Index

Note: page numbers in italics refer to figures; those in bold to tables or boxes.

0–3 years effects on dental materials 171 primary molars 47, 301, 302 caries epidemiology 104–107 reducing intake 169, 170–171 related 256 caries prevention 118–119 activity, temperamental 57 32, 33 caries treatment 143–144 adhesive materials 145 anomalies, dental see developmental periodontal foreign bodies 190–191 adolescence 24, 25 dental defects radiographic examination 79 see also 12 (or 13)–18 years anorexia nervosa 164–165, 324 see also early childhood caries adrenaline 90, 94 anterior cross bite 297, 305 0–12 years see children advocacy, child 373 anterior middle superior alveolar (AMSA) 3–5 (or 6) years (preschool) agenesis of teeth see missing teeth, injection technique 93 caries epidemiology 107 congenitally anterior permanent teeth caries treatment 144–148 age‐related differences non vital pulp therapy for dental erosion 161 dental anxiety and behavior problems 57 immature 218–224 psychological development 22–23 175 occlusal development 294 toothache with extensive caries 213–214 Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans 183 antibacterial agents, caries prevention 6–12 years (elementary school) agranulocytosis 178 126–127 caries epidemiology 107, 108 AIDS/HIV infection 318, 326, 332 antibiotic therapy caries treatment 148–151 allergic reactions 94 endocarditis prophylaxis 321 psychological development 23, 24 alveolar process fractures 231, 243–244 periodontitis 186 12 (or 13)–18 years (adolescents) alveolar socket wall fractures 231 preschool child with toothache 214 caries epidemiology 107, 108 amalgam restorations 141, 146, 156, 157 regenerative endodontic therapy 224 caries treatment 151–157 ameloblasts 28, 261 replantation of avulsed teeth 243 dental erosion 161–162, 163 amelogenesis 252, 261 anti‐epileptic drugs (AEDs) 331 orthodontic treatment 306 (AI) 275–280 anxiety, dental 55–64 psychological development 24, 25 combined hypoplastic/ definition 55 22q11 deletion syndrome 340, 352 hypomaturation 276, 277 etiology 56–59, 103 genetics 359–360 expression 56 , dental 161 hypocalcified 276, 277, 278, 278 management 59–64 hypomaturation 276, 277, 278 parental 58 dental 161 hypoplastic 276, 277, 278 prevalence 55, 56 oral soft tissues 231 treatment 276–280 APC gene 358, 359 abscesses amelogenins 261 Apert syndrome 354, 355, 356 dental caries 70, 103 American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) apexification, calcium hydroxide hereditary rickets 286 physical status classification 96, 98 218–222, 254 288, 289 COPYRIGHTEDamoxicillin 214 MATERIALapexogenesis 215–218 see also infections, dental analgesia aphthous ulcers 196 academic achievement 21 defined 87 aplastic anemia 317 acetaminophen (paracetamol) 95 general 87, 95 appearance acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) 95, 321 see also local analgesia/anesthesia; assessment of child’s 68 achondroplasia 12 pain control dissatisfaction with 306 acidic drinks/foods ankylosis and reality, children’s understanding 17 dental erosion 162, 163, 165, 166 arresting tooth eruption 45–46, 52 appropriate for gestational age (AGA) 4, 5

Pediatric Dentistry: A Clinical Approach, Third Edition. Edited by Göran Koch, Sven Poulsen, Ivar Espelid, and Dorte Haubek. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Companion website: www.wiley.com/go/koch/pediatric_dentistry

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approximal tooth surfaces specialized pediatric dentists 64 bulimia nervosa 164–165, 324 caries diagnosis 105, 135 systematic desensitization 61–63 bupivacaine 95 caries epidemiology 104, 107, 108, 151, 152 techniques 59–64 burns, inflicted 363 caries progression 152, 153, 154 see also tell–show–do technique caries treatment 138, 144, 145, 151, beneficence 372, 374 calcium hydroxide 155–157 benzocaine, topical intraoral 90 apexification 218–222, 254 grading caries severity 132 benzodiazepines 96, 98–99 primary teeth 209, 210, 211–212 arm span 5, 6 doses 98–99 vital immature permanent teeth 217 articaine 90, 95 inhalation sedation with 97 calcium/phosphate metabolism, disturbances Asperger syndrome 335, 337 routes of administration 98, 99, 99 in 283–289 aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) 95, 321 see also conscious sedation calculus 71, 176 asthma 319, 320–321 best interests, child’s 371, 373 cerebral palsy 342

dental erosion 164 β2-agonists 321 removal 186 oral health concerns 320–321 binge eating disorder (BED) 323–324 subgingival 176, 181, 184 atraumatic restorative treatment (ART) biopsychosocial approach 15–16 cancer see malignant disease 146–147 biopsychosocial model candidiasis, oral 195–196, 322, 326 attachment theory 21–22 functioning and disability 334 canines attention deficit hyperactivity disorder psychopathology 24 caries treatment 144, 145–146 (ADHD) 57–58, 338–339 birth, effects on tooth development 267, 269 culturally‐determined bud removal , dental 161 birth length 4 267, 268 autism spectrum disorder (ASD) 336–338 birth weight 4, 5 ectopic 49, 50 autonomy 372, 373, 374 bites, inflicted 364 orthodontic problems 301, 302 autosomal dominant inheritance 353 bitewing radiographs 80–81 treatment 202, 203, 303, 304 autosomal recessive inheritance 353 caries detection 77–78, 135 impacted 301, 302, 303 autotransplantation of premolars 259 caries screening intervals 77–78 capillary hemangioma 200, 201 avulsion, tooth 231, 232 black staining of teeth 177 Carabelli’s cusp 37 permanent teeth 242 bleaching carbamide peroxide 224 first aid 243, 245 non vital permanent teeth 224–225 cardiovascular disorders 178, 321–322 long‐term prognosis 258 tetracycline‐induced stains 271 caries 102–109 replantation 243, 243, 244 bleeding disorders 328–329 active lesions 133, 133, 134 primary teeth 236 blood–injection–injury phobia (BII activity assessment 131, 133, 133, 138 AXIN2 gene 358 phobia) 57, 62–63 arrested lesions 133, 133, 134, 137, 138 body posture, disabled patients 347–348 asthma 320–321 baby bottle see early childhood body proportions, measurement 5, 6 causation 116–117 caries Bohn’s nodules 199 cavitated lesions see cavitated caries lesions bacterial infections bone, development 28 congenital heart disease 322 oral mucosal 193 bone age 9, 10 cystic fibrosis 325–326 see also infections, dental; periodontal bone loss definition 130 diseases periodontitis 181, 182 diagnosis 130–136 bank account analogy 62 trauma‐related, treatment options 259 alternative/supplementary tools 135–136 B‐cell deficiencies 326 bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family clinical examination 70, 72, 119, 131–135 Becker muscular dystrophy 344 proteins 30 epidemiologic studies 104, 105 behavioral inhibition 19, 57 boys occlusal surfaces 131 behavior change, caries prevention 122 growth potential 8 radiography 76–78, 131, 135 behavior management 55–64 late puberty 12–14 screening intervals 77–78 autism spectrum disorder 337–338 pubertal development 6–7 tools 131–135 caries treatment 143 see also sex differences disabled children 345 creating a safe environment 59–60 breast development 6 early childhood see early childhood caries definitions 55 breathing, paced 63 epidemiology 103–109 dental radiography 80, 81, 86 breathing habits permanent dentition 107–108, 151–152 disabled children 347 gingivitis risk 177, 178 primary dentition 104–107 Down syndrome 341 development 295 societal change and 108–109 emergency situations 64 Bronfenbrenner, Urie 22 epidermolysis bullosa 328 etiology 56–59 bruises, inflicted 363, 364 gingivitis risk 177 expression of problems 56 170, 310 health implications 102–103 graded exposure technique 60–61, 62 buccal tooth surfaces historical perspective 1 local analgesia 60, 62–63, 90 caries detection 134–135 noncavitated lesions see noncavitated caries prevalence of problems 55, 56 caries treatment 137, 138 lesions sedation with 63 grading caries severity 132 orthodontic issues 306

