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UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Balancing Rites and Rights: The Social and Cultural Politics of New-Style Weddings in Republican Shanghai, 1898-1953 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8d59b6zn Author Cowden, Charlotte Publication Date 2011 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Balancing Rites and Rights: The Social and Cultural Politics of New-Style Weddings in Republican Shanghai, 1898-1953 By Charlotte Lucia Cowden A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in Charge: Professor Wen-hsin Yeh, Chair Professor Andrew Barshay Professor Patricia Berger Spring 2011 Balancing Rites and Rights: The Social and Cultural Politics of New-Style Weddings in Republican Shanghai, 1898-1953 Copyright 2011 by Charlotte Lucia Cowden Abstract Balancing Rites and Rights: The Social and Cultural Politics of New-Style Weddings in Republican Shanghai, 1898-1953 by Charlotte Lucia Cowden Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Wen-hsin Yeh, Chair During the Republican Era both ceremonial rites and legal rights were redefined simultaneously, but not necessarily in concert. This work traces the evolution and implications of the “new-style” wedding ceremony, which at its most basic was defined by the choice of one’s own spouse and the elimination of a dowry. Focusing on Shanghai, I examine the tension, negotiation and collaboration between Republican policies, market forces, and the practices of urban residents to illustrate the relative power of the fledgling state in the face of new-style ceremonies and their combined effect: a war against the traditional wedding. New ceremonial rites linked many women to new consumptive practices: this change was embodied in the rise of the bride as both an individual woman and a symbol for enlightened, urban modernity. This - and the popularity of the new-style ceremony - would not have occurred without the publication of wedding photographs in newspapers and women’s magazines. The evolution of the new-style wedding as a “pictured” event presents a parallel visual narrative that illustrates how personal ritual was presented publicly throughout the Republican Era. Here I interrogate the production and consumption of images of new-style wedding rituals and consider the power and utility of such images, both personally and politically. Previous scholarship on the Republican Era has focused on re-codification of political rituals as a new state was being made, and the power of that Republican state in the creation of new families. Until now, no work has directly engaged the linkages between the public state and personal rituals especially those that governed individuals, particularly women, in their every day lives. Traditionally, there was no necessary reason for the state to be involved in personal rituals, nor was it expected for such things to be the matter of the state. In fact, the Nationalists’ attempts to standardize, codify and enforce personal ritual were unprecedented, and represented an emphatic intervention of the state in these matters. This effort continued under Communist rule and is, I argue, no less than a defining characteristic of the Chinese state in the twentieth century. 1 Table of Contents Dedication..................................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................... iv List of Figures.................................................................................................................................v Chapter 1. Introduction...............................................................................................................p.1 Chapter 2. The New-Style Wedding as Critique...........................................................................11 Part One: Cultural Practices, Translated............................................................................11 On Marriage..........................................................................................................16 Part Two: Experiments with the New-Style Ceremony.....................................................23 Images of New Weddings and New Women.........................................................26 Participants in New-Style Ceremonies..................................................................29 A Republican New-Style Ceremony?....................................................................33 Part Three: The Transmission of New-Style Ceremonies..................................................36 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................42 Chapter 3. The New-Style Wedding as a Popular Dream and a Political Symbol.......................44 Introduction........................................................................................................................44 Part One: Social Changes and Popular Concerns............................................................. 44 Part Two: A Slight Detour North: the Wedding of the Emperor Puyi................................55 Part Three: The Staging of a Public Wedding: Chiang Kai-shek and Soong Meiling.......61 One Revolution, Two Ceremonies.........................................................................70 The Image of a Modern Couple.............................................................................75 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................77 Chapter 4. The Market, the State and the Undeniable Allure of the New-Style Wedding...........79 Introduction........................................................................................................................79 Part One: Rights on Paper, Rites in Practice......................................................................79 Rights on Paper: The Nationalist Civil Code.........................................................79 Rights in Practice: Linglong Magazine..................................................................82 Rites on Paper: Linglong’s New-Style Weddings...................................................84 Part Two: The Business Behind the Image........................................................................89 Market Prices for Wedding Photographs, Shanghai 1935......................................92 Market Prices for Other Photographs from Large Studios, Shanghai 1935...........92 Sample Budget for a New-Style Wedding..............................................................95 Salaries of Shanghai Women, 1935........................................................................96 The Backlash Against Extravagance.......................................................................97 Part Three: The New Life Movement and the Municipal Group Wedding.....................100 The Cost of Municipal Group Weddings, 1935-6.................................................107 The Native Place Association Group Wedding - Variations on a Theme..............108 Conclusion........................................................................................................................111 i Chapter 5. The End of the New-Style Wedding.........................................................................113 Introduction......................................................................................................................113 Part One: The Commercial Group Wedding....................................................................113 Part Two: Municipal Group Weddings, Take Two...........................................................119 Options for Others................................................................................................131 Part Three: The End of the New-Style Wedding..............................................................134 Conclusion.......................................................................................................................142 Chapter 6. Conclusion................................................................................................................144 Bibliography...............................................................................................................................148 Primary Sources...............................................................................................................148 Secondary Sources...........................................................................................................158 Figures.........................................................................................................................................162 ii Dedication for my parents, John and Lisa Cowden and my grandparents Sylvia Reines and Jackie Cowden with love iii Acknowledgments First and foremost, I must thank Professor Wen-hsin Yeh for her encouragement and support, and always pushing me to look further. I am grateful for Professor Andrew Barshay’s insights and his understanding. I would also like to thank Professor Patricia Berger; I have always enjoyed our conversations about images. And, I would be