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The Benthic Community of Offshore Sand Banks: a Literature Synopsis of the Benthic Fauna Resources in Potential Outer Continental Shelf Sand Mining Areas

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The Benthic Community of Offshore Sand Banks: a Literature Synopsis of the Benthic Fauna Resources in Potential Outer Continental Shelf Sand Mining Areas THE BENTHIC COMMUNITY OF OFFSHORE SAND BANKS: A LITERATURE SYNOPSIS OF THE BENTHIC FAUNA RESOURCES IN POTENTIAL OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF SAND MINING AREAS U.S. Geological Survey Outer Continental Shelf Ecosystem Program February 2004 USGS Scientific Investigation Report 2004-5198 (CEC NEGOM Program Investigation Report No. 2004-01, February 2004) Dr. R. Allen Brooks (Research Benthic Ecologist, USGS, Lead Principle Investigator) Dr. Susan S. Bell (Professor of Biology, University of South Florida) Ms. Carla N. Purdy (Benthic Ecologist, University of South Florida) Dr. Kenneth J. Sulak (Research Fish Biologist, USGS, Supervisory Investigator) In cooperation with the THE BENTHIC COMMUNITY OF OFFSHORE SAND BANKS: A LITERATURE SYNOPSIS OF THE BENTHIC FAUNA RESOURCES IN POTENTIAL OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF SAND MINING AREAS Research Team USGS Coastal Ecology & Conservation Research Group USGS Florida Integrated Science Center, Center for Aquatic Resource Studies 7920 NW 71st St., Gainesville, FL, 32953 Dr. Robert A. Brooks (Research Benthic Ecologist, Lead Principal Investigator) [email protected], 352-264-3478 Dr. Kenneth J. Sulak (Research Fish Biologist) [email protected], 352-264-3500 University of South Florida Department of Biology 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620 Dr. Susan S. Bell (Professor of Biology) [email protected], 813-974-2542 Ms. Carla N. Purdy (Benthic Ecologist) [email protected], 813-974-5420 This USGS Project Report is an unpublished technical report. It is not copyrighted and may be cited and copied freely. It is available on CD-ROM upon request from the USGS Project Lead Scientist, and is also available in .ftp and .html formats online at: http://cars.er.usgs.gov/coastaleco/ Cover Photo: A digital image of the asteroid of the family Goniasteridae taken on a sand bottom at 95 m depth on the North Florida continental shelf, Gulf of Mexico, photo #3188-001, USGS CEC Cruise TM- 2002-01. Project Cooperation This study was undertaken to meet information needs identified by the Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Outer Continental Shelf Ecosystem Program in concert with the Minerals Management Service (MMS). It was undertaken collaboratively by USGS and the University of South Florida. Disclaimer This report was prepared under the direction of, and in collaboration with, the Florida Integrated Science Center, Center for Aquatic Resource Studies, of the USGS. This report has been technically reviewed by USGS and MMS, and has been approved for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the USGS or MMS, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for future use. Report Availability This report is also available as a downloadable Adobe© .pdf and .html formats from the Florida Integrated Science Center Website at http://cars.er.usgs.gov/coastaleco/ Copies of this report in CD format may also be obtained from: U.S. Department of the Interior Florida Integrated Science Center Center for Aquatic Resource Studies Coastal Ecology and Conservation Research Group Email: [email protected] or [email protected] Telephone: 352-378-8181 or 353-264-3478 Citation Brooks, R. A., S. S. Bell, C. N. Purdy, and K. J. Sulak. 2004. The benthic community of offshore sand banks: a literature synopsis of the benthic fauna resources in potential MMS OCS sand mining areas. USGS Outer Continental Shelf Studies Ecosystem Program Report USGS- SIR-2004-5198 (CEC NEGOM Program Investigation Report No. 2004-01, February 2004); Minerals Management Service, OCS Study MMS-2004. Literature Database Information on study sites, collection methods, results, and overall conclusions were extracted from relevant literature sources and organized into a database program The database used was ProCite© 5 designed by Thomson ISI Researchsoft, a literature reference database creation program. The ProCite database was named “Benthos Database” and is organized by the author’s last name. The main database screen displays the author(s) name, title, date, and key words upon opening. This main screen can be sorted and searched. The workform used for each record in the database was created specifically by the authors at USGS and is called MMS-Benthos. The MMS-Benthos workform contains a searchable “notes” field which contains summary information for each record in the database. Benthos Database Availability A complete copy of the database in Microsoft® Word 2002 format is provided in Appendix A of this report. The database is also available as a downloadable Adobe© .pdf