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permanent teeth see under permanent 261–262 Class III malocclusion dentition cerebral palsy 341–343 orthodontic treatment 305 prediction 118, 119, 148 functioning 335 primary dentition 296–297 prevention 104, 114–128 oral health problems 317, 342 Class III restorations behavior change 122 45, 46 permanent teeth 151 collaboration and interaction 120–122 chewing, malocclusion and 306–307 primary teeth 145–146 common risk factor strategy 114, 128 chewing gum 170, 310 cleft and 344–345 concepts 114–115 chickenpox 194 cleft lip/palate ectodermal dysplasia (CLPED) coordinated approach 128 child abuse 362–369, 375 syndrome 358 diet 124–126 child competency 1, 2, 59 cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) 44, 45, disabled children 345–347 child maltreatment 362–369 358, 359 evidence‐based 115–116, 123 definitions 362 clinical examination 66, 68–73 fissure sealing 127, 128 forensic oral examination 368 clonidine 95 high‐risk strategy 128 health implications 368–369 Cochrane Collaboration 116 methods 120–127 interviewing child and family 367–368 cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) 59–63 plaque control 126–127 managing suspected 366–367 see also behavior management population strategy 127–128 oral and dental aspects 365–366 cognitive development 16–17, 23 topical fluoride 122–124 prevalence 362–363 COL1 gene defects 360 primary teeth see under primary dentition recognition 363–365 Collis Curve toothbrush 346 progression rates 144, 145, 151–153, 154 risk factors 363 color, tooth 73, 73, 229 rates 151–152 social services role 363 see also discoloration, tooth risk ages 118–119 see also physical abuse, child; psychological communication risk assessment 118–120, 121, 141 abuse; sexual abuse, child child and parent 59–60 risk factors 105–107, 119, 120 Child Perceptions Questionnaire (CPQ) disabled children 337–338, 339, 340 severity grading 131, 132 331–332 maltreated children 367, 368 survival times 152, 153 child protection 363 community responsibility 1 symptoms 131 child rearing factors, dental fear 58 compomers (polyacid‐modified resin terminology 131 children (0–12 years) composite) 141–142, 146 treatment 131, 136–157 definitions 1 composites 141, 142 0–3 years 143–144 growth 6 cavity designs 155–156 3–6 years 144–148 psychological development 15–26 build‐up, fractured teeth 237, 6–12 years 148–151 special nature 1, 2 238, 238 12–19 years 151–157 chlorhexidine, topical molar–incisor hypomineralization acute situations 139 caries management 123, 127, 144 272, 275 follow‐up program 141 disabled children 346–347 restoration of erosion 171–172 general and local interventions 188 computed tomography (CT) 83–85 139–140 traumatic ulcerative gingival lesions 190 cone beam (CBCT) 79, 83–85 nonoperative 136, 137, 139, 140 chromosomal aberrations 44, 352 trauma 78 operative see restorative treatment, chronic health conditions (CHCs) 316–332 37 caries child maltreatment risk 363 concrete operational thought 16 planning 139–141 definition 316–317, 318 concussion, dental 231, 232, 234, 240 caries disease 131 delayed tooth eruption 44 conditioning, classical 88 Cariogram 120, 121 growth failure 10, 11 conduct 20–21 Carisolv technique 144 patterns of disease 316, 317–318 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) Carpenter syndrome 354 prevalence 317–319 79, 83–85 case history, taking a 66–68, 119 preventive strategies 319–320 congenital heart disease 321–322 casts, study, dental erosion 164, 167–168, 169 risk of oral diseases 319 congenitally missing teeth see missing teeth, cavernous hemangioma 200, 201 transition to adult care 332 congenitally cavitated caries lesions see also disability; syndromes; systemic congenital malformations and activity grading 133, 133, 134 diseases syndromes 351–352 diagnosis 133, 134, 135 chronic renal failure (CRF) 322 conscious sedation 63, 96, 97–100 grading 132 ciprofloxacin 224 clinical considerations 99–100 treatment see caries, treatment Class I restorations, primary teeth 145 drug doses 98–99 cavity designs 155–157 Class II malocclusion, orthodontic indications and contraindications 97–98 conventional Class II cavity 156–157 treatment 304, 305 routes of administration 98 primary teeth 145–146 Class II restorations consent 372 saucer‐shaped cavity 155–156 cavity design 156–157 capacity to give 336, 373 celecoxib 95 permanent teeth 151, 155 proxy 373 celiac disease 284, 288–289, 325 primary teeth 145, 146 control 19, 59

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contusions, oral soft tissues 231 cystic fibrosis (CF) 325–326 environmental (acquired) 262, 263, Convention on the Rights of the Child, cysts 198–200 267–275 UN 1, 59, 64, 371 eruption 47, 199 etiology 262, 265, 284, 286 craniofacial development/growth inhibiting tooth eruption 53 extraoral examination 263 291–292, 293 surgical treatment 204, 205 genetic 262, 263, 265, 275–289, 357–360 craniofacial syndromes 352–357 cytotoxic drug therapy 329–331 history taking 263 craniofrontonasal syndrome 354 localized 263, 267 craniosynostosis 353–356 Dahl technique 172 numerical variations 32–33, 357–359 Boston type 354 deciduous dentition see primary dentition tooth shape see morphologic tooth Crohn’s disease 197, 198 deciduous molar hypomineralization abnormalities cross bites (DMH) 272 treatment planning 266 mixed and permanent dentition 298, decision making, ethical 373–375 treatment principles 265–266 299, 300 decoronation, ankylosed tooth 256 developmental fields of the jaws 72 orthodontic treatment 305 deep bite developmental lines 26 primary dentition 295, 297–298 mixed and permanent dentition 298, 299 developmental psychology 15–26 temporomandibular disorders 312 orthodontic treatment 304 developmental psychopathology 25–26 Crouzon syndrome 354, 355–356 primary dentition 296, 297 developmental tasks 16, 20–21 with acanthosis nigricans 354, 356, 357 deformations, congenital 351–352 dexmedetomidine 95 crowding, tooth demineralization, carious 130 diabetes mellitus 319, 322–323 development 294 37, 38 periodontal disease 178, 184, 322–323 ectopic tooth eruption 49, 51 dental age (dental maturity) DIAGNOcam 135, 136 mixed and permanent dentition 298 determination 9, 10, 32 DIAGNOdent 135, 136 obstructing tooth eruption 45, 46 growth disorders and 14 diastemata orthodontic treatment 305–306 dental assistants 92, 93, 94 median, permanent dentition 300 primary dentition 298 dental chair, disabled children 347–348 normal primary dentition 293 see also space conditions dental history 67–68 diazepam 98, 99, 99 crown 50, 51, 251 dental stages 71 diclofenac 95 crown fractures dental team, attitudes to children 59 diet complicated 231, 232 Guide 245, 246, 258 caries and 124–126 prognosis 257 dentigerous (follicular) cysts 53, 204, 205 disabled children 345 treatment 233, 237, 238 261 dietary counseling first aid 245 inherited defects 265, 280–283 caries prevention 125 permanent teeth 232, 236–237 neonatal line 267, 269 dental erosion 169, 170 composite build‐up 237, 238, 238 (DD) 282–283, 360 dietary history 125, 166 fragment reattachment 237 type I (radicular) 265, 282 DiGeorge syndrome (22q11 deletion prognosis 256–257 type II 265, 280, 281, 283, 284 syndrome) 340, 352 temporary restorations 236–237 dentinogenesis imperfecta (DI) 280–282 digital fiber optic transillumination primary teeth 233 classification 265 (DiFOTI) 135–136 uncomplicated 231, 232, 236–237 genetics 359, 360 dignity (integrity), respect for 372–373 crown–root fractures 231 treatment 281–282, 283 dilaceration, crown 50, 51, 251 permanent teeth 232, 237–239 dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) gene disability 334–349 primary teeth 233 mutations 281, 360 behavior management 347 prognosis 257 denudation, impacted or nonerupting biopsychosocial model 334 crown therapy teeth 202–204 body posture 347–348 amelogenesis imperfecta 278, 279 dermatitis herpetiformis 288–289 child maltreatment risk 363 dentinogenesis imperfecta 282, 283 development, tooth 28–39, 261–262 consent issues 336 molar–incisor hypomineralization 272–274 chronology 31–32 oral health implications 336 see also stainless‐steel crowns dental stages 71 oral motor function 348–349 CT see computed tomography molecular regulation 28–31 prevalence 317–319, 335–336 cultural factors stages 28, 29 preventive dental care 345–347 dental caries 109 developmental dental defects 31, 32–39, self‐mutilation 197, 342, 343 dental mutilation 267, 268 261–289 see also chronic health conditions; cuppings 162, 164, 167 affecting eruption 52 syndromes; systemic diseases grading scale 168, 169 calcium/phosphate metabolism discoloration, tooth 73, 73 restorative treatment 172 disturbances 283–289 bilirubin‐induced 269, 284 Cushing syndrome 12 chronological 262, 263, 265 bleaching treatment 224–225 cusp‐shaped cingulum 36 classification 265 cystic fibrosis 325 cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 selective inhibitors 95 clinical characteristics 263–264 tetracycline‐induced 267, 270–271 cyclosporine 317, 322 diagnosis 265 trauma‐related 229, 250, 251, 253

