Astronomy Magazine 2019 Index
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THUBAN the Star Thuban in the Constellation Draco (The Dragon) Was the North Pole Star Some 5,000 Years Ago, When the Egyptians Were Building the Pyramids
STAR OF THE WEEK: THUBAN The star Thuban in the constellation Draco (the Dragon) was the North Pole Star some 5,000 years ago, when the Egyptians were building the pyramids. Thuban is not a particularly bright star. At magnitude 3.7 and known as alpha draconis it is not even the brightest star in its constellation. What is Thuban’s connection with the pyramids of Egypt? Among the many mysteries surrounding Egypt’s pyramids are the so-called “air shafts” in the Great Pyramid of Giza. These narrow passageways were once thought to serve for ventilation as the The Great Pyramid of Giza, an enduring monument of ancient pyramids were being built. In the 1960s, though, Egypt. Egyptologists believe that it was built as a tomb for fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh Khufu around 2560 BC the air shafts were recognized as being aligned with stars or areas of sky as the sky appeared for the pyramids’ builders 5,000 years ago. To this day, the purpose of all these passageways inside the Great Pyramid isn’t clear, although some might have been connected to rituals associated with the king’s ascension to the heavens. Whatever their purpose, the Great Pyramid of Giza reveals that its builders knew the starry skies intimately. They surely knew Thuban was their Pole Star, the point around which the heavens appeared to turn. Various sources claim that Thuban almost exactly pinpointed the position of the north celestial pole in the This diagram shows the so-called air shafts in the Great year 2787 B.C. -
Ray Emission from the Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae (Research Note)
A&A 499, 273–277 (2009) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/200811564 & c ESO 2009 Astrophysics HESS upper limit on the very high energy γ-ray emission from the globular cluster 47 Tucanae (Research Note) F. Aharonian1,2, A. G. Akhperjanian3,G.Anton4, U. Barres de Almeida5,, A. R. Bazer-Bachi6, Y. Becherini7, B. Behera8, K. Bernlöhr1,9, C. Boisson10, A. Bochow1, V. Borrel6,I.Braun1,E.Brion11, J. Brucker4,P.Brun11, R. Bühler1,T.Bulik12, I. Büsching13, T. Boutelier14,P.M.Chadwick5, A. Charbonnier15,R.C.G.Chaves1, A. Cheesebrough5, L.-M. Chounet16,A.C.Clapson1, G. Coignet17, M. Dalton9,M.K.Daniel5,I.D.Davids18,13, B. Degrange16,C.Deil1, H. J. Dickinson5, A. Djannati-Ataï7, W. Domainko1, L. O’C. Drury2, F. Dubois17, G. Dubus14, J. Dyks12, M. Dyrda19,K.Egberts1, D. Emmanoulopoulos8, P. Espigat7, C. Farnier20, F. Feinstein20, A. Fiasson20, A. Förster1, G. Fontaine16,M.Füßling9,S.Gabici2,Y.A.Gallant20,L.Gérard7, B. Giebels16, J. F. Glicenstein11, B. Glück4,P.Goret11, D. Hauser8, M. Hauser8,S.Heinz4, G. Heinzelmann21,G.Henri14,G.Hermann1,J.A.Hinton22, A. Hoffmann23, W. Hofmann1, M. Holleran13, S. Hoppe1,D.Horns21, A. Jacholkowska15, O. C. de Jager13, I. Jung4, K. Katarzynski´ 24,U.Katz4, S. Kaufmann8, E. Kendziorra23, M. Kerschhaggl9, D. Khangulyan1, B. Khélifi16,D. Keogh5,Nu.Komin11, K. Kosack1,G.Lamanna17,J.-P.Lenain10, T. Lohse9, V. Marandon7, J. M. Martin10, O. Martineau-Huynh15 , A. Marcowith20, D. Maurin15,T.J.L.McComb5,M.C.Medina10, R. Moderski12, E. Moulin11, M. Naumann-Godo16, M. de Naurois15, D. Nedbal25, D. -