and .html formats from the Florida Integrated Science Center Website at http://cars.er.usgs.gov/coastaleco/ Copies of the Benthos Database and MMS-Benthos workform are available in CD format and may be obtained from: U.S. Department of the Interior Florida Integrated Science Center Center for Aquatic Resource Studies Coastal Ecology and Conservation Research Group Email: [email protected] or [email protected] Telephone: 352-378-8181 or 353-264-3478 i TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction 1 Background 1 Objectives 3 Methods 3 Results A. General Overview 6 B. Taxanomic Information 23 C. Collection Methods 71 D. Depth Relationships 71 E. Sediment-Animal Relationships 72 F. Feeding Type Communities 72 G. Seasonality 73 H. Dredging Impacts 73 I. Recovery and Recolonization 74 J. Dredging Recommendations 76 Discussion & Recommendations A. Study Types 76 B. Depth Relationships 77 C. Dominant Taxa 77 D. Sediments 78 E. Recovery and Recolonization 79 Conclusions A. Needs 80 B. Data Gaps 80 References 89 Appendix A Benthos ProCite Database 96 CEC Publications 319 USGS SIR-2004-5198 Benthic Community of Offshore Banks 1 PURPOSE Benthic habitat on the United States continental shelf of the Atlantic coast and Gulf of Mexico is not a homogeneous region of flat mud habitat, but also contains natural bathymetric highs including ridge and shoal features. Many of these ridge/shoal features (e.g., Heald Bank, Sabine Bank, Ship Shoal) are sand banks which have already been identified as containing exploitable deposits. For example, it is estimated that Ship Shoal, located off of Louisiana, contains 1.6 billion cubic yards of sand appropriate for renourishment and stabilization projects (Research Planning, Baird Associates & Applied Marine Services, 2001). As nearshore reserves become depleted, offshore sand resources are becoming more important and proposed projects to use these sediments call for a range of a hundred thousand to several million cubic yards of sand to be taken (EMSAGG, 2003). In 2002, the Minerals Management Service (MMS) received requests for 15 million cubic meters of sand to be used for projects off of Florida, Louisiana, Maryland, South Carolina, and Virginia (EMSAGG, 2003). Sediments mined from offshore sources are being used to keep up with increased beach renourishment cycles, repair storm damage, prevent erosion, and prevent wetland loss due to anthropogenic alteration and sea level rise (Research Planning, Baird Associates & Applied Marine Services, 2001). The Minerals Management Service (MMS) Leasing Division has the responsibility for determining the impact of mineral resource development excluding oil, gas, or sulfur. Before offshore sand resources are exploited, MMS is tasked with creating a synopsis which details not only what background information is known about potential sand mining areas but also what important information has not yet been collected. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), as part of a continuing long term policy to help address MMS information needs in the region, will undertake research to address those topics to provide an integrated basis of understanding of structure and function of key biological communities. This review serves as background information that MMS and others can utilize to estimate both the potential direct and indirect impacts of any proposed removal activities to natural sand banks on the Gulf of Mexico or U.S. Atlantic shelf. Direct impacts, potentially the most recognizable and easily detectable, include the actual removal of infauna and changes in sediment topography. Indirect impacts include those that affect both recolonization of the original benthic community (e.g., changes in sediment grain size) and higher trophic levels (e.g., fish response to changing prey) (Research Planning, Baird Associates & Applied Marine Services, 2001). BACKGROUND Sand areas on the outer continental shelf provide habitat for many benthic infaunal organisms (e.g., polychaetes, bivalves, amphipods) and epibenthic (e.g., crabs, gastropods) invertebrates (Hobbs, 2002; Posey et al., 1998). Species diversity and abundance are comparable to nearshore and intertidal areas (Posey et al., 1998). Along the continental shelf, the distribution of benthos may not be uniform, but rather patchily distributed. For example, Cutter and Diaz (2000) found the quality of benthic habitat to be higher in structured versus homogeneous sand areas. Part of this patchiness may be explained by microhabitat differences created by ridge and shoal structures (Sisson et al., 2002) which provide distinctive habitats in an otherwise structureless bottom. Raised sand banks provide unique microhabitat based upon a combination of sediment USGS SIR-2004-5198 Benthic Community of Offshore Banks 2 grain size and energy regime (Bergen et al. 2001). Thus differences in the resident benthic community may exist between areas on the bank, in the surrounding
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