DOCSLIB.ORG

George Kennan and the Russian Empire: How America's Conscience Became an Enemy of Tsarism

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
George Kennan and the Russian Empire: How America's Conscience Became an Enemy of Tsarism OP #277 George Kennan and the Russian Empire: How America’s Conscience Became an Enemy of Tsarism by Helen Hundley In 1885–1886, one of America’s the Atlantic Cable had alr eady failed most r espected r eporters, Geor ge twice. Perry McDonough Collins’ plan Kennan (1845–1924), changed his mind sought to solve the pr oblem through a about the basic natur e of the Imperial joint ef fort of the Russian Empir e and Russian government. 1 He would spend the United States. Thus, in 1865 and the subsequent four decades of his 1866, 3 the young George Kennan had a active life attempting to challenge U.S. fascinating adventur e, an adventur e policy and to mold U.S. public opin- which left him with a lifetime love— ion, a goal he was lar gely successful in Russia. achieving. After his first trip to the Kennan’s book about his travels, Russian Empire in the 1860s, he had Tent Life in Siberia gradually gained worked hard to create a benign portrait him some notoriety as an “expert” on of Russia. Given its location in Eur ope, the Russian Empire in the United its monar chical system, and its alien States, but did not pr ovide him with nature, this was no small feat. After his wealth. 4 It took some years after experiences with critics of the Russian returning fr om his first trip to the government in 1885 and 1886, he Russian Empire to establish himself. In sought to expose the American public time, he found a car eer in r eporting, and government to the evils of the and became a premier r eporter for the Russian government while separating new Associated Press. Over his car eer, its actions fr om the Russians as a he wr ote on American politics, the people. To a great extent Kennan owed Spanish-American War, Pr esident his change of opinion to the influence McKinley’s death, the Russo-Japanese of the Siberian patriot, Nicholas War, World War I, and the Russian Mikhailovich Iadrintsev (1842–1894), Revolution. 5 He wr ote for a wide and his wide cir cle of friends and variety of journals including the “hot” acquaintances, both inside and outside magazines and newspapers of his of Siberia. 2 The meeting of these two times including Century Magazine , men, early in Kennan’s investigation of Atlantic Monthly , and The Outlook .6 In the exile system, played a seminal r ole fact, a series written by Kennan might in the people he would meet, and the actually significantly impr ove the type of information he could access. readership numbers of a magazine. 7 Kennan was certainly in a posi- In no small amount due to tion to play the r ole he was to play. He Kennan’s efforts, by the 1880s a num- had been preparing for it for over ber of the American public saw the twenty years. An ar dent supporter of Russian Empire as benign, if exotic, the Union fr om Ohio, Kennan worked and filled with inter esting people. 8 A as a telegrapher during the early years number of elements played into that of the Civil War and distinguished per ception. At times, the Russian himself in the critical Cincinnati center. Empire was per ceived as being He then joined an exciting adventure, America’s “only” friend in Eur ope. an expedition to plan the laying of Secondly, the sale of Russian America telegraph line acr oss Siberia in or der to to the United States, in addition to allow swift communication between being a “Seward’s Folly” joke, was also the United States and the European pr esented in some of the American powers. At that time, the attempt to lay pr ess as a transaction which cheated 1 the Russian government when the These words were r epeated in a United States failed to see that the series of lectur es initiated in the early Russian government received all that 1880s by the pr ominent New York had been promised. minister, the abolitionist, Henry Ward Finally and tellingly, the Russian Beecher. In closing his lectur e, Empire faced “evil r evolutionaries” in Armstrong used equally unequivocal the 1880s. Americans, for their part, language, “...Russia is among States certainly wer e incr easingly fearful of the monster criminal of the nineteenth “Eastern European bomb-throwing century. Ther e ar e no evidences in anarchists” as they viewed some of the Siberia or elsewher e that can be legiti- immigrants to their own country who mately, or even decently, adduced to had opposed the Tsar or other Eur opean vindicate befor e Americans either the governments in Europe. The 1881 humanity or the justice of that em- assassination of Tsar Ale ks andr II only pire.”10 Even though serfdom had served to justify the Russian exile str uc- ended, to Armstrong and others, the tur e. Ther efor e, even to some Americans, Russian Empire continued to deserve despite its monar chist government, all the approbation of civilized people those who criticized the Russian govern- because of its policy of imprisoning ment must be wrong. and abusing lar ge numbers of its Kennan was not the person who people in Siberia, for actions which initially challenged the very views on would not be illegal in democratic Russia that he had helped to cr eate, societies. but he certainly pr ovided the most Armstrong sought to spark a influential opposition to the Tsarist battle specifically with Kennan, as the government after he changed his dean of knowledgeable American mind. Another man initiated that specialists on Russia, and one who public battle. William Jackson her etofor e had pr esented a positive Armstrong served as an inspector of view of Russia. If Kennan could “see U.S. Consulates in Pr esident Grant’s the light” his change of heart would be second term. After his experience in taken seriously by important people. Russia he came to believe that: The succeeding battle of words with You have been used to hearing Kennan in print and on the lectur e that this Tsar [Aleksandr II] is a cir cuit stirr ed up public inter est in the liberal-despot and a kind-hearted exact “natur e” of the Russian Empir e, man. You have associated his as could be clearly displayed in the figur e in a sublime act with that Siberian exile system. towering executive Chief of this At first, Armstrong’s attacks republic—Abraham Lincoln. I seemed anti-Russian to Kennan, which mean the emancipation of the caused him to strike back in defense serfs. But in thinking of their against those who criticized Russians. deaths, keep always this clear At this time, Kennan generally de- distinction in mind. Abraham fended all things Russian. For ex- Lincoln was assassinated for a ample, in 1882 Kennan lambasted cause which liberated 3 million those who sought to attack the Sibe- slaves. Aleksandr II was killed for rian exile system in a scholarly article the enslavement of ninety mil- in the Bulletin of the American Geo- lions of people—the one the graphical Society in which he pr esented martyr of Liberty, the other the an outline of the criticism dir ected at martyr of Despotism. 9 the Russian system. 11 Kennan saw two 2 special pr ongs of the attack, one fr o m support his wife, Emeline Kennan, partisan English papers, and the other while he was overseas. The Century from misguided Siberians. Kennan Company also held out the possibility criticized the inflammatory agenda of that it might publish any book arising the English “Tory papers” in their fr om this expedition. 15 To the company, attempt to isolate the Russian Empir e it did not matter what he discover ed, for international political r easons. at the very least, Kennan could be Secondly, to Kennan, if the English had expected to write another very popular a political agenda, Siberians practiced travel account. the economic NIMBY [Not in My Back Kennan attacked every issue he Yar d] of the nineteenth century. In w r ote on fr om a scholarly approach. Kennan’s analysis, after they became His work on Siberian exile was no prosperous, Siberians sought to rid differ ent. Planned articles and a book themselves of this institution which in on the Siberian exile system would be no way added to property values. Tw o resear ched fr om every point of view. Russians were specifically unmer ci- Kennan began his work with an fully pilloried by Kennan, S. Maximov, advantage few outsiders bothered to for his Siberia and the Hard Labour Exile , seek, he learned Russian. He was thus and N.M. Iadrintsev. To Kennan, able