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discomfort 59 emotional development 19–20 etiology 162–166, 323, 324 displacement, traumatized teeth 229 emotion regulation 20 follow‐up 168–169 classification 231, 232 enamel idiopathic 162 primary teeth 234–236 development 252, 261 indices 168 disruptions, congenital 352 developmental defects 263–265 prevalence 161, 162 distal molar occlusion fractures 231, 233, 236 prevention 125, 169–171 mixed and permanent dentition 298–299 incremental growth lines 261, 262, restorative treatment 171–172 primary dentition 296 267, 269 eruption, tooth 40–53 distraction techniques 63 infraction 231, 236, 256–257 caries progression after 153, 154 DMFT/DMFS 103, 107, 108 inherited defects see amelogenesis chronology 40, 41, 42 dmft/dmfs (defs) 103, 107 imperfecta clinical examination 71, 72 double tooth formations 34, 36, 37 surface examination 71, 73 defined 40 double Y syndrome 12, 13 trauma‐related defects 251 delayed 44, 45 Down syndrome 340–341 enamel–dentin fractures 231, 233, 236–237 surgical treatment 202–204 periodontitis 184, 341 264–265 see also unerupted teeth tooth eruption and shedding 44, 45 cerebral palsy 342 disturbances 43–53 drinking habits, dental erosion and 165 chronic health conditions 320, 322, 325 localized 45–46 , cerebral palsy 342 early childhood caries 106 orthodontic problems 301, 302–303 drug dependency 109, 324–325 trauma‐related 251 permanent teeth 48–53 drug‐related disorders enamel knots 29, 30 primary dentition 46–48 dental erosion 165 enamel opacities (hypomineralization) surgical management 202–204, 205 developmental tooth defects 265, 267, 270 263–264 systemic disturbances 43–44 disabled children 345 deciduous molar (DMH) 272 trauma‐related 50, 51, 251 gingival overgrowth 47, 189, 317, 322, 331 fluoride‐induced 267, 269–270 ectopic see ectopic eruption Duchenne muscular dystrophy 344 molar–incisor (MIH) 272–275, 276 gingival changes 174–175 dummy sucking habits 295, 302 treatment 272–275 intruded teeth 235 Duraphat 136 endocarditis, infective (IE) 321 mechanisms and theories 40–43, 44 dwarfism endocrine disorders premature 43 psychosocial 12 delayed puberty 14 spontaneous, intruded teeth 242 short‐limb 12 delayed tooth eruption 44 stages 40–41 dysmorphic features 351 growth acceleration 12 variations in age at 153, 154 dysphagia, cerebral palsy 343 small stature 11, 12 eruption cysts 47, 199 endodontic therapy (pulp therapy) 257–258 eruption gingivitis 178 early childhood caries (ECC) complicated crown fractures 237, 238, 238 eruption hematoma 47 epidemiology 105–107 immature permanent teeth 215–225 196–197 severe (S-ECC) 105, 106, 144 cervical root fracture risk 218, 220, 254 erythromycin 214 treatment 143–144 non vital techniques 218–224 ethical analysis 374–375 eating disorders 323–324 vital techniques 215–218 ethics 371–376 dental erosion 164–165, 170 primary teeth 207–214 principles of biomedical 371–372 ectodermal dysplasias 35, 358–359 clinical decision making 208 research 375–376 ectodysplasin (EDA) 358, 359 complications 212 treatment decisions 373–375 ectopic eruption 45, 49, 50–51 diagnosis of pulpal status 207–208 vulnerable children 375 management 301, 303, 304 emergency cases 213–214 ethnic minority groups surgical treatment 202–204 follow‐up and prognosis 212–213 dental mutilation 267, 268 ectopic malpositions 49, 51 techniques 208–211 periodontitis risk 184 ectrodactyly–ectodermal dysplasia–cleft lip/ wound dressings and tissue reactions see also immigrant children palate (EEC) syndrome 358 211–212 European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry 2 education, pediatric dentistry 2 replanted avulsed teeth 242 evagination 36 effortful control 19 endotracheal intubation, prolonged 286 evidence‐based practice 2 Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (EDS) 45, 265, eosinophilic granuloma 44, 185 caries prevention 115–116, 123 281, 284 epidermolysis bullosa 284, 328, 359–360 examination, clinical 66, 68–73 electronic caries measurement (ECM) epilepsy 331, 335 exarticulation, tooth see avulsion, tooth 135, 136 Epstein’s pearls 199 exercise therapy emergencies, dental epulides 199, 204 oral motor problems 348–349 behavior management issues 64 equifinality principle 26 temporomandibular disorders 313 caries‐related 102, 103 erosion, dental 161–172 exfoliation of primary teeth see shedding of endodontic therapy of primary teeth case history 166–167 primary teeth 213–214 clinical examination 167–168 exploratory behavior system 21–22 emotional (psychological) abuse 362, 365 distribution 161–162, 163 exposure, graded 60–61, 62, 63

