● ● ● the Present System Present the Verbs Sanskrit and 3. juhotyādigaṇaḥ 3. 2. adādigaṇaḥ 10. curādigaṇaḥ 10. kryādigaṇaḥ 9. tanādigaṇaḥ 8. svādigaṇaḥ 5. divādigaṇaḥ 4. bhvādigaṇaḥ 1. 6. 6. tudādigaṇaḥ 7. 7. rudhādigaṇaḥ ● ● to Somearesubject stems prayogaḥ ( the passive ( these All of of different combinations ten present-stem The kartari prayogaḥ weak strong stem: before all other endings other stem: all before ) stem: before before stem: vikaraṇa karmaṇi prayogaḥ karmaṇi ); a separate separate a ); s are reserved for the active are the sactive reserved for classes paramaipada ekavacana paramaipada ŚnaM ŚyaN Śnu luK Śnā ŚaP ṆiC Ślu vikaraṇa Śa vowel gradation vowel u ( vikaraṇa ) and impersonal ( and impersonal ) gaṇa Each systemEach its has set of own The three are There ) correspond to ten ) correspond s. dhātu dhātu dhātu dhātu dhātu dhātu abhyāsa + dhātu dhātu dhātu stem yaK and the the and : + + + - + + - is used for for used is + + - + ∅ + - - - - - a ya nā o no na aya a - - dhātu - part of the suffix, but give us information about how to use the the suffix. use to about how butgive the ofinformation suffix, us part NB bhāve bhāve - - - - - verbal systems endings strong stem strong - (CV- : In the chart below, capitalized letters are Pāṇinian diacritics ( diacritics are Pāṇinian letters capitalized below, chart : In the +∅ na of the verb are formed differently in each. in formeddifferently verb the are of Root -C) धात : present, aorist, and perfect. and aorist, present, : tenses चोरय॰ क्रीणा॰ तनो॰ 셁णध त स ि餿व्य॰ ज भ픿॰ ए॰ ः ु 餿॰ नो॰ ु हो॰ ु ु + and and Finite verbal form Finite ॰ Suffix ् Stem ि픿करणः moods dhātu dhātu dhātu abhyāsa + dhātu dhātu अङ्गम == == == == . ् + + + + + ∅ + - - - - Ending nī u nu n dhātu - - - - - ितङ weak stem - (CV- ितङन्तम ् + ∅ n -C) ् Subjunctive mood (leṭ) क्रीणी॰ तन 셁न स ज इ॰ न ॰ ु ु ॰ ॰ ु ु Optative mood (liṅ) ॰ ् Present systemPresent anubandha Imperative mood (loṭ) Bold imperfect tense (laṅ) present tense(laṭ) Indicative mood ● represents In gaṇas 1, 4, 6 and 10, the stem always has the same form. not are which ) Because they end in the “theme vowel” -a-, they are called aso09.25.2012 thematic (or akārānta). ● In gaṇas 2, 3, 5, 7, 8 and 9, the stem changes, and always ends in a consonant (including i/y and u/v), or historically ended in a guṇa consonant (krī-nā- < *kri-naH-). These are athematic. called . Participles These are the primary endings, used in the present tense (laṭ). Endings (ितङ्) These suffixes go परस्मैप餿म ् आत्मनप餿मे ् Notes on the weak stem. एक॰ िद्वि॰ ब॰ एक॰ िद्वि॰ ब॰ ● the “theme vowel” -a- (in gaṇas 1, 4, 6 and 10) is lengthened to -ā- before endings that परस्मैप餿े Athematic -a(n)t-: start with -m- or -v- (e.g., bhavāmi) ● kurv-an प्र॰ प्र॰ ● the prathamapuruṣa bahuvacana endings ित तः अिन्त ते आते अन्ते ● kurv-antam have several variants: ● kurv-atā etc. ● -ati/-ate in gaṇa 3 (reduplicating Thematic -(n)t-: म॰ म॰ presents) िस थः थ से आथे ध्वे ● bhava-n ● -anti/-ante everywhere else (the -a- of ● bhava-ntam the ending is deleted after a stem ● bhava-tā etc. उ॰ उ॰ ending in -a-) िम 픿ः मः ए 픿हे महे Feminine formed by -ī suffix on weak These are the secondary endings, used in the imperfect tense (laṅ). stem (kurv-at-ī, bhava-t-ī, etc.) परस्मैप餿म ् आत्मनप餿मे ् Notes ● the prathamapuruṣa bahuvacana endings एक॰ िद्वि॰ ब॰ एक॰ िद्वि॰ ब॰ have several variants: आत्मनप餿े े ● -an/-anta in thematic presents Athematic -āna-: प्र॰ प्र॰ ● -an/-ata in gaṇas 2, 5, 7 and 8 ● kurv-ānaḥ त ् ताम ् अन ् ् ● त आताम अन्त -uḥ/-ata in gaṇa 3 ● kurv-ānam ● NB the ending -uḥ causes guṇa of a ● kurv-ānena etc. म॰ म॰ preceding syllable (e.g., ajuhavuḥ) Thematic -māna-: स ् तम ् त ् ् ● थाः आथाम ध्वम the ātmanepada uttamapuruṣa ekavacana ● bhava-mānaḥ ending -i combines with a preceding -a- ● bhava-mānam उ॰ अम ् 픿 म उ॰ or -ā- to become -e. ● bhava-mānena etc. इ 픿िह मिह Feminine formed by -ā suffix (kurvānā, Augment (अट ्) The imperfect (like the aorist) adds an augment before the root. bhavamānā) ● Before consonants, this augment is simply a- (e.g., akaravam). Participles have verbal ● Before vowels, the augment takes the form of vṛddhi of the following vowel rection (they can govern (e.g., a + ita = aita, a + ṛcchat = ārchat). accusatives, etc.) and as adjectives, agree with their ● The augment comes between any upasarga and the dhātu (e.g., abhyāgacchat). head in gender, number, and case. aso 09.25.2012.