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University of Groningen Cold Gas in the Center of Radio-Loud Galaxies University of Groningen Cold gas in the center of radio-loud galaxies Maccagni, Filippo IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2017 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Maccagni, F. (2017). Cold gas in the center of radio-loud galaxies: New perspectives on triggering and feedback from HI absorption surveys and molecular gas. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 05-10-2021 Cold gas in the centre of radio-loud galaxies New perspectives on triggering and feedback from HI absorption surveys and molecular gas Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. E. Sterken, en volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties. De openbare verdediging zal plaatsvinden op maandag 18 september 2017 om 11.00 uur door Filippo Marcello Maccagni geboren op 22 september 1987 te Milano, Italië Promotores: Prof. dr. R. Morganti Prof. dr. T. A. Oosterloo Beoordelingscommissie: Prof. dr. J. M. van der Hulst Prof. dr. E. M. Sadler Prof. dr. S. J. Tingay ISBN: 978-94-034-0003-7 ISBN: 978-94-034-0005-1 (electronic version) to Bianca and Dario, my favourite astronomers. The research leading to this thesis has received funding from the European Research Council under the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP/2007-2013) / ERC Advanced Grant RADIOLIFE-320745. The Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope is operated by the ASTRON (Netherlands Foundation for Research in Astronomy) with support from the Netherlands Foundation for Scientific Research (NWO). The Australia Telescope Compact Array is part of the Australia Telescope which is funded by the Commonwealth of Australia for operation as a National Facility managed by CSIRO. SINFONI is an adaptive-optics-assisted near-infrared integral field spectrometer for the ESO VLT. The observations presented in this thesis were taken at the La Silla-Paranal Observatory under programme 093.B-0458(A). This thesis makes use of the following ALMA data: ADS/JAO.ALMA#[2015.1.01359.S] . ALMA is a partnership of ESO (representing its member states), NSF (USA) and NINS (Japan), together with NRC (Canada), NSC and ASIAA (Taiwan), and KASI (Republic of Korea), in cooperation with the Republic of Chile. The Joint ALMA Observatory is operated by ESO, AUI/NRAO and NAOJ. Cover: Deep Homemade Space. Grains of salt and raw cotton on black recycled paper, glue, LED circuit on Ochroma wood, digital postproduction. Credit: Antonino Valvo @ See Mars Studio, http://www.seemars.it/ Published by: Ipskamp Printing, https://www.ipskampprinting.nl/ CONTENTS Introduction 1 Different families of Active Galactic Nuclei . 2 AGN and feedback effects . 4 Radio Active Galactic Nuclei . 5 Cold gas in radio AGN . 7 H i absorption in radio AGN . 8 Molecular gas in radio AGN . 11 This thesis . 11 An H i absorption survey . 12 Multi-wavelength high resolution observations of a young radio AGN . 13 Thesis outline . 13 1 The H i absorption “Zoo” 17 1.1 Introduction . 19 1.2 Description of the sample and observations . 20 1.3 Results . 22 1.3.1 Fitting complex H i absorption profiles with the BF . 23 1.3.2 Characterization of the profiles with BF parameters . 27 1.4 The nature of H i absorption in flux-selected radio galaxies . 29 1.4.1 Are powerful AGN interacting with their ambient gaseous medium? 32 1.4.2 Fraction and time-scale of candidate H i outflows . 33 1.4.3 Gas rich mergers . 35 1.5 The H i properties of compact and extended sources . 36 1.6 Summary . 38 1.A Notes on the individual detections . 39 2 Kinematics and physical conditions of HI in nearby radio sources. The last survey of the old Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope 47 2.1 Introduction . 49 2.2 Description of the sample . 51 2.2.1 Sample selection and observations . 51 2.2.2 Characterisation of the AGN sample . 51 ii 2.3 Results . 54 2.3.1 Occurrence of H i in radio sources . 54 2.3.2 Kinematics of H i ......................... 56 2.3.3 Stacking in search for H i absorption . 