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extractions flunitrazepam 98, 99, 99 gastrostomy feeding 342, 345 in bleeding disorders 329 fluoride gemination 37 molar–incisor hypomineralization 272–275 caries detection and 135 gender differences see sex differences non vital immature permanent teeth 218 caries prevention 117, 122 general analgesia 87, 95 primary teeth caries treatment 143–144 general anesthesia 96, 100 clinical decision making 144, 208 dental erosion 170 caries treatment 143, 144 impact on oral health 103 disabled children 345–346 definition 87 occlusal considerations 208 induced dental defects see fluorosis, dental disabled patients 347 techniques 200–202 self‐applied 122–123 muscular dystrophies 344 traumatic injuries 233, 235–236 systemic administration 114 genetic counseling 360 extraoral examination 68–69 topical 117, 122–124 genetics 351–360 extrusive luxation 231, 232 toxicity 124 198 permanent teeth 240, 241, 241 fluoride chewing gum 123 giant cell granuloma, peripheral 199, 201 primary teeth 234 fluoride gels 123, 124 gigantism 12, 13 fluoride mouthrinses 123, 124 gingiva face examination 68–69 fluoride sucking tablets 123, 144 drug‐induced overgrowth 47, 189, 317, face masks, sports injury prevention 245 fluoride toothpaste 122–123, 124, 346 322, 331 Faces Pain Scale–Revised (FPS-R) 89 fluoride varnishes enlargements 189 fainting 57, 63, 94 caries prevention 123, 124 fibromatosis 189, 190 false belief principle 17 caries treatment 136, 143–144 healthy 174–175 familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) molar–incisor hypomineralization 272 recession 188–189 358, 359 fluorosis, dental 265, 267–270 traumatic injuries 231, 244 family history 67, 68 fluoride doses causing 124 traumatic ulcerative lesions 190 fasting, prior to sedation 99 mild 262, 267, 270 gingival bleeding index (GBI) 175 fear, dental 55–64 moderate 267, 270 gingival cysts of newborn 199 definition 55 treatment 269–270, 271 gingivitis 174, 175–179 etiology 56–59 follicle collision, obstructing tooth eruption age‐related differences 175 expression 56 45, 46, 51 chronic health conditions 178, 321 management 59–64 follicular (dentigerous) cysts 53, 204, 205 clinical picture 175 prevalence 55, 56 foreign bodies, periodontal 190–191 definition 179 feeding disorders 348 forensic oral examination 368 eruption 178 ferric sulfate 209, 211, 212 formal operational thought 16 etiology 176–178 fetal alcohol syndrome 352, 353 formocresol 211, 212 necrotizing (NG) 189–190 fetal growth 4, 5 Forschheimer’s spots 194 prevention 188 FGFR2 gene 354, 355 fractures puberty 177–178 FGFR3 gene 353–354, 356 classification 231, 232 streptococcal 190 fiber optic transillumination (FOTI) 135–136 enamel 231, 233, 236 treatment 179 fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family permanent teeth 236–240 gingivostomatitis, herpetic 194–195 proteins 30 primary teeth 233 girls fibroblasts, wound healing 248, 249 radiographic examination 78 early puberty 12, 24 fibromatosis, gingival 189, 190 see also crown fractures; crown–root growth potential 8 fibrotic mucosa, delaying tooth eruption 47 fractures; root fractures pubertal development 6, 7 finger brush 346 fragile X syndrome 340 see also sex differences finger sucking habits 295, 302 free smooth tooth surfaces glass ionomer cements (GIC) 136, 141 first‐aid, dental 245 caries diagnosis 134–135 fissure sealing 127, 149, 150 first molars caries treatment 137, 138 longevity 146 ankylosis 52 grading caries severity 132 molar–incisor hypomineralization 272 caries epidemiology 108, 151–152 frenulae permanent teeth 151 caries treatment 148–151 examination 71 preventive restorations 150 ectopic 301, 303 fibrosis/tethering 204, 205, 206 primary teeth 144, 145, 146–147, 148 erosion 162, 164, 167 frenuloplasty 204, 206 resin‐modified (RMGIC) 141, 145, 146 see also molars fungal infections, oral mucosal 195–196, 322 gluten‐sensitive enteropathy see celiac disease fissures see pits and fissures fusion, tooth 37 graded exposure 60–61, 62, 63 fissure sealing 148–149 growing pains 7 caries prevention 123, 127, 128 Gardner syndrome (FAP) 358, 359 growth 4–14 caries treatment 136, 149–150 gastroesophageal reflux (disease) acceleration 12 disabled children 346 (GER(D)) 323 childhood 6 technique 149 cerebral palsy 342 deceleration 10, 11 fistulae 70 management 170 disorders 10–14 flossing, dental 123, 188 oral health implications 163–164, 323 evaluation 7–9

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failure, postnatal 10–12 32, 33 infancy familial potential 8 genetics 358–359 growth 5 infancy 5 treatment 33, 34, 35 see also 0–3 years measurement 4–5, 6 hypoglycemia 323 infection‐related root resorption 255, 258 postnatal 4–6 hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia 358–359 infections prenatal 4, 5 hypophosphatasia 284, 287, 319, 359 dental pubertal 6–7 periodontal complications 185 caries‐related 70, 103 growth charts 7–8 premature shedding of primary teeth 44 developmental tooth defects 267, growth failure 10, 11 hypophosphatemia, familial 284, 286 268, 286 tall stature and growth acceleration 13 hypothyroidism, growth failure 11, 12 emergency management 213–214 growth hormone (GH) traumatized teeth 235, 250, 255, deficiency 8, 11, 12, 14 iatrogenic tooth damage 257–258 hypersecretion 12, 13 caries progression and 153 oral soft tissues 190, 193–196 therapy 8, 11 probing 131, 134 systemic, developmental tooth defects 265 ibuprofen 95 see also abscesses; microorganisms habits, oral parafunctional 295, 302, 310 ICDAS (International Caries Detection and infective endocarditis (IE) 321 see also breathing habits Assessment System) 131, 132 infiltration analgesia 90, 91 hair examination 69 idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura infraocclusion, primary molars 47, 48 Hall technique 147–148 (ITP) 329 inhalation sedation 95–97 hand examination 68 IL11RA gene 354, 358, 359 inheritance, mendelian 352, 353 Hand–Schüller–Christian disease 44, 185 image receptors, radiographic injections, dental head circumference 5, 6 holders 79–80, 81 behavioral strategies 60, 62–63, 90 health, WHO definition 102 sensitivity 85 fear/phobia of 57 health technology assessment (HTA) 2 sizes 79 local analgesia techniques 90–93 heart disease 178, 321–322 immature permanent teeth pain‐free 93 Hedgehog family proteins 30 bleaching non vital discolored 224–225 see also local analgesia/anesthesia height caries progression 153, 154 integrity, respect for 372–373 curves 7, 8 definition 215 intellectual disability (learning disability) final 6, 7 extraction of non vital 218 334, 339–341 measurement 4–5, 6 pulp therapy 215–225 capacity to consent 336 midparental 8 non vital techniques 218–224 dental care aspects 340 prediction of final 9 vital techniques 215–218 multiple diagnoses 319 velocity 4, 5–6, 7 see also permanent dentition oral health implications 339–340 hemangioma 200, 201 immigrant children internal working models 21 hematoma dental caries 106, 109 International Association of Dental eruption 47 periodontitis risk 184 Traumatology 245 local analgesia‐related 94 psychological aspects 22 International Caries Detection and , congenital 34, 36 immune responses, periodontitis Assessment System (ICDAS) hemophilia 328–329 pathogenesis 183 131, 132 195 immunodeficiency states 319, 326–327 International Classification of Diseases herpetic gingivostomatitis 194–195 immunoglobulin A deficiency 326 (ICD-10) 231, 334 histiocytosis 44, 185 immunosuppressive medication 322 International Classification of Functioning, history taking, clinical 66–68, 119 impacted teeth 48, 49, 51 Disability and Health (ICF) 334, 335 HIV infection/AIDS 318, 326, 332 orthodontic aspects 301, 303 International Classification of Functioning, homocysteinuria 12 radiography 81, 82, 83, 84 Disability and Health children and hormonal changes surgical treatment 202–204 youth version (ICF-CY) 334 gingivitis related to 177–178 see also unerupted teeth interocclusal appliances, temporomandibular see also endocrine disorders impetigo contagiosa 193 disorders 313–314 host‐defense factors implants, dental 259 interpupillar line 69 gingivitis 177–178 impulsivity 57 intimate partner violence 362–363 periodontitis 183 incidence, defined 103 intraoral examination 69–70 hydrocephalus 343–344 incisors intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) hyperbilirubinemia 269, 284 ankylosis 52 4, 5, 10 see supernumerary teeth asymmetric eruption 72 intravenous sedation 98 hypersensitivity caries treatment 143, 144, 145–146, 151, 155 intrusive luxation 231, 232 oral cavity 348 ectopic eruption 49, 50 permanent teeth 240–242 tooth see sensitivity, tooth erosion 162, 164 primary teeth 234–236 hyperthyroidism, tall stature 12 extraction of primary 200, 202 eruption disturbances 50, 51 hypnotherapy 63 protruding maxillary 305 radiographic examination 230, 235 hypochondroplasia 12 traumatic injuries 233 invagination, tooth (dens invaginatus) 37, 38