to hold conversations with every- Maximov and Iadrintsev’s works were, one he met, whether or not the inter - “...pr ejudiced and one-sided, but in pr eter was available or willing for him many cases untrue....”12 Kennan was to speak to certain people. Kennan genuinely incensed and disgusted by then sought to see as much of the exile their criticism of Russian governmen- system that he could, and meet as tal policy. Unknowingly, he attacked many people, both administrators and the very person who would soon help exiles, as possible. to change his mind for ever concerning To this end, for his trip to Siberia, not only Siberian exile, but the natur e both befor e and after his arrival in St. of the Russian government as well. Petersbur g, Kennan sought to obtain 1885 Trip to Siberia.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • TRACING the DISCOURSE of AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM by Aron Tabor
    DOES EXCEPTION PROVE THE RULE? TRACING THE DISCOURSE OF AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM By Aron Tabor Submitted to Central European University Doctoral School of Political Science, Public Policy and International Relations In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Political Science Supervisor: Alexander Astrov Word Count: 91,719 Budapest, Hungary 2019 ii Declaration I hereby declare that no parts of this thesis have been accepted for any other degrees in any other institutions. This thesis contains no material previously written and/or published by another person, except where appropriate acknowledgement is made in the form of bibliographical reference. Aron Tabor April 26, 2019 iii iv Abstract The first two decades of the twenty-first century saw an unprecedented proliferation of the discourse of American exceptionalism both in scholarly works and in the world of politics; several recent contributions have characterized this notion in the context of a set of beliefs that create, construct, (re-)define and reproduce a particular foreign policy identity. At the same time, some authors also note that the term “American exceptionalism” itself was born in a specific discourse within U.S. Communism, and, for a period, it was primarily understood with reference to the peculiar causes behind the absence of a strong socialist movement in the United States. The connection between this original meaning and the later usage is not fully explored; often it is assumed that “exceptionalism” existed before the label was created as the idea is traced back to the founding of the American nation or even to the colonial period.
    [Show full text]
  • George Kennan and the Challenge of Siberia
    George Kennan and the Challenge of Siberia NICHOLAS DANILOFF he small boy pressed his nose against the window. He could hardly pass up T the chance to see the doctor treat his playmate, whose arm had been man- gled in the cogwheels of a mill. Through the pane, the boy spied the surgeon unsheathe a saw and carefully draw its razor-sharp teeth across the injured arm below the elbow. With horror, many years later, the boy at the window would describe the amputation: The surgeon accidentally let slip the end of one of the severed arteries and a jet of warm blood spurted from the stump of the upper arm to the inside of the window pane against which my face was pressed. The effect upon me was a sensation that I never felt before in all my boyish life—a sensation of deadly nausea, faintness and overwhelming fear.1 The peeping boy of 1855 would grow up to be the adventurous traveler George Kennan, a cousin twice removed of the twentieth-century George F. Kennan, American ambassador to Stalin’s Russia. Years after the operation, the nineteenth- century Kennan would succeed in amputating his own insecurities to brave the wilds of Siberia, to expose the horrors of the Russian penal system, and to become America’s first great authority on Russia. George Kennan, the elder, first intrigued me when I worked in Moscow as a journalist during the cold war over a hundred years later. I was drawn into the search for Kennan’s traces when I began researching the life of my own great- great-grandfather, a Russian exiled to Siberia for conspiring to overthrow the czar in 1825.
