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Changes in the Invertebrate Fauna, Apparently Attributable to Salinity Changes, in the Bays of Central Texas Author(S): Robert H

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Changes in the Invertebrate Fauna, Apparently Attributable to Salinity Changes, in the Bays of Central Texas Author(S): Robert H Changes in the Invertebrate Fauna, Apparently Attributable to Salinity Changes, in the Bays of Central Texas Author(s): Robert H. Parker Source: Journal of Paleontology, Vol. 29, No. 2 (Mar., 1955), pp. 193-211 Published by: SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1300466 . Accessed: 18/06/2014 21:28 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of Paleontology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 132.174.255.3 on Wed, 18 Jun 2014 21:28:38 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions JOURNAL OF PALEONTOLOGY A publication of THE SOCIETYOF ECONOMICPALEONTOLOGISTS AND MINERALOGISTSand THE PALEONTOLOGICALSOCIETY with the generous support and cooperation of THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATIONOF PETROLEUM GEOLOGISTSand THE GEOLOGICALSOCIETY OF AMERICA VOLUME 29 MARCH, 1955 NUMBER 2 CHANGES IN THE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA, APPARENTL' ATTRIBUTABLE TO SALINITY CHANGES, IN THE BAYS OF CENTRAL TEXAS1 ROBERT H. PARKER Scripps Institution of Oceanography,La Jolla, California ABSTRACT-Previousstudies on the invertebratefauna of the bays of central Texas have been undertakenduring periods of very low or highly variable salinity condi- tions. From 1948 to 1953 an extended drought with accompanyinglow river runoff caused salinities in these bays to increase to record highs, with little variation be- tween maximum and minimum salinities during any particularmonth. Coincident with this extended high salinity period, the biotic communities within the bays changed considerably.Not only was there an invasion of many marineor open-Gulf species of invertebrates,but also a change was observed in the growth and appear- ance of the oyster reefs, one of the principalbiotic assemblages.Another probable result of increased salinities was the disappearanceof low-salinity mollusks which previous workers had found to be extremely abundant during the periods of low salinity. This extended series of hydrographicobservations should be useful to the paleo- ecologist in interpretingenvironmental changes in megafossil assemblages. Obser- vations of this nature should prove useful in interpretingsedimentary facies, since many of the species involved occur as fossils at least as far back as the Pliocene. If the normal euryhaline fossil assemblagessuddenly produce large numbers of high- salinity organisms such as sea urchins, corals and open-Gulf mollusks, one could assume that there had been drought conditions,with extended high salinities. These conditions can also be recognizedby abrupt changes in shell structure of the com- mon oyster, Crassostreavirginica (Gmelin), as well as the absence of the known low- salinity mollusks. INTRODUCTION bays and their fauna. As a result of the pub- lished work on this 1931; NUMBER major papers have been pub- region (Galtsoff, A of Gunter, 1945, 1950a; Collier and lished on the biological and hydro- Hedgpeth, 1950; Ladd, Puffer and graphic aspects of the shallow bays of the 1951; Emerson, central Texas coast. Few of these studies 1953; and Hedgpeth, 1953), the relation- have coincided with the recent ships of the faunal composition of the bays drought to the have been established conditions, and little information is avail- salinity regime able on the effects of these in general terms. In 1950-53 the author droughts upon made an of the in the 1 ecological study bays Contribution from Scripps Institution of Rockport area (Fig. 1); this was begun Oceanography,new ser., No. 754. This investiga- tion was supportedby a grant from the American as part of the regular oyster survey for Petroleum Institute, Project 51. the Texas Game and Fish Commission 193 This content downloaded from 132.174.255.3 on Wed, 18 Jun 2014 21:28:38 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 97*10' 28*20' 9700' 96050' \O cP ARKANSAS OKLAHOMA /GUADALPE RIVER .RIVER ROCKPORTAREA, TEXAS TEXAS I HYNESX \i 0 AN0 cOINT 0C PUXIUPPER ., 0 OF MEXICO •SYGFGULF MEXICODWL n o. .. O FULToNMLSNEER-,UPPER ARANSAS ROCKPORT h3 o#ou 3?( 92-4"EEF x 9-"" "tl b MILEs .. .. .STATUTE " 00' """ 9 3 O A ...... ...... 