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The United States and the Global Structure of Imperialism in the Early Twenty-First Century

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The United States and the Global Structure of Imperialism in the Early Twenty-First Century W&M ScholarWorks Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects Fall 2016 The Politics of Empire: The United States and the Global Structure of Imperialism in the Early Twenty-First Century Edward P. Hunt College of William and Mary, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd Part of the American Studies Commons Recommended Citation Hunt, Edward P., "The Politics of Empire: The United States and the Global Structure of Imperialism in the Early Twenty-First Century" (2016). Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects. Paper 1477068418. http://doi.org/10.21220/S25K5C This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, & Master Projects at W&M ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects by an authorized administrator of W&M ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Politics of Empire: The United States and the Global Structure of Imperialism in the Early Twenty-First Century Edward P. Hunt North Attleboro, Massachusetts Master of Arts, The University of Massachusetts at Boston, 2010 Master of Science, The University of Massachusetts at Amherst, 2007 Bachelor of Arts, The College of William and Mary, 2003 A Dissertation presented to the Graduate Faculty of the College of William and Mary in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy American Studies Program The College of William and Mary August, 2016 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License ABSTRACT In the field of diplomatic history, scholars have debated how the United States has played an imperial role in the world. Although diplomatic historians have presented many different interpretations, they have never agreed on the defining aspects of U.S. imperialism. My dissertation intervenes in the debate by reviewing how the United States functioned as an imperial power at the start of the twenty-first century. In my dissertation, I make use of a wide array of publicly available sources, including the public remarks of U.S. officials, the public records of the U.S. government, and the diplomatic cables published by WikiLeaks, to describe how the United States enforced a global system of imperial order. Specifically, I argue that officials in the administrations of George W. Bush and Barack Obama began the twenty-first century by implementing an imperial grand strategy to keep the international system organized around a dominant center and a subordinate periphery in a global structure of imperialism. By showing that officials in both the Bush and Obama administrations kept each region of the world integrated into a global structure of imperialism, my dissertation intervenes in one of the key debates in diplomatic history to define how the United States functioned as an empire. TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements iv Dedication vi Introduction The United States as Empire 1 Introduction 1 Imperial Grand Strategy 7 The Center-Periphery Model 12 A New Imperial Historiography 18 Imperial Grand Strategy Restated 24 The Military Structure of Imperialism 29 Key Non-Military Nodes 33 Summary of the Dissertation 36 Conclusion 40 Section 1 Anchors of Imperial Order 43 Chapter 1 Europe 44 Introduction 44 Europe: The Epicenter of America's Global and Strategic Thinking 46 The Transatlantic Engine of the Global Economy 52 The Transatlantic Military Alliance with Global Reach 56 Manipulating the Political Dwarves of Europe 61 Germany: The Engine of Europe 66 Big and Scary? Sure 72 Russia: Keeping the Bear in Its Cage 78 Provoking the Bear 84 Conclusion 95 Chapter 2 The Asia Pacific Region 97 Introduction 97 A Nation of the Pacific 100 Japan: The Foundation for Regional Order 104 Avoiding “Asia for the Asians” Formulations 110 South Korea: A Critical Anchor 114 Tying South Korea to the United States 120 The Day-to-Day Reality 124 China: A Potential Competitor 129 A Status Quo Power 135 i Avoiding the Fate of the Soviet Union 142 Conclusion 147 Section 2 The Periphery 149 Chapter 3 Latin America 150 Introduction 150 The American Hemisphere 152 The American System 156 Actively Pursuing Partners 161 Colombia: A Well-Placed Country 163 Plan Colombia 168 Human Rights Violations are Inevitable 177 Mexico: A Uniquely Important Neighbor 183 Applying the Colombia Model 188 The Violence Continues Unabated 194 Conclusion 202 Chapter 4 The Middle East 205 Introduction 205 Oil: The Strategic Commodity 207 The Middle East: The Most Strategically Important Area in the World 212 Saudi Arabia: A Stupendous Source of Strategic Power 217 Safeguarding Petroleum Infrastructure 221 Maintaining Absolute Control 228 The Epicenter of Terrorist Finance 232 Iraq: It's All About Oil 238 A Serious Regime Change Policy 243 A Grinding Daily Repetition of Violent Death 250 