    [Show full text]
  • ***Thesis Manuscript for Pr Uricchio
    A Proposal for a Code of Ethics for Collaborative Journalism in the Digital Age: The Open Park Code by Florence H. J. T. Gallez B.A. English and Russian The University of London, 1996 M.S. Journalism Boston University, 1999 Submitted to the Program in Comparative Media Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Comparative Media Studies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology June 2012 © 2012 Florence Gallez. All rights reserved The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce publicly paper and electronic copies of this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created. Signature of Author: __________________________________________________ Program in Comparative Media Studies June 2012 Certified by: ________________________________________________________ David L. Chandler Science Writer MIT News Office Accepted by: ________________________________________________________ William Charles Uricchio Professor of Comparative Media Studies Director, Comparative Media Studies 1 A Proposal for a Code of Ethics for Collaborative Journalism in the Digital Age: The Open Park Code by Florence H. J. T. Gallez Submitted To The Program in Comparative Media Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Comparative Media Studies ABSTRACT As American professional journalism with its established rules and values transitions to the little-regulated, ever-evolving world of digital news, few of its practitioners, contributors
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs
    The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project ARNOLD DENYS Interviewed by: Self Copyright 1998 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements A out the Author Note to the Reader Preface A Crisis in the Life of a Foreign Service Officer My Beginnings (S Citi)enship Return to Civilian Life Panama Assignment Crisis in Panama London Egypt Athens Mexico Canada ,ashington, DC Antwerp ,ashington to Tijuana Tijuana Tijuana to Retirement Conclusion DIARY Son of Flanders The Making of a Consul. Diary of an American Foreign Service Officer In Memory of Emiel Denys 01103411767 8odelieve Maria Denys 01101411117 AC9NO,LED8MENTS 1 I feel deep gratitude to my late parents for their encouragement to write this memoir. The late Mrs. 9atherine McCook 9nox, an art historian from ,ashington, DC, was in great part responsi le for my efforts in compiling letters and notes on the American Foreign Service. My thanks also go to Rhoda Riddell, Ph.D., a writer and teacher, who transcri ed and edited my handwritten account, which was taken from my diary. I also wish to thank Art Drexler, who completed the editing and prepared the book for printing. I wish also to thank the following persons, whom I have known in the long course of my foreign service career, and who have meant so much to me both personally and professionally, and deserve special acknowledgment. Consul 8eneral John D. Barfield Vice Consul 0Ret.7 Frank J. Barrett Miguel Angel 8arcia Charles Stuart 9ennedy, Director of the Association for Diplomatic Studies, who inspired me with his work on the Foreign Affairs Oral History Program.
    [Show full text]
  • Independent Media in Exile
    Independent Media in Exile A Report to the Center for International Media Assistance By Bill Ristow June 15, 2011 The Center for International Media Assistance (CIMA), a project of the National Endowment for Democracy, aims to strengthen the support, raise the visibility, and improve the effectiveness of media assistance programs by providing information, building networks, conducting research, and highlighting the indispensable role independent media play in the cre- ation and development of sustainable democracies around the world. An important aspect of CIMA’s work is to research ways to attract additional U.S. private sector interest in and support for international media develop- ment. The center was one of the of the main nongovernmental organizers of World Press Freedom Day 2011 in Washington, DC. CIMA convenes working groups, discussions, and panels on a variety of topics in the field of media development and assistance. The center also issues reports and recommendations based on working group discussions and other investigations. These reports aim to provide policymakers, as well as donors and practitioners, with ideas for bolstering the effectiveness of media assistance. Marguerite H. Sullivan Senior Director Center for International Media Assistance National Endowment for Democracy 1025 F Street, N.W., 8th Floor Washington, D.C. 20004 Phone: (202) 378-9700 Fax: (202) 378-9407 Email: [email protected] URL: http://cima.ned.org About the Author Bill Ristow Bill Ristow is a journalist and international journalism trainer based in Seattle, Washington. After beginning his career with weekly newspapers in San Francisco and rural Washington State, he worked at the Seattle Times for nearly 23 years, holding positions including metro editor and features editor.
    [Show full text]
  • The SIBERIAN LETTERS of GEORGE KENNAN the Elder, 1866-1867
    The SIBERIAN LETTERS of GEORGE KENNAN the Elder, 1866-1867 Susan Smith-Peter O CCASIONAL PAPER # 310 The Kennan Institute is a division of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Through its programs of residential scholarships, meetings, and publications, the Institute encourages scholarship on the successor states to the Soviet Union, embracing a broad range of fields in the social sciences and humanities. The Kennan Institute is supported by contributions from foundations, corporations, individuals, and the United States Government. Kennan Institute Occasional Papers Occasional Papers are submitted by Kennan Institute scholars and visiting speakers. The Kennan Institute makes Occasional Papers available to all those interested. Occasional Papers published since 1999 are available on the Institute’s website, www.wilsoncenter.org/kennan. This Occasional Paper has been produced with the support of the George F. Kennan Fund. The Kennan Institute is most grateful for this support. The views expressed in Kennan Institute Occasional Papers are those of the author. The author would like to thank her students in History 401, Seminar in Advanced Historical Study, at the College of Staten Island/ City University of New York, for their work on George Kennan and his letters. Cover Image: George Kennan the Elder, 1868 © 2016 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, Washington, D.C. www.wilsoncenter.org ISBN: 978-1-938027-53-6 THE WILSON CENTER, established by Congress in 1968 and headquartered in Washington, D.C., is a living national memorial to President Wilson. The Center’s mission is to commemorate the ideals and concerns of Woodrow Wilson by providing a link between the worlds of ideas and policy, while fostering research, study, discussion, and collaboration among a broad spectrum of individuals concerned with policy and scholarship in national and international affairs.