96* 503 28500' 96 30' FIG. 1-Location map. This content downloaded from 132.174.255.3 on Wed, 18 Jun 2014 21:28:38 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions SALINITY A FFECTS ON TEXAS BA Y FA UNAS 195 and continued as part of the field work of generous assistance of the staff of the Project 51, American Petroleum Institute. Marine Laboratory, Rockport, Texas, and It was observed that the distribution of cer- the staff of the American Petroleum Insti- tain marine invertebrates, especially mol- tute Project 51 at Scripps Institution of lusks and echinoderms, differed from that Oceanography at La Jolla, California. For indicated by previous major studies, which invaluable assistance and cooiperation, the were undertaken during times of compara- author is particularly grateful to Drs. Joel tively heavy rainfall. During the author's W. Hedgpeth, Francis P. Shepard, Carl L. observations, salinities in the bays were Hubbs, and Robert S. Arthur of Scripps In- much higher than during years of higher stitution; Dr. Gordon Gunter and Mr. rainfall and greater stream discharge. Martin W. Burkenroad of the Institute of Salinity data for the years 1948-52 were Marine Science, University of Texas; determined by titration by the staff of the Messrs. F. M. Dougherty and Byron B. Marine Laboratory of the Texas Game and Baker of the U. S. Navy Hydrographic Fish Commission and by the staff of the Office, Suitland, Maryland; Messrs. E. D. Department of Oceanography, Texas A. & McRae and Dewey W. Miles, formerly of M. College for the American Petroleum the Rockport Marine Laboratory; and Institute Project 51. For the period from Messrs. Ernest Simmons, Robert Hof- March, 1952, to September, 1953, hydrom- stettor and Howard Lee of the present staff eter readings from the U. S. Coast and of the Marine Laboratory. Sincere apprecia- Geodetic Survey tide station at Rockport, tion is extended to Mr. Cecil Reid, Chief Texas, were used. The manner in which Marine Biologist of the Texas Game and salinity values were obtained in the pub- Fish Commission, and to Mr. J. L. Baugh- lished data is given in the references cited in man, formerly of the Marine Laboratory, the captions for the various graphs. now of the Copano Research Foundation, River discharge data for the years 1936 for the use of their facilities and for data on to 1951 were obtained from the Surface Wa- file at the Marine Laboratory. The author ter Supply Papers of the U. S. Geological also extends grateful appreciation to Mr. Survey. For the period from 1951 to Septem- James Moriarty and Miss Majorie Browne ber, 1953, data were supplied by Mr. S. D. of Scripps Institution for the preparation of Breeding of the Austin, Texas, office of the the charts and graphs. Surface Water Branch of the U. S. Geologi- I. cal Survey. Rainfall data for Victoria, Texas, SALINITY, RIVER DISCHARGE AND RAINFALL RECORDS were obtained from the Local Climatological Summary of Victoria, published by the U. S. A. Aransas Bay.-According to Collier Weather Bureau. and Hedgpeth (1950), the mean annual Faunal collections in the area were ob- salinity of Aransas Bay for a "normal year" tained by the use of shell and oyster dredges, is approximately 19 to 200/oo. This is further oyster tongs, otter and beam trawls, Navy emphasized in a mimeographed report by Electronics Laboratory snapper-type grab, Williams and Whitehouse (1952), which and orange-peel grab, and by beach collect- summarizes the previously published data ing. Over 500 stations were occupied as part and discusses the chlorinity data of the of this study, and several stations in Aran- 1951-52 field seasons of A.P.I. Project 51. sas Bay were occupied weekly. The echino- Although most of the data published before derms and corals were identified by Dr. J. 1947 have been reviewed by Williams and Wyatt Durham and Mr. Elton Puffer of the Whitehouse (1952) and Whitehouse and Museum of Paleontology, University of Cal- Williams (1953), these summaries do not ifornia, Berkeley, and the majority of the include salinity determinations made during mollusks by Dr. Thomas E. Pulley, Univer- the critical years of 1948, 1949, 1950, early sity of Houston, Texas, and Messrs. Wil- 1951, 1952, and 1953. Hedgpeth (1953), liam K. Emerson and Elton Puffer of the however, cites salinity averages by months Museum of Paleontology, University of Cal- from 1948 through 1951, which were ob- ifornia, Berkeley. tained from the United States Coast and This work was made possible by the Geodetic Survey tide station at the Marine This content downloaded from 132.174.255.3 on Wed, 18 Jun 2014 21:28:38 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 196 ROBERT H. PARKER Laboratory of Rockport, Texas. Four ever, caused a considerable drop in salin- months' data are missing from these years, ity. and the accuracy of readings at the tide sta- There has been a partial elimination of tion is somewhat in doubt. After Septem- the gradients in salinity facies in Aransas ber, 1947, the mean monthly salinities re- Bay as determined by Ladd (1951). The mained above 200/oo, and they remained differences in salinity between Lydia Ann above 30/,,o from June, 1950, until Septem- Channel and lower Aransas Bay and those of ber, 1952, attaining the very high value of upper Aransas Bay near Carlos Bay and in 420/oo in August, 1951 (Fig.
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