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BENTHIC FAUNAL ASSEMBLAGES OF SHALLOW WATER SAND AND SEAGRASS HABITATS, ST. ANDREW BAY, FLORIDA Carl. H. Saloman and Steven P. Naughton National Marine Fisheries Service Southeast Fisheries Center 3500 Oelwood Beach Road Panama City, Florida 32407 and John L. Taylor Taylor Biological Company, Inc. Postal Drawer 730 Lynn Haven, Florida 32444 Performed for U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Division of Ecological Services 1612 June Avenue Panama City, Florida 32405 April 1982 [This Page Intentionally Left Blank] CONTENTS FIGURES . v TABLES ...•.•...... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . vi INTRODUCTION . 1 LOCALITY AND STUDY SITES 1 Local ity .. 1 Study Sites . 4 PROCEDURE . 4 RESULTS . 6 Benthos . 6 Sediment ..•.... 11 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 11 EXPLANATION OF TERMS . 24 REFERENCES . 25 APPENDICES (under separate cover) I Phylogenetic list of species, and number and percentage of individuals collected: shallow water sand and seagrass habitats - St. Andrew Bay, Florida (June-August 1974) . 29 II Station listings of benthos, together with number of individuals collected, percentage occurrences, faunal statistics, habitat type, and sediment characteristics: shallow water sand and seagrass habitats - St. Andrew Bay, Florida (June-August 1974) . 35 III Species occurrence and frequency, by phylogenetic group, together with related benthic conditions: shallow water sand and seagrass habitats - St. Andrew Bay, Florida (June-August 1974) . 251 IV Species dominance ranking by habitat type, including count, percentange of all individual counts, cumulative percent, and station occurrences: shallow water sand and seagrass habitats - St. Andrew Bay, Florida (June-August 1974) •.•....••....•....... 525 iii CONTENTS (continued) v Dendrogram showing faunal similarities among all stations: shallow water sand and seagrass habitats - St. Andrew Bay, Florida (June-August 1974) 543 VI Sediment characteristics by station and habitat type: shallow water sand and seagrass habitats - St. Andrew Bay, Florida (June-August 1974) 545 iv FIGURES Number 1 St. Andrew Bay System, Bay County, Florida 2 2 St. Andrew Bay, Florida, showing sampling locations (149) for study of benthic faunal assemblages in shallow water sand and seagrass habitats (June=August 1974) . 5 T,l\.BLES Number 1 Dominant organisms collected at 149 stations in shallow water sand and seagrass habitats of St. Andrew Bay, Florida (June-August 1974) •...••...•.... 7 2 Averages and ranges of faunal diversity, abundance, and equitability for 149 stations in shallow water sand and seagrass habitats of St. Andrew Bay, Florida (June= August 1974) .....•..•..•...•....• 9 3 Dominant species recorded for each habitat type at 149 shallow water sand and seagrass stations in St. Andrew Bay, Florida (June=August 1974) .•.......... 10 4 Sedimentological characteristics, by habitat, recorded at 149 sand and seagrass stations in St. Andrew Bay, Florida (June=August 1974) ...••.•••••... 13 5 Comparative faunal and environmental data from studies of faunal assemblages in shallow water sand and seagrass habitats of St. Andrew Bay, and other areas of Flori da 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 l) 0 0 0 Q 0 0 0 14 v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS William J. Troxel, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Panama City, Florida, assisted with the compilation of the data and review of manuscripts. vi INTRODUCTION The purpose of this report ;s to present information on the taxonomy and ecology of benthic fauna found in nearshore sand and seagrass habitats of St. Andrew Bay, Florida. This information should be taken into account in the development of effective regional management plans for recreational and com- mercial fisheries and in planning for a wide range of socioeconomic activities in coastal areas throughout the Southeastern United States. Also, this infor- mation is especially important in determining the impact of proposed altera- tions or modifications of coastal habitats. The study was