    [Show full text]
  • Translating and Transcending Exile in Vladimir Nabokov's Pnin and Pale Fire
    San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks Master's Theses Master's Theses and Graduate Research Summer 2010 The Russian Émigré in America: Translating and Transcending Exile in Vladimir Nabokov's Pnin and Pale Fire Yelena N. Severina San Jose State University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses Recommended Citation Severina, Yelena N., "The Russian Émigré in America: Translating and Transcending Exile in Vladimir Nabokov's Pnin and Pale Fire" (2010). Master's Theses. 3828. DOI: https://doi.org/10.31979/etd.288u-6d7k https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/etd_theses/3828 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Master's Theses and Graduate Research at SJSU ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of SJSU ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE RUSSIAN ÉMIGRÉ IN AMERICA: TRANSLATING AND TRANSCENDING EXILE IN VLADIMIR NABOKOV’S PNIN AND PALE FIRE A Thesis Presented to The Faculty of the Department of English and Comparative Literature San José State University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts by Yelena N. Severina August 2010 © 2010 Yelena N. Severina ALL RIGHTS RESERVED The Designated Thesis Committee Approves the Thesis Titled THE RUSSIAN ÉMIGRÉ IN AMERICA: TRANSLATING AND TRANSCENDING EXILE IN VLADIMIR NABOKOV’S PNIN AND PALE FIRE by Yelena N. Severina APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH AND COMPARATIVE LITERATURE SAN JOSÉ STATE UNIVERSITY August 2010 Dr. Robert Cullen Department of English and Comparative Literature Dr. Balance Chow Department of English and Comparative Literature Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Books for You: a Booklist for Senior High Students
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 264 581 CS 209 485 AUTHOR Small, Robert C., Jr., Ed. TITLE Books for You: A Booklist for Senior High Students. New Edition. INSTITUTION National Council of Teachers of English, Urbana, Ill. REPORT NO ISBN-0-8141-0359-6 PUB DATE 82 NOTE 331p.; Prepared by the Committee on the Senior High School Booklist of the National Council of Teachers of English. AVAILABLE FROMNational Council of Teachers of English, 1111Kenyon Rd., Urbana, IL 61801 (Stock No. 03596, $6.25 member, $8.00 nonmember). PUB TYPE Reference Materials - Bibliographies (131) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC14 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS *Adolescent Literature; Adolescents; Annotated Bibliographies; *Books; *Fiction; High Schools; Independent Reading; *Nonfiction; ReadingInterests; Reading Materials; *Recreational Reading ABSTRACT The books listed in this annotated bibliography, selected to provide pleasurable reading for high schoolstudents, are arranged alphabetically by author under 35 main categories:(1) adventure and adventurers; (2) animals; (3) art and architecture;(4) biography; (5) careers and people on the job; (6)cars and airplanes; (7) great books that are unusual; (8) drama; (9)ecology; (10) essays; (11) ethnic experiences; (12) fantasy; (13) history; (14) historical fiction; (15) hobbies and crafts; (16)horror, witchcraft, and the occult; (17) humor; (18) improving yourself; (19)languages; (20) love and romance; (21) music and musicians; (22)mystery and crime; (23) myths and legends; (24) philosophies andphilosophers; (25) poetry and poets; (26) social and personalproblems; (27) religion and religious leaders; (28) science andscientists; (29) science fiction; (30) short stories; (31)sports and sports figures; (32) television, movies, and entertainment; (33)wars, soldiers, spying, and spies; (34) westerns and people ofthe west; and (35) women.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond Mainstream Explanations of the Financial Crisis Parasitic Finance Capital