BRAS Newsletter August 2013
www.brastro.org August 2013 Next meeting Aug 12th 7:00PM at the HRPO Dark Site Observing Dates: Primary on Aug. 3rd, Secondary on Aug. 10th Photo credit: Saturn taken on 20” OGS + Orion Starshoot - Ben Toman 1 What's in this issue: PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE....................................................................................................................3 NOTES FROM THE VICE PRESIDENT ............................................................................................4 MESSAGE FROM THE HRPO …....................................................................................................5 MONTHLY OBSERVING NOTES ....................................................................................................6 OUTREACH CHAIRPERSON’S NOTES .........................................................................................13 MEMBERSHIP APPLICATION .......................................................................................................14 2 PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE Hi Everyone, I hope you’ve been having a great Summer so far and had luck beating the heat as much as possible. The weather sure hasn’t been cooperative for observing, though! First I have a pretty cool announcement. Thanks to the efforts of club member Walt Cooney, there are 5 newly named asteroids in the sky. (53256) Sinitiere - Named for former BRAS Treasurer Bob Sinitiere (74439) Brenden - Named for founding member Craig Brenden (85878) Guzik - Named for LSU professor T. Greg Guzik (101722) Pursell - Named for founding member Wally Pursell -
Where Are the Distant Worlds? Star Maps
W here Are the Distant Worlds? Star Maps Abo ut the Activity Whe re are the distant worlds in the night sky? Use a star map to find constellations and to identify stars with extrasolar planets. (Northern Hemisphere only, naked eye) Topics Covered • How to find Constellations • Where we have found planets around other stars Participants Adults, teens, families with children 8 years and up If a school/youth group, 10 years and older 1 to 4 participants per map Materials Needed Location and Timing • Current month's Star Map for the Use this activity at a star party on a public (included) dark, clear night. Timing depends only • At least one set Planetary on how long you want to observe. Postcards with Key (included) • A small (red) flashlight • (Optional) Print list of Visible Stars with Planets (included) Included in This Packet Page Detailed Activity Description 2 Helpful Hints 4 Background Information 5 Planetary Postcards 7 Key Planetary Postcards 9 Star Maps 20 Visible Stars With Planets 33 © 2008 Astronomical Society of the Pacific www.astrosociety.org Copies for educational purposes are permitted. Additional astronomy activities can be found here: http://nightsky.jpl.nasa.gov Detailed Activity Description Leader’s Role Participants’ Roles (Anticipated) Introduction: To Ask: Who has heard that scientists have found planets around stars other than our own Sun? How many of these stars might you think have been found? Anyone ever see a star that has planets around it? (our own Sun, some may know of other stars) We can’t see the planets around other stars, but we can see the star. -
Adrienne M. Cool CURRICULUM VITAE Department
Adrienne M. Cool CURRICULUM VITAE Department of Physics and Astronomy San Francisco State University Tel: (415)338-6450 1600 Holloway Avenue Fax: (415)338-2178 San Francisco, CA 94132 E-mail: [email protected] Education Ph.D. Astronomy, Harvard University (1994) M.S. Electrical Engineering, Columbia University (1986) B.S. Physics, Yale University (1984) Employment 2006–present Professor, Department of Physics and Astronomy San Francisco State University 2000–06 Associate Professor, Department of Physics and Astronomy San Francisco State University 1996–00 Assistant Professor, Department of Physics and Astronomy San Francisco State University 1993–96 Postdoctoral Researcher, Department of Astronomy University of California, Berkeley 1988–93 Research Assistant, Department of Astronomy Harvard University 1988–90 Teaching Assistant, Department of Astronomy Harvard University 1987 Research Assistant, Astrophysics Laboratory Columbia University 1986 Teaching Assistant, Department of Electrical Engineering Columbia University 1985 Research Assistant, Department of Electrical Engineering Columbia University 1984 Private instructor in mathematics and physics 1981–84 Technical Assistant, Department of Nuclear Medicine Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York City Honors and Awards • Image of globular star cluster Omega Centauri chosen for Hubble Heritage web site (2008) • Affirmative Action Award, San Francisco State University (2005) • Image of globular star cluster NGC 6397 chosen for Hubble Heritage web site (2003) • Presidential Award for Professional Development of Probationary Faculty, San Francisco State University (2000) 1 • Outstanding Contributions to Teaching Certificate, San Francisco State University (1997) • Fellow, NASA Graduate Student Researchers Program (1992-93) • Harvard Merit Fellowship (1990) • Danforth Center Certificate for Teaching Excellence, Harvard University (1989) • Amelia Earhart Fellowship Award, Zonta International Foundation (1989, 1990) • Teaching Assistant/Scholar Award, Columbia University, Dept. -
University of Birmingham Milky Way Satellites Shining Bright In
University of Birmingham Milky way satellites shining bright in gravitational waves Roebber, Elinore; Buscicchio, Riccardo; Vecchio, Alberto; Moore, Christopher J.; Klein, Antoine; Korol, Valeriya; Toonen, Silvia; Gerosa, Davide; Goldstein, Janna; Gaebel, Sebastian M.; Woods, Tyrone E. DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab8ac9 License: None: All rights reserved Document Version Peer reviewed version Citation for published version (Harvard): Roebber, E, Buscicchio, R, Vecchio, A, Moore, CJ, Klein, A, Korol, V, Toonen, S, Gerosa, D, Goldstein, J, Gaebel, SM & Woods, TE 2020, 'Milky way satellites shining bright in gravitational waves', Astrophysical Journal Letters, vol. 894, no. 2, L15. https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab8ac9 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. -
Ahuna Mons on Ceres 29 July 2019
Image: Ahuna Mons on Ceres 29 July 2019 More recently, a study of Dawn data led by ESA research fellow Ottaviano Ruesch and Antonio Genova (Sapienza Università di Roma), published in Nature Geoscience in June, suggests that a briny, muddy 'slurry' exists below Ceres' surface, surging upwards towards and through the crust to create Ahuna Mons. Another recent study, led by Javier Ruiz of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and published in Nature Astronomy in July, also indicates that the dwarf planet has a surprisingly dynamic geology. Ceres was also the focus of an earlier study by Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA ESA's Herschel space observatory, which detected water vapour around the dwarf planet. Published in Nature in 2014, the result provided a strong indication that Ceres has ice on or near its surface. This image, based on observations from NASA's Dawn confirmed Ceres' icy crust via direct Dawn spacecraft, shows the largest mountain on observation in 2016, however, the contribution of the dwarf planet Ceres. the ice deposits to Ceres' exosphere turned out to be much lower than that inferred from the Herschel Dawn was the first mission to orbit an object in the observations. asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter, and spent time at both large asteroid Vesta and dwarf planet The perspective view depicted in this image uses Ceres. Ceres is one of just five recognised dwarf enhanced-color combined images taken using blue planets in the Solar System (Pluto being another). (440 nm), green (750 nm), and infrared (960 nm) Dawn entered orbit around this rocky world on 6 filters, with a resolution of 35 m/pixel. -
SEPTEMBER 2014 OT H E D Ebn V E R S E R V ESEPTEMBERR 2014
THE DENVER OBSERVER SEPTEMBER 2014 OT h e D eBn v e r S E R V ESEPTEMBERR 2014 FROM THE INSIDE LOOKING OUT Calendar Taken on July 25th in San Luis State Park near the Great Sand Dunes in Colorado, Jeff made this image of the Milky Way during an overnight camping stop on the way to Santa Fe, NM. It was taken with a Canon 2............................. First quarter moon 60D camera, an EFS 15-85 lens, using an iOptron SkyTracker. It is a single frame, with no stacking or dark/ 8.......................................... Full moon bias frames, at ISO 1600 for two minutes. Visible in this south-facing photograph is Sagittarius, and the 14............ Aldebaran 1.4˚ south of moon Dark Horse Nebula inside of the Milky Way. He processed the image in Adobe Lightroom. Image © Jeff Tropeano 15............................ Last quarter moon 22........................... Autumnal Equinox 24........................................ New moon Inside the Observer SEPTEMBER SKIES by Dennis Cochran ygnus the Swan dives onto center stage this other famous deep-sky object is the Veil Nebula, President’s Message....................... 2 C month, almost overhead. Leading the descent also known as the Cygnus Loop, a supernova rem- is the nose of the swan, the star known as nant so large that its separate arcs were known Society Directory.......................... 2 Albireo, a beautiful multi-colored double. One and named before it was found to be one wide Schedule of Events......................... 2 wonders if Albireo has any planets from which to wisp that came out of a single star. The Veil is see the pair up-close. -
Apparent and Absolute Magnitudes of Stars: a Simple Formula
