Óscar Moro Abadía. Michel Foucault: De La Épistémé Al Dispositif

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Óscar Moro Abadía. Michel Foucault: De La Épistémé Al Dispositif Óscar Moro Abadía Michel Foucault: De la épistémé al dispositif" Abstract, This article proposes a new inter- 1. El problema: De la arqueología pretationof Michel Foucault's movement from an a la genealogía archaeologyof knowledge towards a genealogy of power, through an analysis of two fundamental En el año 1985, John Rajchman comenzaba concepts of Foucauldian philosophy, namely su libro Michel Foucault, The freedom of philo- épistéme and dispositif. In order to evade the sophy del siguiente modo: "Desacuerdo, malen- dominantinterpretation which sees genealogy as tendido, y apasionada controversia han rodeado overcoming the failure of archaeology, this el trabajo de Michel Foucault".' Aunque la frase essay will analyse the sliding from épistérne to de Rajchman resumía bien la polvareda que Mi- dispositif which highlights the complexity ofthe chel Foucault (1926-1984) había provocado en el transition from the archaeological to the paisaje filosófico de la segunda mitad del siglo genealogical periodo XX, lo cierto es que, quince años después, un rá- pido repaso de la abundante bibliografía acumu- Key words: Foucault, episteme, dispositif, lada sobre el filósofo es suficiente para darse genealogyof power. cuenta de la existencia de una cierta uniformidad que recorre la interpretación de su obra. Resumen. El presente artículo propone una Dicha homogeneidad parece derivarse de una nuevalectura del movimiento que llevó a Michel conocida conversación del filósofo con Hubert L. Foucaultdesde una arqueología del saber hasta Dreyfus y con Paul Rabinow en 1983. Entonces, unagenealogía del poder a través del análisis de Foucault reSUITÚasu trabajo a través de tres etapas dosconceptos fundamentales de la filosofía fou- distintas que corresponden con tres dominios ge- caultiana: la épistémé y le dispositif. Tratando nealógicos diferentes: la verdad, el poder y la mo- de escapar del paradigma de interpretación do- ral? El primer período, que abarca desde La Nais- minante,que supone la genealogía como supera- sanee de la clinique (1963) hasta L'archéologie du ciónde una arqueología fracasada, este ensayo savoir (1969), plantea una ontología histórica de pretendemostrar las líneas generales de un des- nosotros mismos en nuestra relación con la verdad. lizamientoque llevó a Michel Foucault desde el El segundo, que incluye Surveiller et punir (1975), conceptode épistéme al de dispositif y que acen- aborda una ontología histórica de nosotros mismos túa la complejidad de la transición entre el pe- en nuestras relaciones con un campo de poder. El ríodoarqueológico y el genealógico. tercero, que incluye los tres volúmenes de L'Histoi- re de la sexualité (1976-1984), propone una onto- Palabras clave: Foucault, episteme, dispo- logía histórica de nuestras relaciones con la moral. sitivo,genealogía del poder. De este modo, un año antes de su muerte, Foucault Rey. Filosofía Univ. Costa Rica, XLI (104), 27-37, Julio-Diciembre 2003 28 áSCAR MORO ABADÍA proponía una lectura retrospectiva de su trabajo con el "fracaso metodológico de la arqueología"? que al menos en dos sentidos influyó sobre inter- (i.e. el despertar foucaultiano ante la evidente im- pretaciones posteriores. Por un lado, planteaba la posibilidad de considerar un discurso que gobier- existencia de tres hilos temáticos que le recorren: la na y regula las relaciones que le subyacen) y con verdad (en otras ocasiones Foucault hablará del sa- el inicio del período genealógico que se define ber), el poder y la moral. Por otro lado, establecía por la necesidad de integrar el discurso en un una correspondencia de esos tres dominios con campo de relaciones prácticas y/o de poder. otras tantas etapas cronológico-temáticas bien de- Esta interpretación, esbozada por el propio finidas. Quisiera detenerme ahora en las dos pri- Foucault" y bien recibida por sus crítícosf es, se- meras, conocidas como arqueología y genealogía. gún mi opinión, correcta. Sin embargo, y este es Siguiendo la línea trazada por el propio Fou- el problema que queremos poner sobre la mesa, cault' se ha venido considerando un primer mo- es demasiado simple. En primer lugar, posibilita mento en la trayectoria del filósofo que se deno- la reducción de una modificación compleja enla mina arqueología y que se extiende desde sus trayectoria del filósofo a un explicación que ha primeros escritos hasta L'Archéologie du savoir acabado adoptando la forma de un slogan: "la (1969). Según Foucault, la arqueología "designa ilusión del discurso autónomo", "el fracaso de la el tema general de una descripción que interroga arqueología", "la toma de conciencia't.? De este lo ya dicho al nivel de su existencia: la función modo, la comodidad de la simplificación ha obs- enunciativa que en él se ejerce, la formación dis- taculizado el estudio de un momento decisivo en cursiva a la que pertenece, el sistema general de la carrera del filósofo. archivo que desvela"." El proyecto general de su En segundo lugar, la idea de que sólo a par- investigación durante este período fue el análisis tir de 1970 Foucault se dio cuenta de la necesi- epistemológico del saber, y su objetivo fundamen- dad de considerar la importancia del contexto tal la definición de las formaciones discursivas. para comprender el funcionamiento del discur- Más tarde, influido por la lectura de Nieztsche, so, es volver a caer en un reduccionismo peli- Foucault inicia su período genealógico dejando a groso: Durante lo que se ha dado en llamar el un lado las preocupaciones epistemológicas y período arqueológico existen numerosos ejem- adoptando como núcleo de estudio las relaciones plos que muestran como Foucault era conscien- de poder que subyacen a los discursos. Este perío- te de la interacción entre los elementos extra- do comienza con su lección inaugural en el Cole- discursivos y los elementos discursivosí'' gio de Francia (L'ordre du discours) en 1970 y fi- En este sentido, me gustaría intentar escapar naliza con la publicación de la primera parte de la de ese paradigma de interpretación dominante Historia de la sexualidad (La volonté du savoir) en (que, repito, considero correcto en líneas genera- 1976. Esta distinción entre una arqueología y una les) siguiendo una línea de investigación ya es- genealogía, descrita aquí sumariamente, ha sido un bozada por algunos autores: Aquella que permi- "lugar común" para aquellos que han propuesto te analizar el tránsito de la arqueología a la ge- una lectura global de la trayectoria del filósofo.P nealogía a través de la distancia que separa a dos La cuestión que queremos plantear en este conceptos utilizados por Foucault en dos mo- artículo es la siguiente: ¿Cómo se produce el trán- mentos diferentes: la épistémé (la episteme) y le sito de la arqueología a la genealogía? También dispositif(el dispositivo). La idea fundamental es en este caso, las respuestas han seguido una línea que "el consecutivo deslizamiento teórico de la que ya estaba presente en el libro de Dreyfus y noción de "épistérne" a la de "dispositivo" [... ] Rabinow del año 1982. En opinión de los dos pro- subraya el tránsito del momento de la "arqueolo- fesores de Berkeley, el primer período estaría gía" al propio de la "genealogía"."!' En el espa- marcado por lo que denominan "la ilusión del dis- cio que separa ambos conceptos se encuentran curso autónomo" o por el intento de Foucault de algunas claves para elaborar una explicación más analizar las formas discursivas en su autonomía, convincente de un desplazamiento que, como sin remitirse a las relaciones de poder o a las prác- una corriente, arrastró a Foucault desde una ar- ticas que las envuelven. Este período finalizaría queología del saber a una genealogía del poder. MICHEL FOUCAULT: DE LA ÉPlSTÉME AL DlSPOSITlF 29 2. La épistéme ese sistema anterior a todo sistema ... Él es el fondo sobre el cual nuestro pensamiento "libre" Como señalara Karlis Racevskis en el año emerge y centellea durante un instante ...,,17 1983,el concepto de épistémé es uno de los más Dicha idea está en la base de la definición de problemáticos y decisivos de la filosofía foucaul- épistémé que Foucault propuso un año más tarde tiana.12Dada la abundante bibliografía acumula- en Les mots et les choses: "En una cultura y en da al respecto, 13me limitaré aquí a esbozar una un momento dado, siempre existe sólo una épis- breve historia de la épistémé que permita com- témé que define las condiciones de posibilidad de prender sus características fundamentales sin todo saber.,,18 De acuerdo con Foucault, tres son caer en lo monolítico de una definición. las epistemes que se han sucedido en Occidente Las siguientes líneas de R. Machado pueden desde el siglo XV: (a) El Renacimiento, donde el servimos como punto de partida: "Es pues la bus- saber estaba determinado por la figura de la se- ca de un orden interno constitutivo del saber lo mejanza que ordena y regula todo conocimiento que caracteriza la reflexión de Las palabras y las posible. (b) La Edad Clásica (siglos XVII y cosas. [... ] La episteme es el orden específico del XVIII), definida por la mathesis universalis saber,la configuración, la disposición que toma el (ciencia de la medida y del orden) y por la teo- saber en una determinada época y que le confiere ría de la representación. (e) La Modernidad, que una positividad en cuanto saber'"!" Como bien comienza a principios del siglo XIX con la de- señala Machado, el concepto toma cuerpo en un saparición de la teoría de la representación co- período muy concreto de la trayectoria del filóso- mo fundamento del orden y la aparición del fo en el,que su preocupación fundamental giró en hombre como sujeto/objeto del saber. torno a una cuestión central: ¿Qué es el saber? Tal y como han señalado sus críticos, esta Para dar respuesta a esta pregunta, a media- definición estaba todavía sujeta a la acusación de dos de la década de los sesenta Foucault trabajó estructuralismo.'? Quizá por ello, en el mismo con una serie de conceptos que, de una manera u año 1967 Foucault reformula el concepto hacien- otra, hubieron de llevarle hasta la definición de do recaer el acento en la épistémé como un espa- épistémé.
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