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Jackson–Weiss syndrome 354 dental assistant’s role 92, 93, 94 mendelian inheritance 352, 353 jaw(s) doses 95 meningocele 343 developmental fields 72 infiltration technique 90, 91 mental block analgesia 92 exercises, therapeutic 313 intellectual disability 340 mentalization 17 maximal opening capacity 311 intraoral topical 90, 91 mental retardation see intellectual disability justice 372, 374 pain‐free injections 93 mepivacaine 95 juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) 327–328 patient preparation 90 mesial molar occlusion juvenile osteoporosis 328 solutions available 90 mixed and permanent dentition 298, 299 toxicity 94 primary dentition 296–297 Kindersolv technique 144 luxation injuries 231, 232 mesial step, primary dentition 293 Klinefelter syndrome 12, 13 with crushing, healing 248, 249 mesiodens 32, 33 Koplik’s spots 194 permanent teeth 232, 240–242 eruption disturbances 51, 52 Kostman’s disease 327 prognosis 258 tooth spacing 300 Kreiborg–Pakistani syndrome 354, 358, 359 primary teeth 233–236 metronidazole 214, 224 KRT75 (keratin 75) gene 359, 360 wound healing 248, 249 microabrasion technique, see also extrusive luxation; intrusive 270, 271 lacerations, oral soft tissues 231 luxation; lateral luxation 34 language development 17–18 lyonization 353 microorganisms large for gestational age (LGA) 4 gingivitis and 175, 176 laryngoscopy, traumatic 286 34, 36 necrotizing gingivitis 189–190 laser fluorescence (DIAGNOdent) 135, 136 macrophages, wound healing 248, 249 periodontitis pathogenesis 183 latent inhibition 60 malabsorption 323, 325 midazolam 98, 99, 99 lateral luxation 231, 232 malformations, congenital 351–357 midfacial line 69 permanent teeth 240, 241, 241 isolated 351–352 mineralization primary teeth 233, 234, 235 syndromes 352 chronology 31–32 radiographic examination 230 malignant disease (cancer) 319, 329–331 clinical examination 71, 73, 73 lateral segment, occlusal development dental erosion 165 mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) 294–295 developmental dental defects 265, immature permanent teeth 217, 218, 254 latex allergy 344 267, 269 plus technique 220–222 lead, radiation protection 85–86 head and neck region 198 primary teeth 210, 211–212 learning disability see intellectual disability 295–307 missing teeth, congenitally 31, 32–33 Ledermix 213 corrective orthodontics 306 genetics 358–359 leeway space 294 gingivitis risk 177 radiographic examination 78–79 lege artis, principle of 372 interceptive orthodontics 304–306 space considerations 300, 301 Letterer–Siwe disease 44 mixed and permanent dentition 298–300 terminology 32 leukemia, gingivitis 178 muscular dystrophies 344 treatment 33, 34 leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD) 183 prevention 302–304 mixed dentition lidocaine 90, 95 primary dentition 295–298 caries treatment 148 lifestyle factors treatment approach 302–307 malocclusions 298–300 dental caries 108–109 malposition, tooth 49, 301 occlusal development 293–295 dental erosion 166 mandibular alveolar process fractures 231, orthodontic treatment 302–306 lingual tooth surfaces 243–244 mobility, traumatized teeth 229 caries detection 134–135 mandibular alveolar socket wall fracture 231 molar–incisor hypomineralization (MIH) caries treatment 138 mandibular foramen block 90–92 272–275, 276 grading caries severity 132 mandibulofacial dysostosis (Treacher Collins molars syndrome) 356–357 permanent examination 69 Marfan syndrome 12 caries frequency 151–152 incompetent closure 298, 299 masseter muscle, palpation 311, 312 caries treatment 148–151, 155 traumatic injuries 228, 229, 231 mastery motivation system 21 primary local analgesia/anesthesia 89–94 maxillary alveolar process fractures 231, ankylosis 47, 301, 302 administration methods 90–93 243–244 caries treatment 144, 145, 146, behavioral strategies 60, 62–63, 90 maxillary alveolar socket wall fracture 231 147–148 in bleeding disorders 329 meals, frequency of 125 dental erosion 162, 164, 167, 169 blocks 90–92 measles 194 endodontic therapy 209–211 children’s understanding 18 measles and rubella (MMR) vaccine extraction 200–202, 203 complications 94, 197 193–194 infraocclusion 47, 48 computerized delivery systems 92–93 medical history, general 67, 68 retention 48 contraindications 93–94 medications, sugar‐sweetened 320, 322, 345 space maintenance 302 definition 87 menarche 6 see also first molars