Available online at www.worldscientificnews.com WSN 96 (2018) 120-133 EISSN 2392-2192 Apparent and Absolute Magnitudes of Stars: A Simple Formula Dulli Chandra Agrawal Department of Farm Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi - 221005, India E-mail address: [email protected] ABSTRACT An empirical formula for estimating the apparent and absolute magnitudes of stars in terms of the parameters radius, distance and temperature is proposed for the first time for the benefit of the students. This reproduces successfully not only the magnitudes of solo stars having spherical shape and uniform photosphere temperature but the corresponding Hertzsprung-Russell plot demonstrates the main sequence, giants, super-giants and white dwarf classification also. Keywords: Stars, apparent magnitude, absolute magnitude, empirical formula, Hertzsprung-Russell diagram 1. INTRODUCTION The visible brightness of a star is expressed in terms of its apparent magnitude [1] as well as absolute magnitude [2]; the absolute magnitude is in fact the apparent magnitude while it is observed from a distance of . The apparent magnitude of a celestial object having flux in the visible band is expressed as [1, 3, 4] ( ) (1) ( Received 14 March 2018; Accepted 31 March 2018; Date of Publication 01 April 2018 ) World Scientific News 96 (2018) 120-133 Here is the reference luminous flux per unit area in the same band such as that of star Vega having apparent magnitude almost zero. Here the flux is the magnitude of starlight the Earth intercepts in a direction normal to the incidence over an area of one square meter. The condition that the Earth intercepts in the direction normal to the incidence is normally fulfilled for stars which are far away from the Earth. -
Thinking Outside the Sphere Views of the Stars from Aristotle to Herschel Thinking Outside the Sphere
Thinking Outside the Sphere Views of the Stars from Aristotle to Herschel Thinking Outside the Sphere A Constellation of Rare Books from the History of Science Collection The exhibition was made possible by generous support from Mr. & Mrs. James B. Hebenstreit and Mrs. Lathrop M. Gates. CATALOG OF THE EXHIBITION Linda Hall Library Linda Hall Library of Science, Engineering and Technology Cynthia J. Rogers, Curator 5109 Cherry Street Kansas City MO 64110 1 Thinking Outside the Sphere is held in copyright by the Linda Hall Library, 2010, and any reproduction of text or images requires permission. The Linda Hall Library is an independently funded library devoted to science, engineering and technology which is used extensively by The exhibition opened at the Linda Hall Library April 22 and closed companies, academic institutions and individuals throughout the world. September 18, 2010. The Library was established by the wills of Herbert and Linda Hall and opened in 1946. It is located on a 14 acre arboretum in Kansas City, Missouri, the site of the former home of Herbert and Linda Hall. Sources of images on preliminary pages: Page 1, cover left: Peter Apian. Cosmographia, 1550. We invite you to visit the Library or our website at www.lindahlll.org. Page 1, right: Camille Flammarion. L'atmosphère météorologie populaire, 1888. Page 3, Table of contents: Leonhard Euler. Theoria motuum planetarum et cometarum, 1744. 2 Table of Contents Introduction Section1 The Ancient Universe Section2 The Enduring Earth-Centered System Section3 The Sun Takes -