58 2.4 Discussion . 59 2.4.1 H i morphologies and kinematics in different radio AGN . 59 2.4.2 Stacking experiment and comparison with the ATLAS3D sample 60 2.4.3 Impact of the radio activity on the cold ISM of galaxies . 63 2.5 H i absorption detections in Apertif, ASKAP, and MeerKAT . 65 2.6 Concluding remarks . 69 2.A Ancillary information on the sample . 71 3 Modeling the properties of cold gas detected in absorption in radio AGN 85 3.1 Introduction . 87 3.2 MoD_AbS: a program for H i absorption studies . 89 3.2.1 A numerical test . 93 3.3 Two applications of MoD_AbS ....................... 95 3.3.1 3C 305 . 95 3.3.2 3C 293 . 97 3.4 Applying MoD_AbS to the CORALZ sources . 98 3.4.1 J083637.8+440110 . 101 3.4.2 J131739+411546 . 102 3.4.3 J132513+395553 . 103 3.4.4 J134035+444817 . 104 3.4.5 J143521+505123 . 105 3.5 Results and future developments . 106 4 What triggers a radio AGN? The intriguing case of PKS B1718–649 109 4.1 Introduction . 111 4.2 Properties of PKS B1718–649 . 113 4.3 Observations and data reduction . 113 4.4 The neutral hydrogen in PKS B1718–649 . 115 4.4.1 H i emission . 115 4.4.2 H i absorption . 117 4.5 The modeling of the H i disk and the timescales of the merger . 118 4.6 The H i absorption and the origin of the atomic neutral hydrogen . 121 4.7 Summary and conclusions . 125 5 The warm molecular hydrogen of PKS B1718–649. Feeding a newly born radio AGN 127 5.1 Introduction . 129 5.2 Observations and data reduction . 131 5.3 Results . 134 5.3.1 Distribution and kinematics of the molecular hydrogen . 134 5.3.2 The H2 1-0 S(1) line in the innermost 75 pc . 135 5.3.3 The temperature and mass of the H2 ............... 136 5.4 Relating the kinematics of the gas to the radio nuclear activity . 138 5.5 Conclusions . 140 iii 6 ALMA observations of AGN fuelling. The case of PKS B1718–649. 143 6.1 Introduction . 145 6.1.1 A baby radio source: PKS B1718–649 . 147 6.2 Observations . 149 6.3 Results . 149 6.3.1 Molecular clouds rotating in a warped disk . 150 6.3.2 A clumpy circumnuclear disk . 151 6.3.3 The 12CO (2–1) detected in absorption . 152 6.3.4 Luminosities and masses of the molecular gas . 155 6.4 Discussion . 157 12 6.4.1 The CO (2–1) and the H2 in PKS B1718–649 . 157 6.4.2 Molecular clouds fuelling the newly born radio source . 158 6.4.3 Accretion of molecular gas in radio AGN . 159 6.5 Conclusions and future developments . 161 Conclusions and future outlook 165 Results, chapter by chapter . 165 Main topics, main results . 168 Future outlook . 171 Summary: cold gas in the centre of radio-loud galaxies 175 Samenvatting: koud gas in het centrum van radio-luide sterrenstelsels 183 Bibliography 191 INTRODUCTION Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) are some of the most energetic sources in the Universe. They are powered by the accretion of material onto the supermassive black hole (SMBH) in the centre of the galaxy (Lynden-Bell, 1969). Figure 1 is an example of an AGN. Perseus A lies at the centre of the Perseus Galaxy Cluster, the optical host galaxy is barely visible, while giant radio jets expand through the cluster (e.g. Taylor et al. 1994, 1996; Vermeulen et al. 1994; Silver et al. 1998), that create turbulence and shocks in the neutral, molecular and ionized gas of the inter intergalactic medium (e.g. Cowie et al. 1983; Jaffe 1990; Conselice et al. 2001; Salomé et al. 2011). The interplay between the expanding radio jets and the intergalactic medium is also visible in Fig. 1 as X-ray cocoons around the jets (e.g. Boehringer et al. 1993; Fabian et al. 2006, 2011b,a). Hence, the interactions between the nuclear plasma, the host galaxy and the surrounding gas of the interstellar and intergalactic medium involve many different physical mechanisms and their study requires multi-wavelength high resolution observations. The nuclear activity and its release of energy in the host galaxy is associated to the accretion of material onto the SMBH, but the physical processes characterizing this activity are far from being completely understood (e.g.
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