    SPINE 14.5mm ROYAL I Beyond smael Hossein- ROUTLEDGE FRONTIERS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY M zadeh ainstream E xplanations of the F inancial Beyond Mainstream Explanations of the Financial C risis Crisis Parasitic finance capital Ismael Hossein- zadeh ISBN 978-0-415-63806-7 www.routledge.com 9 780415 638067 SPINE 14.5mm Beyond Mainstream Explanations of the Financial Crisis This book provides a critique of the neoclassical explanations of the 2008 finan- cial collapse, of the ensuing long recession and of the neoliberal austerity responses to it. The study argues that while the prevailing views of deregulation and finan- cialization as instrumental culprits in the explosion and implosion of the finan- cial bubble are not false, they fail to point out that financialization is essentially an indication of an advanced stage of capitalist development. These standard explanations tend to ignore the systemic dynamics of the accumulation of finance capital, the inherent limits to that accumulation, production and division of economic surplus, class relations, and the balance of social forces that mold economic policy. Instead of simply blaming the “irrational behavior” of market players, as neo- liberals do, or lax public supervision, as Keynesians do, this book focuses on the core dynamics of capitalist development that not only created the financial bubble, but also fostered the “irrational behavior” of market players and sub- verted public policy. Due to its interdisciplinary perspective, this book will be of interest to stu- dents and researchers in economics, finance, politics and sociology. It will also be of interest (as well as accessible) to “non-expert” lay readers.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexander Gumberg and Soviet-American Relations: 1917–1933
    University of Kentucky UKnowledge International Relations Political Science 1977 Alexander Gumberg and Soviet-American Relations: 1917–1933 James K. Libbey Eastern Kentucky University Click here to let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Thanks to the University of Kentucky Libraries and the University Press of Kentucky, this book is freely available to current faculty, students, and staff at the University of Kentucky. Find other University of Kentucky Books at uknowledge.uky.edu/upk. For more information, please contact UKnowledge at [email protected]. Recommended Citation Libbey, James K., "Alexander Gumberg and Soviet-American Relations: 1917–1933" (1977). International Relations. 13. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/upk_political_science_international_relations/13 Alexander Gumberg & Soviet-American Relations This page intentionally left blank Alexander Gumberg & Soviet-American Relations 1917-1933 James K. Libbey The University Press of Kentucky ISBN: 978-0-8131-5338-4 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 77-73704 Copyright© 1977 by The University Press of Kentucky A statewide cooperative scholarly publishing agency serving Berea College, Centre College of Kentucky, Eastern Kentucky University, The Filson Club, Georgetown College, Kentucky Historical Society, Kentucky State University, Morehead State University, Murray State University, Northern Kentucky University, Transylvania University, University of Kentucky, University of Louisville, and Western Kentucky University Editorial and Sales Offices: Lexington, Kentucky 40506 JOYCE This page intentionally left blank CONTENTSv Preface ix Introduction 1 1. The Russian-American 14 2. Ambassador without Portfolio 25 3. Red Litmus Paper 40 4. The Unobtrusive Publicist 55 5. Passing the Torch 70 6. Delegations and Commissions 87 7. Struggle for Recognition 102 8.
