DOCSLIB.ORG

物理雙月刊29-3 621-772.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
物理雙月刊29-3 621-772.Pdf ᒳृݧ ʳ ౨ᄭઝݾറᙀ ᚮࣔᏕ/֮ Δࢨუ෡Եᛵᇞݺଚشଶಬߨጿጿլឰऱਞ ၦऱࠌ ౨ᄭऱ࿨࣠Δኙ٤෺شॸΔ᠏ณհၴԾࠩԱքΕԮִ መ৫ࠌ ഏᎾၴऱڇऱᐙ᥼ګԳพஒऱ ᛩቼࢬທח᥆࣍ङ୙ऱֲ՗Δ עء۶Δլ݋ោᥦԫՀڕټ᦭ᚰۖࠐΖ ඈچᑷ௡ԫंंլឰ ᨜Δᑷ௡ รԼᒧറ֮ΚψൕഏᎾᛩቼਐᑇ؀؄ࡌ੡௧੉ᛩ៥ऱ ᨜ऱ࿇ሽ౨ᄭ؀ऱᛘ௛Δ ֗ IEA อૠ઎װ൅ထԫैཀհլ݈ ωΔᇠᒧ֮ີტ᝔խᘋՕᖂ܉᨜ऱՕ௛հխΔᨃԳ ։؀ᗺ៥࣍ ᤚ൓ຑ़௛Εຑ௧੉ຟ૞आᤴ ढ෻ߓ୪ւࣳඒ඄࣍ඒᖂઔߒ խࢼ़੡ݺଚᐷᐊΖڦۍऱ ؀Ꭹ୙հᎾΔڼԱΖՈࠌ൓ଖ ᆖᛎࡉഏԺऱ࿇୶זᆏᆏՂ ෼چሽլឰش୽ڞ᨜ऱ ᎅ࠷ެ࣍౨ᄭױሽ ፖ๵ᑓΔ༓׏شڇΔኚ໌೏୽ΖྥۖΔ֒ Δޡݾ๬ऱၞشࠡሎ֗شழΔݺଚՈ੡Օ௛ ऱࠌٵ೏୽ཚऱ ᎅਢԫഏᆖᛎ࿇୶ऱ଺ױCO2 ऱඈ࣋ၦࡉ׈੺ᄵ৛யᚨ ౨ᄭ ٺΔ౨ᄭᤜᠲኙ࣍ڼڂऱ༞֏ΔထኔఎՀԱլ֟լߜ ೯ԺΖ ࡳࢤެڶᏆ഑ऱ࿇୶ࠠٺڇ෺ᄊ֏ ഏچຒףԱګऱધᙕΔՈ ߪᣂএࠩԫ౳षᄎՕฒऱ壂ઘࡉֲൄढ֊ޓயᚨऱ׌૞ං֫հԫΖ ऱᐙ᥼Δ ฒاڇवኙ࣍ Ꮭऱं೯ΖᅝഏᎾईᏝՂཆΔഏփढᏝঁஓஓױݺଚ੡ࠆ࠹ԫաऱ堚ළፖঁ൸հᎾΔڇ ՂይΖچ᨜Δ ऱ঩ৼᜢխᆥྤݲᐫ؀ᇷᄭᤖ៲ຆ׎Δ౨ᄭ༓׏٤ᑇٛᘸၞՑऱྥ֚ 9 ڣ ࣍ 2005ޓࠐΔ׈੺ईᏝᆏᆏ֒೏Δڣၦথբ २༓شࢬ௣౛ऱؓ݁ሽၦࡉ౨ᄭࠌڣޢԳޢݺଚ ද೏࣍ US$70 ऱ໌ޢࠐऱᖵ׾ᄅ೏Δሒڣۍሽ ִٝડధڇ౨ᄭΕڇ᨜؀׈੺ऱছૄΜૉ൞უ઎઎ڇټਢඈ ᄭ۞ᖏञࡉైڂຝ։ڶᄅ೏ધᙕΖ׈੺ईᏝऱं೯ឈ ᚮࣔᏕ ౨ᄭف෺Ղ֏چլ؆׏ਢڂ׼ԫ׌૞଺܀ਙएࠃٙΔ 