnea, has been reported to exhibit anti- Agarwal, R. K., & Uppadhay, R. K. (1997). cancer activity on several mouse models of Antimicrobial activity of metal cancer and human carcinoma. Swainsonine complexes prepared from the leaf inhibits the cell growth through the induction proteins of Ipomoea carnea Jacq. of apoptosis in human lung cancer cell line Indian Drugs Phar. Ind. 14(2), 23-25. A549 (Hueza et al., 2005). Up regulation of Amna, A. A., Abdelgadir, E. H., & Adam, S. Bax, down regulation of Bcl-2, promotion of E. (2011). Toxic effect of Ipomoea Bax translocation to mitochondria, carnea leaves on wistar rats. J mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway as Pharmacology Toxicology 6, 18–23. well as cytochrome C release and the Asano, N., Yokoyama, K., Sakurai, M., Ikeda, activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 have K., Kizu, H., & Kato, A. (2001). been found as the factors behind apoptosis Dihydroxynortropane alkaloids from induction in A549 cells by I. carnea alkaloid calystegine producing plants. swainsonine (Hueza et al., 2005). Phytochemistry 57, 721–6. Mosquitocidal activity Afifi, M. S., Amer, M. M. A., & El-Khayat, S. Synergistic effect of insecticides with plant A. (1988). Macro-and micro extracts of Ipomoea carnea is reported against morphology of Ipomoea carnea Jacq. malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi has been Growing in Egypt. Part I. Leaf and reported (Kuppusamy & Manoharan, 1992). flower. Mansoura Journal of Pharmaceutical Science. 3, 41-57. CONCLUSION Afifi, M. S., Amer, M. M. A., & El-Khayat, S. The above discussion shows that Ipomoea A. (1988). Macro-and micro carnea is a ethnic valuable plant and it is used morphology of Ipomoea carnea Jacq. in a number of activities such as Glycosidase Growing in Egypt. Part II. Stem and Inhibitory Activities, Antioxidant Activity root. Mansoura Journal of Anti-Inflammatory Activity, Antidiabetic Pharmaceutical Science. 4, 88-97. Copyright © Nov.-Dec., 2020; IJPBR 12

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