Kant’s Critical Philosophy – PHIL 10157

1. Course Aims and Objectives The aim of this course is to develop an understanding of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason, its place in the development of modern philosophy and some of the major questions it raises. In the course of the lectures we also aim to develop an understanding of how to construct and critically assess arguments in philosophy and identify problems of consistency and justification. Students taking this paper will be expected to: (1) Acquire a detailed knowledge of the Critique of Pure Reason (2) Be able to state the main doctrine expounded in this text (3) Have some awareness of interpretative problems relating to this text (4) Be able critically to discuss this doctrine and the arguments used to support it.

2. Lecture and Seminar Content Preliminary note: I list a lot of secondary sources below for each lecture and seminar. Don’t try to read all, or even most of it. The list is there for those who want to look at certain topics in more depth as well as for the purpose of your essays. For the seminars, I’ll expect you to have familiarised yourself with the primary reading as well as at least one of the secondary readings listed in preparation for each class. I particularly recommend Gardner’s Routledge guide [which is available as an e-book from the library website]. I’ll also expect you to have thought about the discussion questions ahead of each seminar.

Week 1 – (19/09) Lecture 1: The Copernican revolution and transcendental idealism Seminar 1: Discussion of Letter to Herz, 21 February 1772. Discussion question: What does Kant mean by the ‘critique’ of reason? Why does he think there is a need for such a critique?

Primary reading: C.P.R., Preface to second edition (Bvii-xliv). Secondary reading: Gardner (1999): pp. 37-50. Allison (1983): chs. 1-2. Walker (1978): 14-23. Guyer (1987): ch. 1. Van Cleve (1999): ch. 1. M. Schönfeld, ‘Kant's Philosophical Development’, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Allais, ‘Kant and the Possibility of Metaphysics’, Routledge Companion to Metaphysics (Routledge, 2009).

Week 2 (26/09) Lecture 2: The possibility of synthetic a priori knowledge Seminar 2: Discussion of Prolegomena, 4:276-280 & 4:365-371. Discussion question: What does the analytic/synthetic distinction amount to? Can it be successfully drawn? What role does it play in Kant’s argument for transcendental idealism?

Primary reading: C.P.R., Introduction (B1-B30). Secondary reading: Gardner (1999): ch. 3. Allison (1983): 73-78. Walker (1978): ch. 1. Bennett (1966): chs. 1-4. Wood (2005): ch. 2. Van Cleve (1999): ch. 2.

Week 3 (3/10) Lecture 3: Kant’s Critique of traditional metaphysics and the Paralogisms Seminar 3: Discussion of the first Paralogism, CPR A348-A351. Discussion question: Does Kant succeed in refuting Descartes’ cogito?

Primary reading: C.P.R., ‘Introduction to the Transcendental Dialectic’ (B349-366). Transcendental Dialectic, Book II, (B399-432) Secondary reading: Gardner (1999): pp. 209-220, 225-231, 243-45, 256-7. Allison (1983): pp. 278-86. Grier (2007) ‘Kant’s critique of metaphysics,’ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Van Cleve (1999): ch 11. Wood (2005): ch. 5. Hatfield, ‘Empirical, Rational and Transcendental Psychology’, in The Cambridge Companion to Kant. Bennett (1974): Part 3. Ameriks, K., Kant's Theory of Mind: An Analysis of the Paralogisms of Pure Reason, Oxford: Clarendon, 2000. Grier, M., Kant’s Doctrine of Transcendental Illusion, Cambridge: CUP 2001, ch. 5.

Week 4 (10/10) Lecture 4: The antinomies of pure reason Seminar 4: Discussion of the first antinomy, C.P.R., B454-B461. Discussion question: Do contemporary astrophysical theories about the limits of space or the beginning of the universe have any bearing on the conclusions of the arguments of the First Antinomy?

Primary reading: C.P.R., ‘The Antinomy of Pure Reason’ (B432-488), Secondary reading: Gardner (1999): pp. 231-37, 245-64. Allison (1983): ch. 13, 15. Guyer (1987): ch. 18. Bennett (1974): Part 7. Grier, M., Kant’s Doctrine of Transcendental Illusion, Cambridge: CUP 2001, ch. 6. Grier, M., ‘The Logic of Illusion and the Antinomies’, in G. Bird, A Companion to Kant, Oxford: Blackwell, 2006, pp. 192-20

Week 5 (17/10) Lecture 5: The third antinomy of pure reason: freedom vs. determinism Seminar 5: Discussion of the third antinomy, C.P.R., B472-B479 Discussion question: Is Kant successful in securing freedom from the threat of natural determinism?

Primary reading: CPR, B472-479; B560-586. Secondary reading: Grier (2007): section 4. Wood (1984): ‘Kant’s compatibilism’ in A. Wood (ed.) Self and Nature in Kant’s Philosophy, reprinted in P. Kitcher (ed), Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason: Critical Essays, 1998. Allison, H. E., Kant's Theory of Freedom, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, Pt. I.

Week 6 (24/10) Lecture 6: Things in themselves, noumena and transcendental objects Seminar 6: Discussion of Prolegomena, 4:351-4:365. Discussion question: What is Kant’s distinction between noumena in the negative sense and noumena in the positive sense?

Primary reading: CPR, ‘Ideal of Pure Reason’ (B618-630, B642-8), ‘Regulative Employment of Reason’ (B670-96), ‘Phenomena and Noumena’ (B294-315). Secondary reading: Gardner (1999): pp. 237-43, 265-6, 269-305. Allison (1983): ch. 3. Walker (1978): chs. 9, 12. Guyer (1987): ch. 15. Van Cleve (1999): ch. 12 (Ideal), ch. 10 (noumenal). Langton (1998): ch. 1, 2. Bennett (1966): ch. 8, ch. 18. Wood (2005): ch. 4. Bennett (1974): chs. 86-88. Strawson (1966): 38-42, 235-273.

Essay due – Thursday 27th October 2016, by 12pm

Week 7 (31/11) Lecture 7: The a prioricity of space Seminar 7: Discussion of Kant’s argument from incongruent parts in the Inaugural Dissertation (403) and Prolegomena (285-6). Discussion question: Explain the significance of, and assess Kant’s argument(s) for, the claim that space and time are transcendentally ideal. What does he mean? Why is it important?

Primary reading: C.P.R., ‘The Transcendental Aesthetic’ (B33-B73) Secondary reading: Gardner (1999): ch. 4. Wood (2005): pp. 35-9. Bennett (1966): Part 3. Walker (1978): Parts 3-4. Parsons, 'The Transcendental Aesthetic', in The Cambridge Companion to Kant. Allison (1983): ch 5. Van Cleve (1999): ch. 3-5. A. Janiak, Kant’s views on space and time, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

Week 8 (7/11) Lecture 8: The Metaphysical and Transcendental deduction Seminar 8: Discuss Kant’s argument in C.P.R., B143-152. Discussion question: What is the role of the deduction in Kant’s overall argument for transcendental idealism? What does it mean for his system if the deductions are unsuccessful?

Primary reading: C.P.R., Transcendental Logic, Introduction and Division I, Transcendental Analytic, Book I, Ch. I (A 66-83/B 92-116); C.P.R., Transcendental Analytic, Book I, Ch. II (A 84-95/B 116-129), and A 95-130 (for the TD in the A-edition) or B 129-169 (for the TD in the B-edition) Secondary reading: Gardner (1999): pp. 131-65. Allison (1983): ch. 6-7. Guyer (1987): chs. 3-5. Walker (1978): ch. 6. Bennett (1966): Part 8. Van Cleve (1999): ch. 7. Wood (2005): Ch. 3. D. Pereboom, ‘Kant’s transcendental arguments’, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Guyer, ‘The Transcendental Deduction of the Categories’, in The Cambridge Companion to Kant, pp. 123-160.

Week 9 (14/11) Lecture 9: The second analogy and the principle of causation Seminar 9: Discussion of the principle of causality, B232 Discussion question: Does Kant provide a successful answer to Hume on causation?

Primary reading: C.P.R., Transcendental Analytic, Book II, ‘The System of the Principles of Pure Understanding’: A 154-62/B 193-202, and ‘The Second Analogy’: A 189-211/B 232- 256. Secondary reading: Gardner (1999): pp. 165-88. Allison (1983): ch. 9. Guyer (1987): chs. 8, 10 [Analogies]. Walker (1978): ch. 7. Van Cleve (1999): ch. 9. Bennett (1966): Part 14- 15. Strawson (1966): 118-152. De Pierris & Friedman, ‘Kant and Hume on causality’, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. O. O’Neill, Constructions of Reason (CUP, 1989): pp. 59-63. Friedman, M, ‘Causal Laws and the Foundations of Natural Science’, in P. Guyer (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Kant, Cambridge: CUP, 1992, pp. 161-199

Week 10 (21/11) Lecture 10: The Refutation of Idealism Seminar 10: Discussion of C.P.R. B274-9 Discussion question: Does Kant provide a successful refutation of idealism?