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morphologic tooth abnormalities 33–38 diagnosis 132 disabled children 346–347 clinical examination 71–73, 73 nonoperative treatment 136, 137, 149 intellectual disability 339–340, 341 gingivitis risk 177 nonerupted teeth see unerupted teeth periodontal disease prevention 188 morphology variation 36–38 non‐maleficence 372, 374 oral motor function, disabled size variation 34–36 non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs children 348–349 trauma‐related 251 (NSAIDs) 95, 321 treatment 37–38 Noonan syndrome 12 bacterial infections 193 motivation 21 number needed to treat (NNT) 116 clinical examination 70–71 motivational interviewing (MI) 122 nursing bottle mouth/caries see early fungal infections 195–196 motor function, oral, disabled children childhood caries lesions 193–198 348–349 nutritional rickets 283, 285 traumatic injuries 197, 231, 244 mouth, examination 69–70 viral infections 193–195 mouth breathing, gingivitis risk 177, 178 obesity 323–324 oral mucositis 329–330 mouthguards, sports injury prevention 245 dental caries and 108–109 oral parafunctional habits 295, 302, 310 mouth opening capacity, maximal 311 tall stature 12, 13 oral screen device, oral motor training mouthrinses, fluoride 123, 124 occlusal tooth surfaces 348, 349 MSX1 gene 30, 358 caries diagnosis 131–134 oral soft tissues see soft tissues, oral MTA see mineral trioxide aggregate caries frequency 107, 151 oral surgery, minor 200–204 mucocele 199, 200 caries progression 151–152, 153 oral tumors/tumor‐like lesions 198–200 mucositis, oral 329–330 caries treatment 138, 145, 148–150, 155, orofacial regulation therapy, Down mucous retention cysts 199, 200 156–157 syndrome 341 multifinality concept 26 erosion 167, 169 orthodontic appliances mumps 194 grading caries severity 132 bonding, and soft‐drink intake 171 Münke syndrome 353–355 see also fissure sealing cross bites 305 muscular dystrophies 344 occlusion gingivitis risk 177 mutans streptococci (MS), vertical adjusting, temporomandibular orthodontic treatment 302–307 transmission 126 disorders 312–313 corrective 306 mutilation, dental, culturally determined clinical examination 73, 312 general decisions 306–307 267, 268 craniofacial development and 291–292 interceptive 304–306 myelomeningocele 343 dental erosion and 171, 172 intruded teeth 242 development 292–295 patient selection 307 nail‐biting 310 extraction of primary teeth and 208 preventive 302–304 naproxen 95 see also malocclusions radiography prior to 79 nasal administration, sedatives 98 odontoblasts 28, 261 temporomandibular disorders and 310 natal teeth 43, 46 odontodysplasia, regional 52, 72, 286, traumatic loss of permanent teeth 259 nature and nurture debate 15 288, 289 osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) 280, near‐infrared transillumination 39, 51, 52 281, 282 (DIAGNOcam) 135, 136 odontophobia (dental phobia) genetics 359, 360 neck shield, radiation protection 85–86 definition 55 osteoporosis, juvenile 328 necrotizing gingivitis (NG) 189–190 etiology 56–59 overjet needles, local analgesia 93 management 59–64 mixed and permanent dentition negative affectivity 19 prevalence 55, 56 298–299 negative emotionality 57 oligodontia 32, 358–359 negative 296–297 negative overjet 296–297 open bite normal development 293, 294–295 neglect, child 362–369, 375 mixed and permanent dentition prevention of trauma 304 dental management 366–367 298, 299 primary dentition 295–296 oral and dental aspects 366 primary dentition 295, 295, 296, 296, 297 recognition 365 oral administration, sedatives 98, 99, 99 pain 87–88 neonatal lines, dentin and enamel 267, 269 oral cavity, examination 69–70 assessment 89 43, 46 oral cysts see cysts behavior management issues 58–59 neuropsychiatric disorders 336–339 oral health 1–2 carious primary teeth 138–139 uncooperative behavior 57–58 community‐level promotion 114 children’s understanding 18, 58–59 neutropenia 44, 326–327 disabled children 336 defined 87 nickel sensitivity 148 impact of caries 102–103 at food intake 213 nitrous oxide–oxygen sedation 95–97 oral health‐related quality of life long‐term adverse effects 87–88, 103 non‐accidental injuries see physical abuse, child (OHRQoL) 331–332 memory 87, 88 noncavitated caries lesions oral hygiene perception 87–88 activity grading 133, 133, 134–135 caries prevention 123, 126 temporomandibular disorders 309, 311 approximal surfaces 135 dental erosion and 165–166, 170 see also toothache

0002852537.INDD 385 10/7/2016 8:04:29 PM 386 Index

pain control 88–100 periodontal ligament (PDL) injection phobia child‐centered approaches 89 technique, modified 93 blood–injection–injury (BII) 57, 62–63 developmental dental defects 266 periodontal surgery 187 dental see odontophobia disease‐centered approaches 89 periodontal tissues photographs, as communication aids methods 89–100 clinical examination 71 337–338 principles 88–89 normal 174–175 physical abuse, child 362 palatal anterior superior alveolar (P-ASA) traumatic injuries 231 oral and dental aspects 365 injection technique 93 periodontitis 174, 179–188 prevalence 362–363 palatal plates, oral motor training 348–349 aggressive 179–180, 181–182 recognition 227, 228, 363–364, 365 panoramic radiographs 82–83 chronic 179, 180, 181 risk factors 363 Papillon–Lefèvre syndrome 45, 185 classification 179–180 Piaget, Jean 16–17 paracetamol 95 Down syndrome 184, 341 piercing, tongue 70 parafunctional habits, oral 295, 302, 310 epidemiology 180–182 pits and fissures paralleling technique, periapical etiology and risk factors 182–185 caries diagnosis 131–134 radiographs 79 orthodontic problems and 306 sealing see fissure sealing parents prevention 188 treatment in permanent first molars caries prevention role 104, 120–122, screening 185 148–150 126, 143 treatment 185–188 see also occlusal tooth surfaces communication with 59–60 peripheral calcifying granuloma 199, 201 PITX2 gene 30, 358 consent by 373 peripheral giant cell granuloma 199, 201 placodes, dental 28, 29, 30 hindering child’s treatment 375 permanent dentition plaque history taking 66–67 caries factors influencing formation 176–177 influencing child’s anxiety 58 epidemiology 107–108, 151–152 gingivitis pathogenesis 175, 176–177 separation of child from 60 lesion progression 151–153, 154 periodontitis pathogenesis 182, 184 partial caries removal technique prevention 123 removal, cavitated caries lesions 138 140–141, 145 treatment 148–151, 155–157 plaque control partial pulpotomy clinical examination 71 caries prevention 126–127 immature permanent teeth 216–218 development 28 chemical 188 carious exposures 216–217 chronology 31–32 gingivitis 179, 188 traumatic exposures 217–218, 237, disturbances 31, 32–39 mechanical 188 238, 238 traumatic injuries 50, 51, 250–251, 267 periodontitis 185–186, 188 primary teeth 208, 209–210, 212–213 erosion 161–162 see also oral hygiene; toothbrushing PAX9 gene 30, 358 eruption polarized follicle theory, tooth eruption pediatric dentistry 1–2 chronology 40, 42 41–43 defined 1 local aberrations 46, 48–53 polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) 183 education and training 2 systemic disturbances 44 population‐based prevention pediatric dentists, specialized 64 malocclusions 298–300 caries 127–128 peer group influences 23 numerical variations 32, 33 dental erosion 170–171 peg‐shaped teeth 36, 37, 38 occlusal development 293–295 posterior cross bite penicillin V 214 orthodontic treatment 306 mixed and permanent dentition 298, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) periodontal tissue 174–175 299, 300 feeding 342, 345 trauma 227 orthodontic treatment 305 periapical radiographs 78, 79–80 distribution of diagnoses 232 primary dentition 295, 295, 297–298 periodontal complications first aid 245 posterior immature permanent teeth, non traumatized permanent teeth 252–256 follow‐up and complications vital pulp therapy 218 traumatized primary teeth 250 251–256 posteruptive tooth age, caries progression periodontal conditions 174–191 immediate care 236–244 and 153, 154 periodontal diseases 175–190 prognosis 256–258 prebiotic bacteria 127 bacteria‐induced inflammatory 175–188 pulp therapy 217–218, 237, 238, preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) 360 see also gingivitis; periodontitis 238, 242 prematurity 4, 320 diabetes mellitus 178, 184, 322–323 radiographic examination 230–231 developmental tooth defects 265, 267, 269 HIV infection 318, 326 treatment of tooth loss 259 premolars necrotizing 189–190 see also immature permanent teeth autotransplantation 259 neutropenia 327 Pfeiffer syndrome 354 caries progression 152, 154 obesity 323–324 pharyngeal arches, congenital syndromes caries treatment 155 see also periodontitis affecting 356–357 prenatal diagnosis 360 periodontal ligament (PDL), wound healing phenytoin, gingival overgrowth 47, 189, prenatal growth 4, 5 248, 249 317, 331 preoperational thought 16