New Studies Provide Unexpected Insights Into Dwarf Planet Ceres 1 September 2016
New studies provide unexpected insights into dwarf planet Ceres 1 September 2016 Mons. The dome-shaped mountain has an elliptical base and a concave top, as well as other properties that indicate cryovolcanism. The authors applied models to determine the age of Ahuna Mons, finding it to have formed after the craters surrounding it, which suggests that it came into existence relatively recently. There is no evidence for compressional tectonism, nor for erosional features, the authors say; it appears that extrusion is a main driver behind the formation of Ahuna Mons. Although the exact material driving the cryovolcano cannot be determined without further data, the authors propose that chlorine salts, which have been previously detected in a different region of Ceres, could have been present with water ice below Ceres' surface and driven the chemical activity that formed Ahuna Mons. In a second study, Jean-Philippe Combe et al. A high resolution Dawn framing camera image of Ahuna describe the detection of water ice - exposed on the Mons. Image width is 30 km. Credit: NASA/JPL- surface of Ceres. The dwarf planet was known to Caltech/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA contain water ice, but water ice is also expected to be unstable on its surface, so scientists were unsure whether it could be detected there. They used the Visible and InfraRed (VIR) mapping Six studies published today in Science highlight spectrometer onboard the Dawn spacecraft to new and unexpected insights into Ceres, a dwarf analyze a highly reflective zone in a young crater planet and the largest object in the asteroid belt called Oxo, on five occasions during 2015. -
物理雙月刊29-3 621-772.Pdf
ᒳृݧ ʳ ౨ᄭઝݾറᙀ ᚮࣔᏕ/֮ ΔࢨუԵᛵᇞݺଚشଶಬߨጿጿլឰऱਞ ၦऱࠌ ౨ᄭऱ࣠Δኙ٤شॸΔ᠏ณհၴԾࠩԱքΕԮִ መ৫ࠌ ഏᎾၴऱڇऱᐙګԳพஒऱ ᛩቼࢬທח᥆࣍ङऱֲΔ עء۶ΔլោᥦԫՀڕټᚰۖࠐΖ ඈچᑷԫंंլឰ Δᑷ รԼᒧറ֮ΚψൕഏᎾᛩቼਐᑇࡌ௧ᛩ៥ऱ ऱ࿇ሽ౨ᄭऱᛘΔ ֗ IEA อૠװထԫैཀհլ݈ ωΔᇠᒧ֮ີტխᘋՕᖂ܉ऱՕհխΔᨃԳ ։ᗺ៥࣍ ᤚຑ़Εຑ௧ຟआᤴ ढߓ୪ւࣳඒ࣍ඒᖂઔߒ խࢼ़ݺଚᐷᐊΖڦۍऱ ᎩհᎾΔڼԱΖՈࠌଖ ᆖᛎࡉഏԺऱ࿇୶זᆏᆏՂ چሽլឰشڞऱ ᎅ࠷ެ࣍౨ᄭױሽ ፖᑓΔ༓شڇΔኚ໌ΖྥۖΔ֒ Δޡݾऱၞشࠡሎ֗شழΔݺଚՈՕ ऱࠌٵཚऱ ᎅਢԫഏᆖᛎ࿇୶ऱױCO2 ऱඈ࣋ၦࡉᄵயᚨ ౨ᄭ ٺΔ౨ᄭᤜᠲኙ࣍ڼڂऱ༞֏ΔထኔఎՀԱլ֟լߜ ೯ԺΖ ࡳࢤެڶᏆऱ࿇୶ࠠٺڇᄊ֏ ഏچຒףԱګऱધᙕΔՈ ߪᣂএࠩԫषᄎՕฒऱ壂ઘࡉֲൄढ֊ޓயᚨऱං֫հԫΖ ऱᐙΔ ฒاڇवኙ࣍ Ꮭऱं೯ΖᅝഏᎾईᏝՂཆΔഏփढᏝঁஓஓױݺଚࠆ࠹ԫաऱ堚ළፖঁ൸հᎾΔڇ ՂይΖچΔ ऱৼᜢխᆥྤݲᐫᇷᄭᤖ៲ຆΔ౨ᄭ༓٤ᑇٛᘸၞՑऱྥ֚ 9 ڣ ࣍ 2005ޓࠐΔईᏝᆏᆏ֒Δڣၦথբ २༓شࢬऱؓ݁ሽၦࡉ౨ᄭࠌڣޢԳޢݺଚ ද࣍ US$70 ऱ໌ޢࠐऱᖵᄅΔሒڣۍሽ ִٝડధڇ౨ᄭΕڇऱছૄΜૉ൞უڇټਢඈ ᄭ۞ᖏञࡉైڂຝ։ڶᄅધᙕΖईᏝऱं೯ឈ ᚮࣔᏕ ౨ᄭفՂ֏چլ؆ਢڂԫ܀ਙएࠃٙΔ 堚ဎՕᖂढߓمഏ ڶईΕ֚ྥࡉᅁ౨ᄭᗏற)ऱᤖ៲ၦึߒفऑਐ) E-mail: [email protected] ࢤΔૉشऱ౨ᄭࠌڶૻΖറ୮ေ۷ૉᖕԳᣊ Ϯ621Ϯʳ քִʳڣ ˊ˃˃˅ʻ֥࠴Կཚʼʳעढᠨִ ᒳृݧ ༚ྼऱႨΖᅝᓫᓵᇠ֘ுΛࢨਢᇠᖑுΛംᠲڶۖ ࠩބயऱᆏ౨ֱூΔࢨլᕣݶ༈ڶإటנ༼౨آᙈᙈ ᇞு౨ᗏறऱ፹ທመچհছΔषᄎՕฒᚨᇠ٣堚ᄑ ڶՂೈᅁᇷᄭࡸچ౨ᄭऱᇩΔঞזࠠயհཙ ؆ਜ਼ழऱۆுᘿ୴֗אΔ܂࿓ࡉு౨࿇ሽऱՠ فईࡉ֚ྥ֏فڕהऱᤖ៲ၦ؆Δࠡ׳ؐڣ 200 ࢤড়ᨠऱኪ৫אթ౨ڼڕୌࠄΔڶՂऱ ᥨൻਜࠩࢍאڣ ౨ྤऄ֭ᐶመ 50ױၦቃ۷ژᗏறऱᚏ ཚءΔڼڂᖗΖހᒔऱإԫנு౨࿇ሽشࠌܡၦΖ ਢޣ౨ᄭ᜔Ꮑ ሽֆுԿᐗૠቤิ९ದ໑Փऱᑷ֧֨ᗏ ܑຘመف᠏ངயለհႚอ֏܅ءګΔᆖᛎۖྥ ሽֆு౨࿇ሽኔ೭ᆖ᧭ऱڣڍڶࠩԱٍࠠބऱሽ౨ Δشऴ൷ࠌאԫՕฒګ᠏ངڇΔشறऱࠌ ،ݺଚ֮റ૪ψࢢسࢨᑷ౨ऱመ࿓խΔᄎ ு֨ᛜሎᓰᓰ९׆ᐚᆠ٣(شԺ࿇ሽ)Ε೯౨(ሎᙁ־อጠ) ॺൄ᧩࣐ᚩऱאԱᇞ،--ு౨࿇ሽᓫωΔᇠ֮ڕլ ۆᎨॸΔᖄીᣤૹऱᛩቼګඈ࣋Օၦऱᄵ᧯ࡉݮ ຝٺᎅࣔԱு౨࿇ሽऱچᦰृ堚ᄑڗऱؓ݁ᄵ৫ 壄֮چࡉֲᣤૹऱᄵயᚨΔၞۖᖄી ኪؓᘝ ੌ࿓ࡉுᗏறՄऱ፹ທመ࿓Δਢԫᒧॺൄଖԫᦰऱسऱڶऱ۞ྥᛩቼࡉچኙۖڂດዬՂ֒Ζ ኪᛩቼ૿ ֮ີΖسऱچऱᣤૹᓢᚰΔࠌڃனױլګؘലທ ٤ᤜᠲǵഏᎾईᏝࡺլڜईفᜯ؎ՕऱਗᖏΖ ࠹ࠩ٤ ՂഏᎾၴᒤᄵ᧯ඈ࣋྇ၦࢭᘭհᛩঅֆףࡉଢऱ᧢ᔢࢬທ ՀΔ᧢ޏኙᛩቼऱشᣂ౨ᄭሎڶ ڂᛩঅრᢝይ֗אඔ೯ΔڤإऱᐙຍଡૹᤜᠲΔݺଚܑࡡᓮՠᄐݾઔߒ પψࠇຟᤜࡳωګ ԳᣊؘߨհሁΖ۶ᘯګ౨ᄭسᡖᐚ ైऱᓢᚰՀΔං೯٦ۂ(Հ១ጠՠઔೃ౨ᛩࢬא)ೃ౨ᄭፖᛩቼઔߒࢬ ౨ᄭ࿇ሽωٍᆖسรքᒧറ֮ψ٦עء౨ᄭΛس٦