Present system There are three verbal systems: present, aorist, and perfect. Sanskrit Verbs and The stem and the endings of the verb are formed differently in each.
)
)
ṭ
ṭ
Each system has its own set of tenses and moods. )
e
o
l
ṅ Indicative mood
l
( the Present System i
(
l
(
d
d
o
● o Finite verbal form ् d The ten present-stem classes (gaṇa) correspond to ten ितङन्तम o
o o present tense (laṭ)
o
m
m
different combinations of vikaraṇas.
e
m
e
v
v
● e
i
All of these vikaraṇas are reserved for the active i
t
v
Root Suffix Ending t
i
c
a + + t n imperfect tense (laṅ) (kartari prayogaḥ); a separate vikaraṇa yaK is used for r
a
u
e
t
j
p धातःु ि픿करणः ितङ् p
the passive (karmaṇi prayogaḥ) and impersonal (bhāve b
O
m
u
I prayogaḥ) Stem अङ्गम ् S ● Some stems are subject to vowel gradation: ● strong stem: before paramaipada ekavacana NB: In the chart below, capitalized letters are Pāṇinian diacritics (anubandha) which are not ● weak stem: before all other endings part of the suffix, but give us information about how to use the suffix. Bold represents guṇa.
a strong stem weak stem
n
i
s
a
d
.
.
d
n
n
c
i 1. bhvādigaṇaḥ ŚaP e dhātu + -a- i
==
l e
m
t
भ픿॰ l r
d
a
s
a
e
o
y
c
f
m
d
a
e
e
e 2. adādigaṇaḥ luK n
dhātu + ∅ h dhātu + ∅ r w
e
t
l
m
ए॰ इ॰ a
a
a
a
y
s
y
l
l d
d
e
e
e
a
n 3. juhotyādigaṇaḥ Ślu abhyāsa + dhātu + ∅ h l
c
abhyāsa + dhātu + ∅ h
l
a
t
i
t जहो॰ु ज॰ु
a
,
,
r
-
s
s c
o
e
a
a
t
e
-
g
s
h
r
i
4. divādigaṇaḥ ŚyaN
n dhātu + -ya- == ”
a
s
l
a h ि餿व्य॰
y e
h
e
r
a
c
s
w
o
e
w
o
,
l
)
h 5. svādigaṇaḥ Śnu m
dhātu + -no- dhātu + -nu- v
a
v
e
T सनो॰ु सनु ॰ु
t
e
/
.
s
)
m u
-
m
e
e
e
d
t
H
6. tudādigaṇaḥ Śa h
s
h
dhātu + -a- == n a
t
t
ु a
n
त餿॰ ,
e
“
-
9
i
h
y
e
r
t
/
d
i
k
,
.
h 7. rudhādigaṇaḥ ŚnaM
)
n
t dhātu + -na- (CV-na-C) *
dhātu + -n- (CV-n-C) 0
g
् ्
a
a
셁णध॰ 셁न॰ 1
<
t n
n
i
i
8
-
n
d
d
,
ā
ā
d
n
r
u
7
n
8. tanādigaṇaḥ u a
l dhātu + -o- n
ā
dhātu + -u- -
,
c
ī ु e
k
6 तनो॰ तन॰ 5
r
n
a
,
,
y
k
i
(
(
4
3
e
r
,
,
t t
o 9. kryādigaṇaḥ Śnā dhātu + -nā- dhātu + -nī- h
(
1
2
t
n n
क्रीणा॰ क्रीणी॰
c
s s
a a
e
i
a
a
s
t n n
ṇ
ṇ
a
u
o o
a
a
s s 10. curādigaṇaḥ ṆiC dhātu + -aya- a
m
g g
== c
n n
चोरय॰ e
e
o o
n h
n
I B t I c c
● ●
aso 09.25.2012 Participles These are the primary endings, used in the present tense (laṭ). Endings (ितङ्) These suffixes go परस्मैप餿म ् आत्मनप餿मे ् Notes on the weak stem. एक॰ िद्वि॰ ब॰ एक॰ िद्वि॰ ब॰ ● the “theme vowel” -a- (in gaṇas 1, 4, 6 and 10) is lengthened to -ā- before endings that परस्मैप餿े Athematic -a(n)t-: start with -m- or -v- (e.g., bhavāmi) ● kurv-an प्र॰ प्र॰ ● the prathamapuruṣa bahuvacana endings ित तः अिन्त ते आते अन्ते ● kurv-antam have several variants: ● kurv-atā etc. ● -ati/-ate in gaṇa 3 (reduplicating Thematic -(n)t-: म॰ म॰ presents) िस थः थ से आथे ध्वे ● bhava-n ● -anti/-ante everywhere else (the -a- of ● bhava-ntam the ending is deleted after a stem ● bhava-tā etc. उ॰ उ॰ ending in -a-) िम 픿ः मः ए 픿हे महे Feminine formed by -ī suffix on weak These are the secondary endings, used in the imperfect tense (laṅ). stem (kurv-at-ī, bhava-t-ī, etc.) परस्मैप餿म ् आत्मनप餿मे ् Notes ● the prathamapuruṣa bahuvacana endings एक॰ िद्वि॰ ब॰ एक॰ िद्वि॰ ब॰ have several variants: आत्मनप餿े े ● -an/-anta in thematic presents Athematic -āna-: प्र॰ प्र॰ ● -an/-ata in gaṇas 2, 5, 7 and 8 ● kurv-ānaḥ त ् ताम ् अन ् ् ● त आताम अन्त -uḥ/-ata in gaṇa 3 ● kurv-ānam ● NB the ending -uḥ causes guṇa of a ● kurv-ānena etc. म॰ म॰ preceding syllable (e.g., ajuhavuḥ) Thematic -māna-: स ् तम ् त ् ् ● थाः आथाम ध्वम the ātmanepada uttamapuruṣa ekavacana ● bhava-mānaḥ ending -i combines with a preceding -a- ● bhava-mānam उ॰ अम ् 픿 म उ॰ or -ā- to become -e. ● bhava-mānena etc. इ 픿िह मिह Feminine formed by -ā suffix (kurvānā, Augment (अट ्) The imperfect (like the aorist) adds an augment before the root. bhavamānā) ● Before consonants, this augment is simply a- (e.g., akaravam). Participles have verbal ● Before vowels, the augment takes the form of vṛddhi of the following vowel rection (they can govern (e.g., a + ita = aita, a + ṛcchat = ārchat). accusatives, etc.) and as adjectives, agree with their ● The augment comes between any upasarga and the dhātu (e.g., abhyāgacchat). head in gender, number, and case.
aso 09.25.2012