堚ဎՕᖂढ෻ߓمഏ ڶईΕ֚ྥ௛ࡉᅁ࿛౨ᄭᗏற)ऱᤖ៲ၦึߒفऑਐ) E-mail: [email protected] ฾ࢤΔ׊ૉشऱ౨ᄭࠌڶૻΖറ୮ေ۷ૉ௅ᖕԳᣊ෼ Ϯ621Ϯʳ քִʳڣ ˊ˃˃˅ʻ֥԰࠴Կཚʼʳעढ෻ᠨִ ᒳृݧ ༚ྼऱ᝟ႨΖᅝᓫᓵᇠ֘ுΛࢨਢᇠᖑுΛംᠲڶۖ ࠩބயऱᆏ౨ֱூΔࢨլᕣݶ༈ڶإటנ༼౨آᙈᙈ ෻ᇞு౨ᗏறऱ፹ທመچհছΔषᄎՕฒᚨᇠ٣堚ᄑ ڶ෺Ղೈᅁᇷᄭࡸچ౨ᄭऱᇩΔঞזࠠ೏ய෷հཙ ਩؆ਜ਼ழऱۆுᘿ୴֗א଺෻Δ܂࿓ࡉு౨࿇ሽऱՠ فईࡉ֚ྥ௛࿛֏فڕהऱᤖ៲ၦ؆Δࠡ׳ؐڣ 200 ෻ࢤড়ᨠऱኪ৫੡אթ౨ڼڕୌࠄΔڶՂऱ׈੺ ߻ᥨൻਜࠩࢍאڣ ౨ྤऄ֭ᐶመ 50ױၦቃ۷ژᗏறऱᚏ ཚ௽ءΔڼڂᖗΖހᒔऱإԫנு౨࿇ሽ೚شࠌܡၦΖ ਢޣ౨ᄭ᜔Ꮑ ሽֆ׹ுԿᐗૠቤิ९೏ದ໑Փऱᑷ֧֨؀ᗏ ܑຘመف׊᠏ངய෷ለ೏հႚอ֏܅ءګΔᆖᛎۖྥ ሽֆ׹ு౨࿇ሽ؀ኔ೭ᆖ᧭ऱڣڍڶࠩԱٍࠠބऱሽ౨ ៺Δشऴ൷ࠌאԫ౳Օฒ൓ګ᠏ངڇΔشறऱࠌ ،੡ݺଚ੡֮റ૪ψࢢسࢨᑷ౨ऱመ࿓խΔᄎ ๠ு֨ᛜሎᓰᓰ९׆ᐚᆠ٣(شԺ࿇ሽ)Ε೯౨(ሎᙁ־อጠ) ॺൄ෍᧩࣐ᚩऱאԱᇞ،--ு౨࿇ሽ෍ᓫωΔᇠ֮ڕլ ۆᎨॸΔᖄીᣤૹऱᛩቼګඈ࣋Օၦऱᄵ৛௛᧯ࡉݮ ຝ๠෻ٺᎅࣔԱு౨࿇ሽऱچ੡ᦰृ堚ᄑڗ෺ऱؓ݁ᄵ৫ 壄᥸֮چ਩ࡉֲ᝟ᣤૹऱᄵ৛யᚨΔၞۖᖄી ኪؓᘝ ੌ࿓ࡉுᗏறՄऱ፹ທመ࿓Δਢԫᒧॺൄଖ൓ԫᦰऱسऱڶ෺ऱ۞ྥᛩቼࡉ଺چኙۖڂດዬՂ֒Ζ ኪᛩቼ૿ ֮ີΖس෺ऱچऱᣤૹᓢᚰΔࠌڃனױլګؘലທ ٤ᤜᠲǵഏᎾ଺ईᏝ௑ࡺ೏լڜईفᜯ؎ՕऱਗᖏΖ ࠹ࠩ٤෺ ՂഏᎾၴ๵ᒤᄵ৛௛᧯ඈ࣋྇ၦࢭᘭհᛩঅֆףࡉ௛ଢऱ᧢ᔢࢬທ ՀΔ᧢ޏኙᛩቼऱشᣂ౨ᄭሎڶ ڂᛩঅრᢝ೏ይ࿛֗אඔ೯Δڤإऱᐙ᥼ຍଡૹ૞ᤜᠲΔݺଚ௽ܑࡡᓮՠᄐݾ๬ઔߒ પψࠇຟᤜࡳ஼ωګ ੡ԳᣊؘߨհሁΖ۶ᘯګ౨ᄭسᡖᐚ ైऱᓢᚰՀΔං೯٦ۂ(Հ១ጠՠઔೃ౨ᛩࢬא)ೃ౨ᄭፖᛩቼઔߒࢬ ౨ᄭ࿇ሽωٍ௽ᆖسรքᒧറ֮ψ٦עء౨ᄭΛس٦ ཚറ֮ᓫᓵψᄵ৛௛᧯྇ၦፖᄅ౨ᄭઝء໑Փ੡ ઔߒࢬ౨ᄭઔٽ᨜ሽԺֆ׹ጵ؀ᥛ࿇୶ፖ௛ଢ᧢ᔢωၴլ ೏ದ໑Փ֧៺ΔࡡᓮةݾωΔࠀ௽ܑ׼֮൶ಘψ ഏለٺኙؾছ׈੺س༉࿇ ߒ৛ᇷ෡ᖲඳՠ࿓ஃᔤႁഘ٣ڣ 1972 ڇڰഏٽ໑Փൕᜤۂ։ऱյ೯ᣂএΖױ ౨ᄭ࿇ሽऱֱऄ֜ၺ౨Εଅسԫ ᗨᄕၲ࿇ऱԮՕᣊ٦م৬ٵԳᣊ٥ق।ऱψԳᣊ৙ߢωᓫದΔࠀᎅࣔ৙ ܂Εं௡Ε௧੉ᄵ஁࿛࿇ሽۄᔆ౨ΕᑪسᑷΕچኪᛩቼհૹ૞ࢤΔᅮআՠᄐ֏ഏ୮ࡉၲ࿇ ԺΕسଡ೜ൈऱ റ֮ឈਢԫᒧ᜔ᓵࢤऱ֮ڼߓอऱ᜔ᥦΖڶᥛ࿇ Աԫଡةόڇ෺ऱ࿇୶៴ቹΖچࠐآխഏ୮ᚨ᥋֫๵ቤ ऱഏփΕ؆ઔ࿇᝟ڤᣊ࿇ሽֱٺԱܶץխথ֮܀৵ΔᛩቼΕ ີΔנ༼୶ύΰSustainable Developmentαऱᄗ࢚ آ੒೯հၴऱᓤᠧᣂຑၲࡨ࠹ࠩყࠐ ႨΕขᄐ෼उΕၲ࿇ᑨԺΕᆖᛎய墿Εං೯࿜ฃࡉז௛ଢፖԳᣊ෼ ౨ᄭسኙ࣍ॣ൷ᤛ٦ڼڂऱૹီΖ ࠐ୶ඨ࿛׌૞ႈؾऱտฯΔڍყ ڤሽֆ׹ऱ࿇ሽֱ؀ΖܗᄕՕऱᚥڶլ୲࣐ᓮ ઝݾऱԵ॰ᎁᢝړԺ࿇ሽᤜᠲΔঞ־ᗏறऱفᣂ֏ڶۖ ਢڂ౨ᄭ࿇ሽΖ଺س٦ה࣍ࠡم։ᣊΔലֽԺ࿇ሽᗑ سխ࿇ሽᐗሎ᠏ᓰᆖ෻്ၞ࿇٣؀᨜ሽԺֆ׹؀ࠩ ԺሽᐗሽԺലՀ־࡙ၴհᠦ୽شԺሽᐗࠌֽڤԺ࿇ሽሎ᠏ᆖ᧭Δ ࢼ፝־ኔ೭ऱڣڍԲԼהאխΔڦۍ࣍ ౨ᄭΖᘋ৬Օীֽ஄سΔਚլ٨Ե٦ۃհֽࢼࠩՂۃ ۆԺ࿇ሽࡉࠡ־੡֮տฯψעء੡ڗ壄᥸෍᧩ऱ֮א ΔਚഏᎾՂ׽ല՛ীڍ࿇ሽ੡׌Δ׊ᛩঅञᤜאխ࿇ሽᐗਢ׈੺࿇ሽၦ່Օऱ༓ଡ Ծॺ؀਩߻एωΖᖕᎅ ౨ᄭΖس࿇ሽᐗհԫΖ ֽԺሽᐗូԵ٦ ଺܂౨ᄭऱՠسጟ٦ٺ෡Եᛵᇞޓঞਢ଺੡ԳԳ໗ؚ ੡ࠌՕฒ౨ڤ෼ၸ੄׼ԫૹ૞ऱ࿇ሽֱ ඈԱڜ௽ܑޓעറءࢬᄎᔡሖऱംᠲΔٻ૿ٺڇऱு౨࿇ሽΖԳଚኙு౨࿇ሽᄭ۞ኙ଺՗ᐘऱஎ᥈Δ ෻ࡉ ౨ᄭΚسտฯՀ٨؄ጟ٦چޡᤕ঎߫ᘭֺፖભഏԿେ୾ࠟஆுሽᐗऱრ؆ࠃ ؄ᒧറ֮։ܑၞԫ֗א ᛜሎᓰ׌ጥᜎܓሽֆ׹࿇ሽ๠ֽ؀ط਩ࣄထᄕൎՕऱࣂࠫࡉ (1) ֽԺ࿇ሽΚۆฒኙுᘿ୴اીԫ౳אਚΔ ᐷᐊسᖲࡉ٤෺ᄊ֏ംᠲֲ᝟ ய്֚ᅗ٣ٲ౨ᄭڂඈࢴ֘ᚨΖ෼վ׈੺ ՠઔೃ౨ᛩࢬᄅ౨ᄭݾ๬ิଅطݾ๬Κشு౨ሽᐗၲࡨດዬ࠹ࠩᨫؾΔ (2) ଅ౨ᚨזࠐรԿڣᣤૹΔਚ२ Ϯʳˉ˅˅ʳϮʳ քִʳڣ ˊ˃˃˅ʻ֥԰࠴Կཚʼʳעढ෻ᠨִ ᒳृݧ ໑Փऱۘ༼ᅮᖄࡉኔᔆᘣ۞ۂڶԺፖ֜ၺᑷ౨ઔߒ৛೫ઔߒ୉ຫભᥞ՛ࡦച࿝ ਍ᥛၞ۩հᎾΔᙟழ ໑Փࠐሽᅮআࡉழ࿓ऱۂ؆Δૉլਢڼ՞ ೶ፖऱಥ᣸Ζټઔߒ୉ᔤإၺ౨࿇ሽ១տΚՠઔೃ౨ᛩࢬ֜ (3) ΔଡڼڂႨؘ᎟᎟ྤཚΔֲענཚऱء໑Փᐷᒚ ༼ᙌΔࠉݺ઎ ء໑ՓΔඏԳࢗ੡ۂཚኔᔆऱ׌ᒳ෻ᅝូ࣍ء෍ᓫݺഏ௧੉౨ᄭհၲ࿇ছནΚՠઔೃ౨ᛩࢬᇷ Գᎁ੡ (4) ᠱΖۀ׌ᒳ੷ਢע ᄭݾ๬ิิ९ᠱݳ೛໑Փࡉࠡิփհ௧੉ઝݾ৛ ሽֆ׹ுԿᐗૠ྽ิ؀೭ؘ૞ტ᝔ऱਢۯᒳᐊΖ ׼ԫٵ೫ઔߒ୉ஊऒᖧ՛ࡦ٥ ᐷᐊ֮ີΔעء౨൓़੡آᔆ౨ ิ९೏ದ໑ՓΔ೏໑Փឈسݺଚᝩᓫ२ཚഏփ໴ີᠧ፾ᆖൄ໴ᖄऱڻڼ ሽֆ׹փᐖऑऱԳ౧ᣂএፖᑷ֨؀ڇຘመ೏໑Փ܀ յઌڼᐋ૿࢖ڍࠩ๺ވᔆ౨࿇ሽऱၲ࿇෰سڂ࿇ሽΔ ሽऱ؀ڇۯᝮᓮࠩԿא൓עءඈՀΔࠌ൓ڜΖ ऱᜤ࿮ࡉڤ࿇ሽֱڼࠀլ௽ܑտฯڼڇ෰ࠫऱඕტᤜᠲΔਚ ኔ೭ᆖ᧭ऱᇷ෡ՠ࿓ஃ༼ࠎറ֮໴ڣڍڶ਩ࡉ௛ଢऱ᧢ᔢ ขሽᒵՂۆᗏற࿇ሽኙᛩቼऱف࣍֏ط سխ࿇ሽᐗሎ᠏ᓰᓰ९്ၞ࿇٣؀ሽֆ׹؀؆ڼሀ ᖄΖګഏᎾࡉᛩঅิ៣ิڍࢬ൅ࠐऱᣤૹ৖ౡΔᦀࠌ๺ Ժ࿇ሽᐗழࢬ࿨ᢝΔհ־խ؀೶๶س൅ᖂڣװڂഏೈ ঞਢٺᚨൻਜΖڂഏቸၷၞ۩ઔߒΔᗨᄕ๵ቤᔞᅝऱ ෻ᘸؼऱྤ֖ړऄഠࢴྤڇ֖ࣛΔ്ᓰ९ړ੡ګ৵ঁ س٦ش౨ᄭΔࠀඒߛՕฒࠌזᄅऱཙބીԺ࣍ᗨᄕ༈ ऱवᢝהנհխಥ᣸ڦۍ౨ᄭ ᝮપᚘԺՀΔլ൓լ࿠ᚨ࣍شԳଚመ৫ࠌ᧢ޏૹ૞ऱਢޓ౨ᄭऱᨠ࢚Δྥۖ ऱ฾ࢤΔਚᗨᄕൎ֏ԫ౳Օฒᆏપ౨ᄭऱ฾ࢤΔթਢ ࡉ֮ີፖՕ୮։ࠆΖ ऱᔹڍޓ֧ܮאᦰࢤࡉભᨠࢤΔױཚऱءऱᇞެհሐΖ ੡༼೏ءؾছ່௅ ऱছࠟၜඏԳྤᆏࠫ(6/25)ֲענ଺ૡڇᦰृΔਚᜯ ܗជ᥆ඏԳഏઝᄎૠ྽ூՀऱറٚޣᒳ৵ტߢፖી᝔ ऱ࡛უΔડྥ૞ ڶԫᒧറ֮๻ૠԫ଄ፖ֮ີփ୲ޢᒳᙀ۶࡯஼ඒ඄ ෻Ꮵ༡ੳ՛ࡦ੡᜔עࢍ൷ᛧढ෻ᠨִڣڣװ۞ ء଺ڇભՠ༺଄Ζլࠠ෻ՠહནऱ༡ੳլႛۥΔીࠌຍ༓ଡ ᣂऱ൑܂ཚ׌ᒳऱٚ೭ࡉՠڼऱਐ੔Δࢭ൷Ա ٤ྥࠀլᛵᇞ౨ᄭઝݾΔՈ޲ሽᆰભՠ๻ૠऱഗ៕Հ ౨ᄭംᠲ౳ऱާૹᚘԺพᡶ࣍֨ٵڕထڶࠐԫऴִ Ε֨شऱᎁటΕചထΕڔ࣍طΔڼڕࠌܛ܀඄ࡎΖٲհ ᜯענലܛעءվ઎ထڕխΔጹᚘ൓Գ໙լመ௛ࠐΖ ૹᚌរՀΔݺଚึ࣍੡Լᒧڍᜣᗩፖࠠཕᐝऱભტ࿛ נΕګݙܓႉא൓עറءᎾΔထኔᠾԱՑ௛ΖྥۖΔ ऱעཚءழ๻ૠԱٵԱભᣝऱ༺଄Δࠀګറᠲ֮ີݙ ۯऱݺԫࡳ૞ტ᝔؄ټԱנ܂ࣆֶՠאٻΔኙ࣍ԫע ᖂ฾壄壀ࡉ๻ૠ౨م༡ੳլఠլٖऱᗑڶ৞૿Ζ޲ עءࡉ֭਍Δઌॾܗ٤Ժऱགۯଚ؄הڶԳΔૉ޲֖ ౨֟ԱԫࠄᦰױՈڼڂԱભტΔ֟ঁעཚറءΖ ԺΔענܓؘࡳ੷ᣄႉ Ζܗԫࡳ૞௽ܑტ᝔༡ੳऱ߬໎ࡉ࠰ڼڇΔڼڂᡖᐚ໑ՓΔՈਢ ृΖۂ૞ტ᝔ऱਢՠઔೃ౨ᛩࢬۯଈ ڻհ؆ΔՈ૞௽ܑტ᝔᜔ᒳᙀ۶࡯஼ඒ඄ኚڼΖհছඏԳឈൄۘፊ ೈृ܂ཚรԫΕԲᒧढ෻റ֮ऱء ענཚऱء࢏ᙈچრݺԫۖ٦Ε٦ۖԿٵچམຏመሽ ঠ੡ࠡᣄآߠመࠡԳΔ੷۟آլႛൕ܀Δټ໑ՓՕۂ ࿇چૹᓤऱீᒚመ࿓խΔ᜔ਢᄎլឰڻ࣍ྤᑇط؄ִࢍնִॣቔದԱট௛ᐸԱԫຏሽᇩ࿯ై ֲΖڣᇩΔվ հᚾءᒚऱࢬᘯ່৵ठ֮ޏޓԫ٦ڼڂ໑Փᝮ ෼ᄅऱᙑᎄΔۂٻ໑Փၞ۩ᝮᒚࠃࡵΖ଺׽ཚඨۂᘩ૿ऱآ ᒳᙀעᠨִٻ૞ڼڇ໑Փլ ூΔࠌ൓ᒳᙀຝ॰լ໏ࠡឫΖਚۂথฆუլࠩ܀൓ԫᒧ֮ີՈ༉֨የრߩԱΔ ຏᝮ Գ୉႓ࠕ॒՛ࡦࡉ്ිख़՛ࡦીՂ່෡ऱዙრࡉტڼຘመޓΔ܂࿠ᚨԱࠟᒧ֮ີऱᐷᐊՠچႛ෯ݶ ୲ࡉ᧯ᓪΖץଚऱה੡ ᝔Δტ᝔זΔעءܗ໑Փຶྥ׌೯࠰ۂᒚሽᇩΔᑷ֨ฐൣऱ ᣂ٦ڶ׼؆ᝮપԱ֜ၺ౨ΕଅԺࡉ௧੉౨࿇ሽ࿛Կᒧ ੡ᝮᒚࠃࡵᠾԱԫՑچ౨ᄭຝ։ऱറ֮ΔᨃݺՕՕس ܂٤ຝ֮ີऱփ୲๵ቤΕீᒚፖඈݧՠڇ৵Δڼ௛Ζ Ϯ623Ϯʳ քִʳڣ ˊ˃˃˅ʻ֥԰࠴Կཚʼʳעढ෻ᠨִ ढ෻റ֮ - ௛ଢ᧢ᔢፖ౨ᄭઝݾ ᄵ৛௛᧯྇ၦፖᄅ౨ᄭઝݾ ᡖᐚۂ/֮ ੒ؘႊ૞౨ፂ਍೯ኪऱᔆ౨س/ژسढ੷۟۞ྥ੺ՈԫᑌΖԳ૞سԳᣊऱٚ۶੒೯ຟᏁ૞೯ԺࠐᄭΔ ਣ᧯ΔࠡՂ៿።ᜳᜳऱՕ௛ᐋ)Δۥऱ៴႓ጸԿګ௧੉ΕઓՒ֗ཬ๯ࢬิط।چ)෺چᘝΖݺଚࢬࡺ۰ऱؓ ᖲ᧯Ζڶ੡ԫଡ౨۞׌ᓳᆏ।૿ᔆ౨ؓᘝऱ؎Օ Ե֗౨ᄭ௣၄ऱᑇၦ।ދԫ௽ࡳழၴփऱ౨ᄭڇ ౨ᄭΕ౨ၦ᠏ངፖԳᣊ੒೯ .1 ࣍ॺ౨ش᠏֏ࢨሎᙁመ࿓խऱჾ؈֗ڇਔץΔق ෺ၜཚࢤऱൕ֜ၺ߷ᇙᡸ൓၌መ 99.9% ऱ౨چ شۿԵΖψᑷؓᘝωਢԫᣊދຜऱ౨ᄭढᔆشढ੺ ᄭسऱᄵ৛யᚨΔፂ਍ԱسၦΔჸ಻ՂՕ௛ᐋࢬข ࢬႊऱ௛ଢයٙΖ ፿Ζژس i 1.1. ࡳᆠ ౨ᄭ១տشԳᣊࠌ .1.2 ᠏֏ࢨ᠏ངመ࿓৵ᚨطࢨᆖش౨ʳ ʳ ᄭΚऴ൷ᚨ (1) ۾)෺।૿ऱ౨ၦ༓׏٤ࠐ۞֜ၺऱᘿ୴౨چ ωڤ౨ᄭΙψ౨ᄭωΕψ౨ၦω֗ψ౨ᄭݮڶऱࢬش ᑷ౨چऱژᚏ֨چ෺փຝچ๺ࠐ۞֟ڶΔᝫ(99.98% ਢઌຏऱΖڼڇ ෺۞᠏֗چ)ၦ࠹֚᧯ሎ೯֟ޓ֗אΔ(%0.018 ۾પ) ᠏֏ࢨ᠏אףآ౨ᄭΚࢨጠψ଺ࡨ౨ᄭωΔࡸ్ॣ (2) ፖଅ౨(լߩ 0.002%)Ζ֜ၺۄ෺)֧࿇ऱᑪچ෺៥ִ ང๠෻ऱ౨ᄭΖ Δ༓׏ڣΔ۷ૠᝫ౨٦ፂ਍પ 50 Ꮩڣપ 50 Ꮩڇژբ شܓ౨ᄭωΔس౨ᄭωΕψ૜్ڻԲ్౨ᄭΚࢨጠψ (3) Գᣊ੒೯ழ़խࠡזऱ෼ۯ੡໢ڣۍՏאڇᎅאױ ᠏֏ࢨ᠏ང๠෻৵אףԲ్౨ᄭה౨ᄭࢨ్ࠡॣ ጟ౨ᄭΔຟᄭ۞֜ၺٺՂऱאڂ੡ྤᒡጐΖီױ౨ၦ ऱ౨ᄭΖ ၺߓऱਣ᧯ሎ೯ΔਚԾ֜֗אᚨ֘ٽຍឍਁਣऱுᘜ ԫጟढ෻ীኪᆖढ෻᧢֏৵᠏ط౨ၦ᠏ངΚ౨ᄭ (4) ౨ᄭωΖسጠ੡ψ٦ ᅁ෈֏)Ιψ౨ᄭ᠏֏ωڕ)ང੡׼ԫढ෻ীኪऱመ࿓ ෺Օ௛ᐋ؆ऱ֜ၺᘿ୴౨ၦയ৫Δࢨጠ֜ၺൄچ რᆠΖ 2ء࣍شழٍ๯ᚨڶ ෺ऱ᜔౨چઞൕ֜ၺᘿ୴ࠩޢᑇ੡ E0 = 1367 W/m Ζ ౨ᄭؓᘝΚ༉ਬԫ௽ࡳऱᆖᛎ೴഑Εߓอࢨ፹࿓Δ 17 (5) Գᣊࢬ௣౛ऱ᜔౨ڣ٤ڣ 2000 ڇၦપ੡ 1.7x10 JΖ 17 ᄭપ੡ 3.1x10 JΔս׽ਢ֜ၺᘿ୴౨ऱᆄ։հԫؐ ᡖᐚۂ ጟ౨ᄭΔՕຝٝբٺԳᣊषᄎ੒೯ࢬᏁऱזΖഄ෼׳ ઔߒ୉ʳإ ՠᄐݾ๬ઔߒೃʳ ౨ᄭፖᛩቼઔߒࢬʳ ೯᧢ླྀچڣᆄۍ౨ᄭΔۖਢᆖመسE-mail: [email protected] լਢࠐ۞Ղ૪ऱ٦ Ϯ625Ϯʳ քִʳڣ ˊ˃˃˅ʻ֥԰࠴Կཚʼʳעढ෻ᠨִ ढ෻റ֮ Centuries of Fossil Fuel Usage in North America 85% of U.S. energy is from fossil fuels; 69% of petroleum is imported; nearly 60% of all primary energy is wasted 40 Petroleum U.S. Energy Consumption by Source Jet engine,1930s-40s 30 Hydroelectric Power Natural Gas 20 Incandescent Four-stroke lamp, 1870s combustion Quadrillion Btu Quadrillion engine, 1870s Nuclear Electric 10 Power Wood Watt Steam Mayflower, 1620 Engine, 1782 0 