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A Review of Therapeutic Potentials of Sweet Potato: Pharmacological Activities and Influence of the Cultivar

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A Review of Therapeutic Potentials of Sweet Potato: Pharmacological Activities and Influence of the Cultivar Ayeleso et al Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research December 2016; 15 (12): 2751-2761 ISSN: 1596-5996 (print); 1596-9827 (electronic) © Pharmacotherapy Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, 300001 Nigeria. All rights reserved. Available online at http://www.tjpr.org http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v15i12.31 Review Article A review of therapeutic potentials of sweet potato: Pharmacological activities and influence of the cultivar Taiwo Betty Ayeleso1, Khosi Ramachela2 and Emmanuel Mukwevho1* 1Department of Biological Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho, 2Department of Crop Science, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa *For correspondence: Email: [email protected]; Tel: +27183892854 Received: 4 July 2016 Revised accepted: 13 November 2016 Abstract Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) is a global food crop, now being recognized as a functional food due to several of its nutraceutical components. Several experimental studies have reported that sweet potato can generally be beneficial in the prevention or treatment of chronic diseases through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anticancer/antitumour, antimicrobial and antiulcer activities. Studies on the haematinic effect of potato leaves and their ability to enhance some haemotological parameters are reviewed in this paper. Furthermore, the review provides an overview of the significance and influence of cultivar on the composition and pharmacological activities of sweet potato. Sweet potato contains a lot of beneficial phytochemicals, some of which are peculiar to certain varieties. There is, therefore, a need for the continuous evaluation and selection of cultivars with the appropriate phytochemical composition and bioactivities to be able to fully explore the medicinal value of sweet potato. Studies aimed at the isolation, characterization and toxicological evaluation of its bioactive compounds may help to strengthen and confirm the possible role of sweet potato as a health promoting food and an alternative remedy for chronic diseases. This review highlights the pharmacological reports on different forms of sweet potato and their potential medicinal values. Keywords: Sweet potato, Cultivar influence, Chronic diseases, Ipomoea batatas, Diabetes, Anti- cancer, Haematological effect Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research is indexed by Science Citation Index (SciSearch), Scopus, International Pharmaceutical Abstract, Chemical Abstracts, Embase, Index Copernicus, EBSCO, African Index Medicus, JournalSeek, Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition, Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), African Journal Online, Bioline International, Open-J-Gate and Pharmacy Abstracts INTRODUCTION benefits such as a rich source of dietary fibre, antioxidants, vitamins, and minerals, sweet Sweet potato, Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam, is a potato root tubers also contain no saturated fats perennial crop which belongs to the morning or cholesterol. Islam, 2014 reported that sweet glory family or Convolvulaceae [1]. It is a popular potato leaves contain more polyphenols than any staple food of the tropical and subtropical areas other commercial vegetables such as spinach, with a nutritional benefit evidenced by increase in cabbage, and lettuce. He stated that, the leaves its cultivation and consumption [2]. Sweet potato of sweet potato contain at least 15 anthocyanins is mostly harvested for its tubers. However, the and 6 polyphenolic compounds [3]. leaves are also sometimes consumed as an alternative to other leafy vegetables. It is the Several reports have indicated that the sixth most important food crop in the world and it phytochemicals in sweet potato possess contains phytochemicals, which are important for multifaceted actions, including anti-oxidant, anti- human health [3,4]. Other than their nutritional mutagenic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and Trop J Pharm Res, December 2016; 15(12): 2751 Ayeleso et al anti-carcinogenesis and thus are important for sodium, manganese, calcium, magnesium and several health-promoting functions in humans [5]. iron [13]. According to Food and Agricultural Different varieties of sweet potato are grown Organisation (FAO) [14], sweet potato leaves worldwide and these are generally characterized and shoots are good sources of vitamins A, C by the different flesh colours with varying and B2 (riboflavin), and lutein. Orange sweet phytochemical compositions. Different varieties potato varieties have higher beta carotene of a plant may inherently differ in their nutritional