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Socio-Economic Determinants of Breed Choice - a Case of Sahiwal Vs

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Socio-Economic Determinants of Breed Choice - a Case of Sahiwal Vs Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(1): 1427-1437 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 1 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.901.158 Socio-economic determinants of breed choice - A case of Sahiwal vs. crossbred in India Gunjan Bhandari* and B.S. Chandel Division of Dairy Economics, Statistics and Management ICAR-NDRI, Karnal-132001, Haryana, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT K e yw or ds Designing of effective conservation policy necessitates a clear understanding of the socio-economic factors that leads to the adoption of a Conservation, Cattle breed, particular cattle breed by the dairy farmers. The present study uses Sahiwal, Socio- descriptive statistics and discriminant analysis to identify the socio- economic economic determinants of breed choice with specific reference to Sahiwal determinants, breed.Prominent breeding tract of Sahiwal in India was purposively Discriminant Analysis. selected as the study area and required primary data was collected from 168 dairy farmers comprising 84 Sahiwal rearing farmers and 84 crossbred Article Info rearing farmers. The most important variables discriminating the two groups were herd size,education of household head, proportion of buffalo in total herd and livelihood diversification. Bigger herd size generally Accepted: 15 December 2019 indicated Sahiwal rearing household. Household heads with higher level of Available Online: education and higher proportion of buffaloes in the herd were more likely 20 January 2020 to keep crossbreds. Number of households involved in alternate occupation like business and jobs were more in Sahiwal rearing group. Introduction over the centuries in their breeding tract and are thus well adapted to the local conditions. India is immensely rich in bovine diversity They are sturdy, are endowed with quality of and possess one-ninth of cattle germplasm. heat tolerance, resistance to diseases and There are 43 well defined breeds of cattle in ability to thrive under extreme nutritional India out of which Sahiwal, Rathi, Gir, stress. They are also known for their good Tharparkar and Red Sindhi are known for temperament and ease of calving. But in the their good milk yield. These breeds evolved recent decades, the comparatively lower milk 1427 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(1): 1427-1437 yield of these breeds has led to their of crossbred which makes it an ideal choice substitution with crossbreds and high milk for the study. yielding exotic breeds. Though, milk yield of crossbreds is goodbut they have not yet fully Sampling Framework adapted to Indian conditions and their management is quite expensive. Still, they are Multi stage sampling procedure was adopted. now widespread and have diluted the gene At the first stage, entire breeding tract of pool of indigenous breeds to a great extent. Sahiwal in India comprising of Fazilka district (Punjab), Sri Ganganagar district (Rajasthan) The declining population of indigenous breeds and Sirsa district (Haryana) was selected and the importance of their adaptability traits purposively. After that, based on field for sustainable dairy farming have attracted information two blocks having higher number the attention of Government of India which of Sahiwal cattle were purposively selected has now directed efforts towards their from each district and from each block again conservation. Designing of any effective two villages were selected. From each village conservation policy necessitates a clear 7 Sahiwal rearing and 7 non- Sahiwal rearing understanding of the socio-economic factors dairy farmers were selected randomly. Thus, a that influences the adoption of a particular total of 168 dairy farmers comprising 84 cattle breed by the dairy farmers.Thus, the Sahiwal rearing and 84 crossbred rearing were present study attempts to identify the socio- selected from twelve villages. economic determinants of breed choice with specific reference to Sahiwal breed. Data Collection: Primary data was collected by personally interviewing the respondents Materials and Methods using a pretested structured schedule developed for the purpose. Information related Study breed to various socio-economic parameters of the householdswas collected from the primary Sahiwal breed was purposively selected for sources. the study because it is the highest milk yielding breed among the indigenous cattle in Analytical tools India but is still facing threat of extinction in its own homeland. Descriptive statistics and discriminant analysis were used to identify the socio-economic Study area variables affecting the choice of cattle breed of the dairy farmers.Discriminant Function The study was carried out in the breeding tract Analysis (DA) undertakes the same task as of Sahiwal in India comprising of Sri multiple linear regression by predicting an Ganganagar district (Rajasthan), Fazilka outcome in cases where dependent variable is district (Punjab) and Sirsa district (Haryana). categorical. Independent variables can be of This region was purposively selected as due to any type (continuous, categorical or both). It is prolonged association with the native used to distinguish distinct sets of community, Sahiwal breed is well known and observations and allocate new observations to forms a part of local landscape, tradition and previously defined groups. This analysis was customs. Despite this, the area has observed a used to know the variables which discriminate major decline in the number of indigenous Sahiwal rearing farmers from crossbred cattle and a subsequent rise in the population rearing farmers. 1428 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(1): 1427-1437 tables.Table 1 shows the age of household Stepwise discriminant function analysis was head in different categories. The average age carried out in SPSS. To identify a subset of of household head was 45.13 years and there variables which best discriminate between the was no major difference between different K populations, an F statistic based on one way areas. The average age of Sahiwal and analysis of variance test was used to choose crossbred rearing farmers was found to be the variables. The variable for which the mean 45.43 and 44.83 years, respectively. Thus, in values in the K population were “most respect of age there was no major difference different” was identified. The value of between the two types of dairy farmers. This structure and standardized coefficients helped indicates that preferences of dairy farmers for in assessing the importance of each cattle breed are different even within the same independent variable's unique contribution to age group. the discriminant function. Wilk’s lambda was used to check the significance of the model. Coming to the educational qualification, on an average, head of the crossbred rearing The variables considered for discriminant households were more educated than the ones function analysis were: who were rearing Sahiwal (Table 2). This X1 =Herd size (number) difference was most prominent in the Fazilka X2 = Education of household head (in years). region. Education provides exposure to the X3=Proportion of buffalo in total herd literature, thus, more educated ones are likely (percentage). to understand the package of practices and X4 =Livelihood diversification, 1= if any other readily adopt crossbred. Unlike other areas source of income along with agriculture and Sahiwal rearing farmers were more qualified livestock rearing is present, otherwise 0. in Sirsa. This region has traditionally been X5= Size of the land holdings (in acres). under the buffalo belt. People started rearing X6 = Annual household income (in Rs. / Sahiwal breed here few years back after capita). getting information about its additional X7= Family Size (number). attributes. X8= Presence of pastures, 1 if available, otherwise 0. Details of family size are presented in Table 3. X9= Age of household head (in years). Number of family members in Sahiwal rearing Score of one for farmers who were rearing households was marginally higher than in Sahiwal and zero for those who belonged to crossbred rearing households. Sirsa was an crossbred rearing households was given. exception in this case also. Results and Discussion Ganganagar and Fazilka district share border with Pakistan. This area is quite diverse in Various socio-economic characteristics of terms of religion and has considerable sample households like age, education, family followers of Hinduism, Islam and Sikhism. size, land holding, herd size etc. were Table 4 presents details regarding the religion analyzed and results are presented as below. of sample households. Out of the total households’ surveyed 88 (52%) households General profile of the households belonged to Hindu community, 31 (19%) to Muslim community and rest 49 (29%) to Sikh Details related to the age and education of the community. household head is presented in the following 1429 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2020) 9(1): 1427-1437 Majority of the Hindu (60%) and Sikh (67%) the Sahiwal rearing farmers were maintaining households were rearing crossbred whereas huge herd. In Ganganagar and Sirsa also cent percent Muslims households surveyed relative number of livestock kept by Sahiwal were rearing Sahiwal breed. This indicates rearing farmers was more but the difference strong preference of Muslim community for was not significant. Sahiwal breed in the sample region. In earlier Average percentage composition of
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