    [Show full text]
  • Kennan Institute
    KENNAN INSTITUTE Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars One Woodrow Wilson Plaza 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20004-3027 Tel (202) 691-4100 Fax (202) 691-4247 www.wilsoncenter.org/kennan ISSN: 1931-2083 KENNAN INSTITUTE Annual Report 2009–2010 KENNAN INSTITUTE Annual Report 2009–2010 1 KENNAN INSTITUTE KENNAN INSTITUTE Also employed at the Kennan RESEARCH ASSISTANTS Woodrow Wilson International Center Institute during the 2009–10 2009–10 for Scholars program year: Zoya Appel, Wanda Archy, One Woodrow Wilson Plaza Summer Brown, Program Specialist Kathryn Beckett, Oleksandr Chorny, 1300 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Larissa Eltsefon, Editorial Assistant Amy Freeman, Eugene Imas, Washington, DC 20004-3027 Lidiya Zubytska, Program Assistant Aika Karimova, George Kobakhikdze, Tel (202) 691-4100 Monique Principi, Program Specialist Patrick Lang, Emily Linehan, Fax (202) 691-4247 Alice Krupit, Program Assistant Bryce Lively, Alla Malova, Wallis Nader, www.wilsoncenter.org/kennan Brandon Payne, Peter Piatetsky, Alex Rekhtman, Ekaterina Reyzis, Yevgen KENNAN MOSCOW PROJECT Sautin, Lauren Schmuck, Richard KENNAN INSTITUTE STAFF Galina Levina, Program Manager Schrader, Nazar Sharunenko, Dennis Blair A. Ruble, Director Ekaterina Alekseeva, Program Manager Shiraev, Diana Sweet, William E. Pomeranz, Deputy Director and Editor Vickie Tsombanos, Lidia Tutarinova, F. Joseph Dresen, Program Associate Irina Petrova, Office Manager Lolita Voinich, Jacob Zenn Mary Elizabeth Malinkin, Program Pavel Korolev, Program Officer Associate Anna Toker, Accountant ISSN: 1931-2083 Edmita Bulota, Program Assistant Lauren Crabtree, Program Assistant Amy Liedy, Editorial Assistant KENNAN KYIV PROJECT Yaroslav Pylynskyi, Project Manager Nataliya Samozvanova, Office Manager 2 CONTENTS OVERVIEW 3 DIRECTOR’S REVIEW 7 ADVISORY COUNCILS 10 KENNAN COUNCIL 11 SCHOLARS 13 ZNAMENSKOE-RAEK, ESTATE HOUSE, RAEK, TVER’, RUSSIA (WILLIAM C.
    [Show full text]
  • "Russia and the Soviet Union from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century." a Global History of Convicts and Penal Colonies
    Badcock, Sarah, and Judith Pallot. "Russia and the Soviet Union from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century." A Global History of Convicts and Penal Colonies. Ed. Clare Anderson. London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018. 271–306. Bloomsbury Collections. Web. 27 Sep. 2021. <http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350000704.ch-010>. Downloaded from Bloomsbury Collections, www.bloomsburycollections.com, 27 September 2021, 13:10 UTC. Copyright © Clare Anderson and Contributors 2018. You may share this work for non- commercial purposes only, provided you give attribution to the copyright holder and the publisher, and provide a link to the Creative Commons licence. 10 Russia and the Soviet Union from the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century Sarah Badcock and Judith Pallot Introduction Transportation to the Arctic circle and the interior of Eurasia by successive Russian states is perhaps the most iconic and certainly the most long-lived of territorial strategies of social control, and has been utilized from the sixteenth century to the present time. In both Imperial Russia and the Soviet Union, a large proportion of convicts sentenced to custody were sent to the peripheries without the right, when they were released, of returning home. The convict journeys we discuss in this chapter encounter successive stages of Russian history from Imperial Russia, eighty-two years of Soviet power and the past twenty-five years of post-Soviet transformation (see Map 10.1). Inevitably, generalization over such a time span risks oversimplification. We discuss the experience of exile over the centuries through individuals’ experiences, drawing on a combination of published testimonies and autobiographies, outsiders’ reports and conversations with those still living.
    [Show full text]