conducted by the National Marine Fisheries Service as part of an intensive and comprehensive ecological investigation of fishery re- sources in the St. Andrew estuarine system (Brusher and Ogren 1976; May et ale 1976; Nakamura 1976; Ogren and Brusher 1977; Pristas and Trent 1978; Suther- land 1977; Naughton and Saloman 1978). The benthic collections were processed and the data prepared for publication with the support of the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the services of Taylor Biological Company, Inc. Prior to this investigation, information on the benthos of the St. Andrew Bay system was available in only a few papers that described general features of the area, and dealt with several groups of crustaceans, as well as a small collection of polychaete worms (Hartman 1959; McNulty et al. 1972; Saloman 1976). Some unpublished information may also be obtained from the Florida Department of Environmental Regulation, the U. S. Naval Coastal Systems Center at Panama City Beach, and Taylor Biological Company, Inc., Lynn Haven, Florida. LOCALITY AND STUDY SITES LOCALITY The St. Andrew Bay system (Figure 1) is situated in Bay County on the gulf coast of northwestern Florida between west longitudes 85°23' and 85°53', and north latitudes 30°00' and 30°20'. Within this estuarine area, St. Andrew Bay is central and opens directly to the Gulf of Mexico through East and West Passes. Connecting embayments include North, West, and East Bays, as well as Grand Lagoon and St. Andrew Sound. North Bay extends inland to Deerpoint Dam and Reservoir; West Bay and East Bay narrow in opposite directions and merge with segments of the Intracoastal Waterway; and St. Andrew Sound lies east of East Pass in a pocket between Crooked Island and Tyndall Military Reservation (McNulty et al. 1972: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Nauti- cal Chart No. 868SC; Figure 1). 1 , 15 N GULF OF MEXICO CROOKED ISLAND Sf. ANDREW SOUND Figure 1. St. Andrew Bay System, Bay County, Florida. The regional climate is humid and subtropical. Average air temperature is 68°F (20°C); the mean summer temperature is 82°F (27.8°C), while the mean winter temperature is 54°F (12.2°C). Normal rainfall is slightly under 60 inches (1.5 m) per year; the wettest months generally are March, April, July, August, and September. Winter rain is usually associated with weather fronts, but thundershowers and tropical depressions account for most of the rain in other seasons. Severe storms occur over the estuary about once in 10 to 15 years. Generally, \.vindvelocity seldom exceeds 10 kn. Net wind direction is mostly onshore (southerly) between spring and late summer, and offshore (northerly) in fall and winter (Salsman and Ciesluk 1978; Schmidt and Clark 1980). The estuary is a drowned river basin that became inundated and reached its present approxif'ate configuration some 3,000 years ago. Total surface area is about 90 mi (233 km2); maximum and average depths are 65 ft (19.8 m) and 17 ft (5.2 m) or less; and volume at mean high water is about 829,000 acre-ft (Jones and Ichiye 1961; McNulty et al. 1972; Salsman and Ciesluk 1978). Tides in St. Andrew Bay are essentially diurnal. Their range is gen- erally below 4 ft (1.2 m), and tidal currents rarely exceed 1 kn except in narrows and passes where they may be as high as 3 or 4 kn. Wave height is usually 1 ft (0.3 m) or 1ess, but as with tides and currents, waves may be strongly influenced by wind direction and velocity (Salsman and Ciesluk 1978). Sediments in shallow water consist of shell fragments and fine to coarse quartz sand. In the many bayous of the estuary and in open water areas below 20 ft (6.1 m), sediments contain substantial amounts of silt and clay (Ogren and Brusher 1977; Salsman and Ciesluk 1978). The bay system may be classified as a positive estuary, since incoming fresh water from land drainage exceeds losses by evaporation (Pritchard 1967). Thus, following heavy rains salinity frequently declines below 10 ppt in the upper sections of North, West, and East Bays. At such tiwes, a well-defined halocline of considerable magnitude may develop between relatively