The Black Gold Rush 260 Conclusion 266 Chapter 5 South Asia 268 Introduction 268 South Asia: An Overwhelming Opportunity 270 A Vast and Nearly Unprecedented Peril 274 India: Exploding the Boundaries of South Asia 279 Harsh On-the-Ground Realities 283 Pakistan: An Important and Pivotal Nation 288 Democrats and Dictators 293 Spewing Out Terrorists 300 Afghanistan: Let's Hit Them Hard 309 A Lot of Money and Force 313 A Criminal Syndicate 317 ii A Land Bridge 322 Conclusion 326 Chapter 6 Africa 329 Introduction 329 The Blood of Africa 331 Africa: Open for Grabs 335 AFRICOM: A Radical New Experiment 339 Anchors for Engagement 346 South Africa: The Continent's Economic Locomotive 350 Embarrassing Matters 353 Nigeria: One of Africa's Most Pivotal Countries 359 Pervasive Corruption 363 Stealing the Nation 370 Conclusion 378 Conclusion The Global Structure of Imperialism in the Early Twenty-First Century 380 Introduction 380 Empire 381 Prospects 385 Conclusion 390 A Note on the Sources 393 Bibliography 397 iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation has benefited from the assistance of numerous people. First, I must thank my advisor Charlie McGovern. During my time in the American Studies program at the College of William & Mary, Charlie provided me with continuous guidance and support. Over the years, Charlie led me through an independent study, worked with me through a reading list, chaired my qualifying exam committee, reviewed many drafts of my dissertation, and chaired my dissertation committee. As I finished my dissertation, Charlie provided me with many useful comments and suggestions for every chapter. From the time he called me in the early months of 2011 to welcome me into the American Studies program to the time I completed this dissertation just about five years later, Charlie provided me with continuous support. Thank you Charlie for generously devoting so much of your time to my work and for supporting this dissertation. Next, I must thank Scott Nelson. Although he works in the History Department, Scott set aside much of his time to oversee my work. Over the years, Scott led me through an independent study, worked with me through a reading list, joined my dissertation committee, and introduced me to many of the theoretical studies that made this dissertation possible. Thank you Scott for all of the time that you have spent on my behalf and for the encouragement to write this dissertation. In addition, I must thank Hiroshi Kitamura. Like Scott, Hiroshi works in the History Department and took the time to oversee my work. During my time at William & Mary, Hiroshi led me through an independent study, worked with me through a reading list, joined my dissertation committee, and introduced me to many of the historical studies that made this dissertation possible. Thank you Hiroshi for taking the time to oversee my work and for helping me decide how to approach this dissertation. Moreover, I must thank Hannah Rosen. As I finished my dissertation, Hannah joined my dissertation committee and provided me with useful feedback. Thank you Hannah for your advice and suggestions. Also, I must thank Chandos M. Brown. Early in the program, Chandos worked with me through a reading list and spent much of his time helping me decide on a dissertation topic. Thank you Chandos for your advice and support. Furthermore, I have to thank my colleagues Leslie Waters, Kristina Poznan, and Sarah Glosson. As I wrote this dissertation, Leslie, Kristina, and Sarah provided me with support and assistance. Notably, Leslie took the time to review an early draft of one of my chapters and offered me useful advice. In addition, Kristina always expressed an interest in my work and helped me navigate the many iv different aspects of the writing process. Finally, Sarah guided me through the final stages of the writing process. Thank you Leslie, Kristina, and Sarah for all of your advice and support. Additionally, the staff members at Swem Library provided me with much assistance. Over the years, the staff members tracked down my Interlibrary Loan requests and made a special study room available to me. Thank you to everyone at Swem Library. Other factors made this dissertation possible. The American Studies program provided me with the funding to conduct research for one of the chapters and the funding to present an early version of one of the chapters at a conference. In addition, the Office of Graduate Studies and Research provided me with a Provost Dissertation Completion Fellowship for the 2015-2016 academic year so that I could devote an entire year to writing. Thank you to the American Studies program and the Office of Graduate Studies and Research for funding this dissertation. Finally, I extend my deepest thanks to my friends and family. As I spent many years of my life making my way through my graduate studies, my friends and family always supported me. To all of my friends and family, thank you for all of your support and assistance.
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