content than those with light colored flesh and values and in the bioactivities of phytochemicals their increased cultivation is being encouraged in present in the plants [6,7]. The nutritional value Africa where Vitamin A deficiency is a and medicinal potentials of sweet potato are challenging health issue. On the other hand, gaining the attention of so many research groups purple-fleshed sweet potato has been reported to as the quest for natural remedies from plants as contain anthocyanins, which possess antioxidant well as the understanding between diet and activities [15]. Although the protein content of health increases worldwide. Sweet potato plant sweet potato is low (~2 %) as in most tropical alongside being primarily a food resource may as root and tuber crops, sweet potato still contains well be exploited for its medicinal properties due more protein than cassava and plantain [13]. The to its high nutritive and therapeutic properties. leaves have relatively high protein content (25-30 % of dry matter) compared to other leafy ORIGIN, DISTRIBUTION AND PRODUCTION vegetables. The leaves also have higher levels of OF SWEET POTATO polyphenols than any other commercial vegetables [3]. Polyphenols have a strong role in Sweet potato, although native to tropical regions the prevention of degenerative diseases in America is an important and global food crop especially cancer and cardiovascular diseases which is cultivated in more than 100 countries, through their antioxidant activities [16]. with the primary or main commercial producers in China, Indonesia, Vietnam, Japan India, Table 1: Nutritional value of sweet potato [17] Tanzania and Uganda [8]. Limpopo, Mpumalanga (Nelspruit), KwaZulu-Natal and Proximate parameter Nutritional value per 100 g Western Cape provinces are the major Root tuber Leaf production areas in South Africa [9]. Sweet Water 77.28 86.81 potato is mainly grown in developing countries Energy (kcal) 86 42 Carbohydrates(g) 20.12 8.82 which account for a 95 % of the global output. Protein (g) 1.57 2.49 China accounts for about 65 % of the world’s Total fiber (g) 3 5.3 sweet potato. In most parts of Africa, production Total lipid (g) 0.05 0.51 of sweet potato is often done on a small or subsistence level. Nonetheless, there are high Vitamins productions in Lake Victoria area in East Africa Vitamin A (IU) 14187 3778 (Rwanda, Uganda, Burundi and Congo), Nigeria, Thiamine (mg) 0.078 0.156 Ghana and Madagascar [10]. Riboflavin (mg) 0.061 0.345 Niacin (mg) 0.557 1.130 Vitamin B6 (mg) 0.209 0.190 Sweet potato yields maximum and better quality Folate (B9) (μg) 11 1 roots on a well-drained, sandy or silt loam soil. It Vitamin C (mg) 2.4 11 requires both warm days and nights for optimum Vitamin K (µg) 1.8 302.02 growth and root development [11]. Storage root development of sweet potato also depends on Minerals good soil aeration. Good soil aeration can be Calcium (mg) 30 78 achieved by good field choice and bedding Iron (mg) 0.61 0.97 before transplantation. It is very sensitive to Magnesium (mg) 25 70 alkaline and saline conditions which influence Phosphorus (mg) 47 81 Potassium (mg) 337 508 growth. Soil pH between 5.6 and 6.6 is very good Sodium (mg) 55 6 for the production of sweet potato. [12]. Lipids NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SWEET POTATO Fatty acids, total saturated 0.018 0.111 (g) Sweet potatoes are rich in complex Fatty acids, total 0.001 0.020 carbohydrates, dietary fiber and beta carotene (a monounsaturated (g) precursor of vitamin A), vitamin B6, and vitamin Fatty acids, total 0.014 0.228 C (Table 1). In addition to this, various parts of polyunsaturated (g) the crop have been reported to also contain Source: United States Department of Agriculture National Nutrient Database (2015) mineral nutrients such as zinc, potassium, Trop J Pharm Res, December 2016; 15(12): 2752 Ayeleso et al VARIETIES/ CULTIVARS OF SWEET POTATO Beta carotene is a terpenoid with a strongly colored red-orange pigment abundant in plants Today, there are several cultivars of sweet potato and fruits. Anthocyanins are members of the known and cultivated around the world. These flavonoid group of phytochemicals responsible cultivars come in different colors, shapes, sizes for the red, purple and blue pigments in many and also vary in taste and texture. There are fruit and vegetables [26]. The antioxidant three major categories of sweet potato cultivars. activities of sweet potato have mostly been The staple types which are white, red/purple attributed to their anthocyanin and beta-carotene skinned with white/cream flesh and are contents. Structures of common phytochemicals characterized by their high starch content. There in sweet potato are shown in Fig 1. Peonidin and are also the desert types which are orange cyanidin are examples of anthocyanins present skinned, orange fleshed and are characterized in purple sweet potato. In a metabolite profiling by their high beta carotene content [9]. Different
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