fresh water of the surface and a lower wedge of highly saline tidal water. Under average conditions, the salinity of surface and bottom water in North, West, and East Bays varies between about 10 and 30 ppt. In St. Andrew Bay, owing to its proximity to the sea, salinity rarely drops below 30 ppt and is usually 33 ppt or higher (McNulty et al. 1972; Ogren and Brusher 1977). Water temperature closely follows cyclic, annual changes in air tempera- ture. Summer water temperatures fluctuate between 80° (26.7°C) and 90°F (32.2°C), while spring and fall temperatures average about 70°F (21.1°C), and winter water temperatures fall to 55°F (12.8°C) or less. Thermoclines are common in the bay system, but these seldom exceed a surface to bottom tempera- ture difference of more than a few degrees (Salsman and Ciesluk 1978). Relatively clear water is one of the characteristic features of St. Andrew Bay. Except during periods of severe weather, turbidity seldom is above 4 turbidity units. Secchi Disc readings are 20 ft (6.1 m) or more near gulf passes and are nearly always greater than 6 ft (1.8 m) in North, West, and East Bays (Hopkins 1966; Ogren and Brusher 1977). Several factors con- tribute to the estuary's clarity. First, incoming tidal \'Jateris clear and 3 major tributaries are spring fed. Second, the surrounding upland is mostly forested, and local soils consist of porous sand that contains little of the silt-clay fraction often responsible for turbidity in coastal waters. Third, within the estuary, tidal marshes and seagrasses act as natural filters that collect and stabilize suspended sedirrents and particulate detritus (Tolbert and Austin 1959; Musgrove et al. 1965; McNulty et al. 1972; Ogren and Brusher 1977; Schmidt and Clark 1980).
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  • The Benthic Community of Offshore Sand Banks: a Literature Synopsis of the Benthic Fauna Resources in Potential Outer Continental Shelf Sand Mining Areas

    The Benthic Community of Offshore Sand Banks: a Literature Synopsis of the Benthic Fauna Resources in Potential Outer Continental Shelf Sand Mining Areas

    THE BENTHIC COMMUNITY OF OFFSHORE SAND BANKS: A LITERATURE SYNOPSIS OF THE BENTHIC FAUNA RESOURCES IN POTENTIAL OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF SAND MINING AREAS U.S. Geological Survey Outer Continental Shelf Ecosystem Program February 2004 USGS Scientific Investigation Report 2004-5198 (CEC NEGOM Program Investigation Report No. 2004-01, February 2004) Dr. R. Allen Brooks (Research Benthic Ecologist, USGS, Lead Principle Investigator) Dr. Susan S. Bell (Professor of Biology, University of South Florida) Ms. Carla N. Purdy (Benthic Ecologist, University of South Florida) Dr. Kenneth J. Sulak (Research Fish Biologist, USGS, Supervisory Investigator) In cooperation with the THE BENTHIC COMMUNITY OF OFFSHORE SAND BANKS: A LITERATURE SYNOPSIS OF THE BENTHIC FAUNA RESOURCES IN POTENTIAL OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF SAND MINING AREAS Research Team USGS Coastal Ecology & Conservation Research Group USGS Florida Integrated Science Center, Center for Aquatic Resource Studies 7920 NW 71st St., Gainesville, FL, 32953 Dr. Robert A. Brooks (Research Benthic Ecologist, Lead Principal Investigator) [email protected], 352-264-3478 Dr. Kenneth J. Sulak (Research Fish Biologist) [email protected], 352-264-3500 University of South Florida Department of Biology 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620 Dr. Susan S. Bell (Professor of Biology) [email protected], 813-974-2542 Ms. Carla N. Purdy (Benthic Ecologist) [email protected], 813-974-5420 This USGS Project Report is an unpublished technical report. It is not copyrighted and may be cited and copied freely. It is available on CD-ROM upon request from the USGS Project Lead Scientist, and is also available in .ftp and .html formats online at: http://cars.er.usgs.gov/coastaleco/ Cover Photo: A digital image of the asteroid of the family Goniasteridae taken on a sand bottom at 95 m depth on the North Florida continental shelf, Gulf of Mexico, photo #3188-001, USGS CEC Cruise TM- 2002-01.