0002852537.INDD 386 10/7/2016 8:04:29 PM Index 387

preschool children see 3–5 (or 6) years biopsychosocial approach 15–16 radiation protection 85–86 preterm birth see prematurity developmental tasks 20–21 radiation therapy prevalence, defined 103 social aspects 21–22 adverse effects 265, 267, 269, 287, 330 preventive dental care 1 variable‐based approach 16–20 preventive dental care 331 autism spectrum disorder 337 psychological techniques, behaviour radiography, dental 75–86 caries 104, 114–128 management problems 59–64 3D object localization 81, 82 chronic health conditions 319–320 psychopathology, developmental 25–26 beam collimation 85 dental erosion 125, 169–171 psychosocial dwarfism 12 bitewing see bitewing radiographs disabled children 345–347 puberty 6–7 caries and sequelae 76–78, 131, 135 malignant disease 331 disorders 10–14 dental anomalies 78–79 orthodontic problems 302–304 early 12, 13, 24 extraoral techniques 82–85 periodontitis/gingivitis 188 late 12–14 image receptors see image receptors, preventive restorations 149, 150 puberty gingivitis 177–178 radiographic prilocaine 95 pubic hair 6, 7 indications 75 primary dentition pulpal complications interpretation 75, 76 caries 104–107 primary teeth 207–208 intraoral techniques 79–81 longevity of restorations 146 traumatized permanent teeth 252–254 orthodontic treatment planning 79 prevention 123 traumatized primary teeth 250 panoramic examination 82–83 pulpal complications 207–208 pulp canal obliteration patient cooperation 80, 81, 86 treatment 138–139, 144–148 dentin dysplasia 282, 283, 284 periapical see periapical radiographs chronology of mineralization 31 traumatized permanent teeth 244, periodontal disease 181 clinical examination 71 252–253 prior to surgery 79 development 28, 29 traumatized primary teeth 250 77, 253–254 endodontic management 207–214 pulp capping safety issues 85–86 erosion 161, 162 complicated crown fractures 237, 238 scanogram 83, 84 eruption direct systemic diseases and syndromes 79 chronology 40, 41 immature permanent teeth 216 temporomandibular disorders 312, 313 local aberrations 46–48 primary teeth 208, 209 trauma 78, 229–231 occlusal effects 293 indirect see also computed tomography systemic disturbances 43–44 immature permanent teeth 216 randomized controlled trials (RCT) extractions see extractions, primary teeth primary teeth 208, 209 115–116 malocclusions 295–298 pulpectomy, primary teeth 210–211 199, 200 numerical variations 32, 33 rapport building 59–60 occlusal development 292–293, 295 immature permanent teeth reactivity, temperamental 19 orthodontic treatment 302–306 irreversible 218–224 reality, children’s understanding 17 periodontal tissues 174 reversible 215–218 records 73–74 pulpal conditions 207–208, 250 primary teeth 202, 207, 209–210, 211 rectal administration, sedatives 98, 99, 99 shedding see shedding of primary teeth pulp necrosis recurrent aphthous ulceration (RAU) 196 space maintainers 302 immature permanent teeth 218–224 refugees 58 tooth retention 48, 302–303 primary teeth 207, 210 regenerative endodontic technique (RET) trauma 227 radiographic detection 77, 253–254 222–224 damage to permanent successors 50, 51, traumatized teeth 250, 253–254 relaxation exercises 63 250–251, 267 pulpotomy renal disorders 319, 322 distribution of diagnoses 231 immature permanent teeth 218 renal failure, chronic (CRF) 322 first aid 245 partial see partial pulpotomy renal transplant recipients 322 follow‐up and prognosis 249–251 primary teeth 208, 210, 211, 213 replantation, avulsed teeth 242, 243, immediate care 233–236 pulp sensibility testing, traumatic 243, 244 radiography 231 injuries 229, 253 advice to public 243, 245 primate spaces 293 pulp therapy see endodontic therapy long‐term prognosis 258 private speech 18 pycnodysostosis 44, 45 research ethics 375–376 probing 199, 201 resilience 26 iatrogenic tooth damage 131, 134 resin‐modified glass ionomer cements periodontal disease 175, 179 Quad Helix lingual arch 305 (RMGIC) 141, 145, 146 probiotic bacteria 127 quality of life resins props, mouth 343, 346 impact of caries 102, 103 fissure sealing 149, 150 psychological abuse 362, 365 oral health‐related (OHRQoL) 331–332 preventive restorations 150 psychological development 15–26 quantitative light‐induced fluorescence see also composites age‐related holistic descriptions 22–24 (QLF) 135, 136 resin splints 240, 241

0002852537.INDD 387 10/7/2016 8:04:29 PM 388 Index

restorations, dental traumatized permanent teeth 255–256 sexual abuse, child 362, 365 adverse effects 103, 138 traumatized primary teeth 250 shedding of primary teeth 302–303 defective, gingivitis risk 177 rubber dam 142 in bleeding disorders 329 longevity 146, 156, 171 rubella 194 local disturbances 45–46 preventive 149, 150 RUNX2 gene 30, 358, 359 mechanism 43 restorative materials 141–142 premature 44–45 restorative treatment Saethre–Chotzen syndrome 354 short stature 10–12 amelogenesis imperfecta 278–280 safe environment, creating a 59–60 shovel‐shaped incisor 37 caries 136, 138–139, 140–142 sagittal malocclusions shyness 19, 57 partial caries removal 140–141 mixed and permanent dentition Silver–Russell syndrome 10, 11, 12 permanent teeth 148–151, 155–157 298–299 sitting height 5, 6 primary teeth 138–139, 144–148 primary dentition 295–297 skeletal dysplasias procedures 141–142 salivary factors, dental erosion 165 delayed tooth eruption 44, 45 stepwise excavation 140 salivary secretion rate growth failure 12 cavity designs see cavity designs asthmatic children 321 skin examination 68 dental erosion 171–172 increasing, dental erosion 170 small for gestational age (SGA) 4, 5, 10 dental fluorosis 270, 271 saliva tests 120, 168 smoking, periodontitis risk 184 developmental dental defects 266 saucer‐shaped cavity design 155–156 snacking 125 molar–incisor hypomineralization scaffolding, Vygotsky’s concept 17 social addresses 22 272–275, 276 scaling, dental 186, 187 social disadvantage rubber dam 142 scanography 83, 84 child health and 319 traumatic injuries 236–237 scarlet fever 193 disabled children 334 restraint, during treatment 373–374 schools, caries prevention 114, 123 social ecology 22 retention scissors bite social relationships 21–22 erupting teeth 45–46 mixed and permanent dentition social services 363 primary teeth 48, 302–303 298, 299 reporting child abuse 366, 367, 368 reticuloendotheliosis see histiocytosis primary dentition 296, 297 socioeconomic factors rhizomegaly 36 secondary dentition see permanent dentition dental caries 106 rhizomicry 34–36 sedation 95–100 dental erosion 166 rickets analgesia with 95 dental fear 58 hereditary 283–286 behavioral techniques with 63 soft drinks nutritional (vitamin D deficiency) caries treatment 143 dental erosion 162, 165, 166 283, 285 cerebral palsy 343 effects on dental materials 171 Rieger syndrome 358 conscious see conscious sedation reducing intake 169, 170–171 Robin sequence 351 deep 96, 97 soft tissue flap, over erupting tooth 204 root canal resorption 256 definition 87 soft tissues, oral root canal therapy inhalation 95–97 lesions 193–200 immature permanent teeth 218–224 minimal 95–97 traumatic injuries 231, 233–234, 244 primary teeth 210–211 moderate 96, 97–100 tumors 199 root fractures 231, 232 seizures, epileptic 331 Soto syndrome 12, 14 permanent teeth 239–240 self‐domain 21 Sox2 gene 28 endodontic therapy‐related 218, self‐mutilation 197, 342, 343 space conditions 220, 254 sensibility testing see pulp sensibility testing mixed and permanent dentition 298, prognosis 257–258 sensitivity, tooth 299–301 primary teeth 233, 234 amelogenesis imperfecta 278 primary dentition 296, 298 during extraction 200–202 developmental dental defects 266 see also crowding, tooth radiography 78 eroded teeth 170, 171 space maintainers, primary dentition 302 rootless teeth see dentin dysplasia (DD), molar–incisor hypomineralization specialized pediatric dentists 64 type I 272, 273 speech‐language therapist 348, 349 root planing 186, 187 sensorimotor intelligence 16 speech problems 306 root resorption sex chromosome abnormalities 12, 13, 352 spina bifida 343–344 ankylosis‐related 256 sex differences splinting 240 ectopic eruptions causing 49, 50 dental erosion 166 replanted avulsed teeth 243 infection‐related (inflammatory) 255, 258 malocclusions 296, 298 repositioned intruded teeth 241 internal 256 tooth eruption 40, 41, 42 root fractures 239–240 physiological, primary teeth 43 traumatic dental injuries 227 subluxed teeth 237, 240 repair‐related (surface) 255 see also boys; girls sports injuries, prevention 244–245 replanted avulsed teeth 242 sex hormones, gingivitis related to 177–178 stadiometer 4–5, 6