Primary reading: C.P.R., Transcendental Analytic, Book II, Ch. II (B274-9) Secondary reading: Allison (1983): Ch. 10, ‘Inner Sense and the Refutation of Idealism’, pp. 275 ff. Aquila, R., ‘Personal Identity and Kant’s “Refutation of Idealism”’, Kant-Studien 70 (1979), pp. 257-278. Guyer (1987): 279ff. Strawson (1966): ch. 3. Hanna, R., ‘The Inner and Outer: Kant’s “Refutation” Reconstructed’, Ratio 13 (2000), pp. 146-174

Week 11 (28/11) Lecture 11: Kant’s critical system and its legacy Seminar 11: Discussion / Wrap-up Discussion question: What are the major flaws in Kant’s Critique? Find inspiration in the reception of Kant by German Idealists.

Primary reading: C.P.R., ‘Canon of pure reason’ (A795-830). Secondary reading: Gardner (1999): ch. 9 & 10. Walker (1978): ch. 10. F. Beiser, The Fate of Reason (Harvard UP, 1987), ‘Introduction’.

Essay due- Thursday 15th December 2016, by 12pm Philosophy workshops Seminar 1 (tbc): How to write a successful essay on Kant Seminar 2 (tbc): How to improve your essay technique

3. Readings

(i) Primary texts

The primary text (Kant’s CPR) is essential reading. You MUST have access to a copy of it. I recommend the following edition:

Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, edited by Norman Kemp-Smith, Palgrave 2007. An early version of this translation can be found online here: http://userpages.bright.net/~jclarke/kant/

Note: The Critique came out in two editions (the ‘A’ edition in 1781, and the ‘B’ edition in 1787) and most versions available today are an amalgamation of both. So long as your copy of the Critique has the correct referencing (e.g. A94/B127) on the side of the text, any edition will be usable. However, I strongly recommend the edition mentioned above.

The text is difficult and you will need to read it more than once to understand it. You need to read it both before and after classes, if you want to understand it.

This website provides a simplified translation of parts of the CPR: http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/f_kant.html

(ii) Secondary texts

The reading list below mentions some introductions to Kant’s philosophy as a whole, as well as some commentaries to the Critique of Pure Reason, and collections of essays on Kant.

- General introductions R. Scruton Kant: A Very Short Introduction (Routledge, 2001) A. Wood Kant (Blackwell, 2005)

For an overview of CPR, I particularly recommend: P. Guyer, Kant (Routledge, 2006): Part I.

- Guides to the first Critique

I particularly recommend this one: S. Gardner, Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Kant and the Critique of Pure Reason (Routledge, 1999) – AVAILABLE AS AN E-BOOK on the library website.

This book guides you whilst you’re reading the CPR – it is a useful addition to the Gardner: D. Burnham, Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason (Edinburgh UP, 2007)

- Further commentaries that I refer to in my notes:

H. Allison, Kant's Transcendental Idealism (Yale UP, 1983) J. Bennett Kant’s Analytic (CUP, 1966) J. Bennett Kant’s Dialectic (CUP, 1974) G. Bird (ed.) A Companion to Kant (Blackwell, 2006) P. Guyer (ed.) The Cambridge Companion to Kant (CUP, 1992) P. Guyer Kant and the Claims of Knowledge (CUP, 1987) R. Langton Kantian Humility (OUP, 1998) P. F. Strawson The Bounds of Sense: An Essay on Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason (1966) J. Van Cleve Problems from Kant (OUP, 1999) R. Walker Kant (Routledge, 1978)

- Online reading

General reading P. Guyer, ‘Immanuel Kant,’ Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: http://www.rep.routledge.com/article/DB047 Glossary of Kant’s technical terms: http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/ksp1/KSPglos.html

Reading organised by topics M. Grier, Kant's Critique of Metaphysics, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-metaphysics/ M. Schönfeld, Kant's Philosophical Development, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-development/ A. Janiak, Kant’s views on space and time, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-spacetime/ D. Pereboom, Kant’s transcendental arguments, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-transcendental/ G. De Pierris & M. Friedman, Kant and Hume on causality, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kant-hume-causality/

Podcasts Adrian Moore on Kant's metaphysics: http://www.philosophybites.libsyn.com/index.php?post_id=379821# Susan Stuart on Kant's epistemology: http://www.podbean.com/podcast- detail?pid=22016 Paul Redding on Kant: http://www.usyd.edu.au/news/84.html?newsstoryid=1233 Nigel Warburton on Kant: http://www.philclassics.libsyn.com/index.php?post_id=254549 Anthony Grayling on Kant: http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/greatest_philosopher_immanuel_kan t.shtml

NB: You will find a number of extra papers on the course website.