0002852537.INDD 388 10/7/2016 8:04:29 PM Index 389

stages, dental 71 tall stature 12 transition to adult care 332 stainless‐steel crowns (SSC) 147–148 36 transverse plane malocclusions amelogenesis imperfecta 278, 279 37, 276 mixed and permanent dentition 298, dentinogenesis imperfecta 282, 283 T‐cell deficiencies 326 299, 300 stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAP) 222 TCOF1 gene 356 primary dentition 296, 297–298 stem cell transplantation 330 teeth, examination of 71–73 traumatic injuries 227–245 stepwise excavation 140 teething symptoms 47 accidental vs. non‐accidental 364, 365 immature permanent teeth 215–216 tell–show–do technique 60–61, 62 child abuse 365 primary teeth 208, 209 dental radiography 80, 81 clinical examination 72, 227–229 steroids, inhaled, stunting of growth 10, 11 temperament 19–20, 57 diagnosis and classification 231–233 Stevens–Johnson syndrome 196 temporalis muscle, palpation 311 epidemiology 227, 228 streptococcal gingivitis 190 temporary restorations, crown fractures eruption disturbances 50, 51, 251 striae of Retzius 261, 262 236–237 etiology 227 subluxation, tooth 231, 232, 234, 240 temporomandibular disorders (TMD) first‐aid measures 245 substance use disorder (SUD) 109, 309–314 follow‐up and prognosis 249–258 324–325 bruxism and 310 immediate care 233–244 sucking habits 295, 302 clinical examination 73, 311–312 loss of permanent teeth 259 sucrose epidemiology 309, 310, 310 oral mucosal 197 cariogenicity 124, 125 history taking 310–311 patient instruction after 244 containing medications 322, 345 malocclusions 307 permanent teeth see under permanent substitutes 125–126 orthodontics and risk 310 dentition sugars radiographic imaging 312, 313 prevention 244–245, 304 dietary intake 123, 124–125, 345 treatment 312–314 primary teeth see under primary dentition in medications 320, 322, 345 (TMJ) principles of care 228 tooth‐friendly 125–126 arthritis 318, 327–328 radiographic examination 78, 229–231 Superbrush 346 testis, pubertal growth 6–7 seizure‐related 331 supernumerary teeth (hyperdontia) 32 tetracycline‐induced tooth defects 265, ulcerative gingival lesions 190 eruption disturbances 46, 50, 51 270–271 wound healing 248, 249 genetics 358, 359 theory of mind 17 Treacher Collins syndrome 356–357 treatment 33 three‐dimensional object localization treatment, ethical decision making 373–375 surgency 19 radiographs 81, 82 tricho‐dento‐osseous syndrome (TDO) 44, survival times, caries lesions 152, 153 thrombocytopenic purpura, idiopathic 45, 284, 359 sweeteners, artificial 125–126 (ITP) 329 triple X syndrome 12 sympaticus reaction 94 thrush, oral 195–196 trisomy 21 see Down syndrome syndromes thumb (finger) sucking habits 295, 302 TRPV1 272 congenitally missing teeth 32–33 thyroid gland, radiation protection 85–86 tuberous sclerosis 284 craniofacial 352–357 toddlers see 0–3 years tumors/tumor‐like lesions, oral region delayed tooth eruption 44 tongue piercing 70 198–200 developmental dental defects 284 tonsils 70 Turner syndrome 11, 12, 14 gingivitis 178 toothache malformation 352 emergency management 64, 213–214 unerupted teeth periodontitis 184–185 ethical aspects of treatment 374–375 causes 44, 45–46, 50–53 premature tooth eruption 43 see also pain radiographic assessment 78, 79 radiographic examination 79 toothbrushing surgical treatment 202–204 see also chronic health conditions; caries prevention 123, 126 see also eruption, tooth; impacted teeth disability cavitated caries lesions 138 United Nations (UN) Convention on the systematic desensitization 61–63 dental erosion and 165–166, 170 Rights of the Child 1, 59, 64, 371 systematic reviews 116, 117 disabled children 346 systemic diseases gingival recession 189 varicella 194 dental erosion 165 periodontal disease 188 vegetarians 166 developmental dental defects 284 simplified Bass technique 188 velocardiofacial syndrome (22q11 deletion eruption/shedding problems 43–45 toothpaste, fluoride 122–123, 124, 346 syndrome) 340, 352 gingivitis 178 toothpicks 188 ventricular shunts 343–344 growth failure 10, 11 topical analgesia, intraoral 90, 91 verruca vulgaris, intraoral 195 periodontitis 184–185 Tourette syndrome 339 vertical malocclusions radiographic examination 79 training, pediatric dentistry 2 mixed and permanent dentition see also chronic health conditions; transactional model of child development 298, 299 disability 16, 24 primary dentition 296, 297

0002852537.INDD 389 10/7/2016 8:04:29 PM 390 Index

very low birthweight/preterm delivery, , intraoral 195 wound dressings enamel hypoplasia 265, 269 water fluoridation 114 immature permanent teeth 217 viral infections, oral mucosal 193–195 wear, tooth 161 primary teeth 211–212 visual–tactile examination, caries cerebral palsy 342 wound healing 248, 249 diagnosis 131–135 see also erosion, dental vitamin D deficiency rickets 283, 285 wheelchair users 344, 348 X‐chromosome inactivation vomiting, self‐induced 164, 324 wire composite splints 240 (lyonization) 353 von Willebrand’s disease 329 WNT10A gene 358–359 X‐linked inheritance 353 vulnerability factors, psychological 25, 26 Wnt proteins 30, 39, 359 xylitol 125–126 vulnerable children 61, 363, 375 World Health Organization (WHO) 102, Vygotsky, Lev 17 114, 334 zone of proximal development 17

0002852537.INDD 390 10/7/2016 8:04:29 PM 0002852537.INDD 391 10/7/2016 8:04:29 PM 0002852537.INDD 392 10/7/2016 8:04:29 PM 0002852537.INDD 393 10/7/2016 8:04:29 PM 0002852537.INDD 394 10/7/2016 8:04:29 PM