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Source: Annual Energy Review 2004, EIAΙ Science for Energy Strategies, Patricia Dehmer, USDOE, Nov 2005 First U.S. oil REA, 1935 CP-1 reactor, 1942 well, 1859 კ 1 ऍ୯٬Ҕૈྍϐ㾹ำ ऱ࿇୶ᖵ࿓Ζش౨ᄭΖ ౨ᄭऱሽ౨Ζቹ 1 ੡ભഏ౨ᄭࠌفࢍՀऱ֏چڇژ৵ᚏ Օၦسᄎขڤ࣍ႚอᗏᗈֵ੥֗ᅁ(Cn)ऱֱط ೯ढ౨(ׄΕ್࿛)Ζ৵ش׽ᄎᚨڰԳᣊᖵ׾Ղ່ ጙ܅਩Δᛩঅრᢝ೏ऱषᄎ༉ᄎቔᚐᑥ෣֗ࢨۆᛩቼ ڕ੥ΔՈᖂ฾ֵࠩش௎੡ᗏறΔ٦ၞۖࠌֵאࠐၲࡨ Ո༉ყࠐყཏشࠐ֚ྥ௛(C1)ऱࠌڣΖ२شऱ༉ਢ ౨ᄭऱࠌشࠌڰଅԺֽ֗Ժ౨ΖངߢհΔԳᣊ່ش۶ሎ ࠐऱ౨ᄭΖآ੡ړሙΔ۟࣍լܶጙऱස௛(C0)ঞ๯઎ ٽ౨ᄭΖऴࠩՠᄐ଀ࡎழཚΔ፣޳ᖲऱ࿇ࣔΔ࿨س٦ ֏ᖂ౨ᆖᗏᗈࢬ൓ऱᑷ ቹ 2 ੡౨ᄭऱՕી։ᣊΚطشԱᅁ੥ऱᗏᗈΔՕၦࠌ ੡ՠᄐ֏ऱ׌૞೯Ժګ౨Δ٦ຘመᖲඳߓอऱ᠏ངΔ ࠐᄭΖ ϼ໚ૈ ॥Κૈ ӆғૈྍ НΚૈ ғ፦ૈ Ղ଺ईऱၲ Ӧ዗ૈ ੇࢩૈףࠩԱԲԼ׈ધॣΔփᗏᖲऱ࿇ࣔΔ ආፖ༼ᅂΔ࿯ղԳଚଡԳ֏ऱ೯Ժߓอ—޳߫ΖԳᣊ ߃ભૈྍ ΔՈዬዬൕֵ੥֗ᅁຍࠄࡐኪᗏشऱՕࡲॣ్౨ᄭࠌ ҡ ݨ Ϻฅ਻ ߚӆғૈྍ ईข፹ऱ෈ኪᗏறΖ ૈྍ ྡ ࣅ ਡૈ฻فறΔ᠏ฝࠩ ࿇ࣔԱሽᗉ৵ΔৰݶऱԳᣊषᄎၲࡨყࠐسფ૭ ႝ ૈ ؓਮݨ Βભૈྍ ഏਙࢌՕ ྡ ਻ ణૈ฻ٺ൓ऱሽԺΖ׈੺ױყࠉᘸᙟ֫ԫᐸၲᣂ༉ ߠऱ೏ᚘױऱՕী࿇ሽᐗΔਮ๻Աࠩ๠ڤၦ৬ᆜႃխ ϩᜪޑ಻ֺऱॣ్౨ᄭ᠏ང੡Բ్ კ 2 ૈྍٵሽჃ֗ႚᙁᒵሁΔലլ Ϯʳˉ˅ˉʳϮʳ քִʳڣ ˊ˃˃˅ʻ֥԰࠴Կཚʼʳעढ෻ᠨִ ढ෻റ֮ - ௛ଢ᧢ᔢፖ౨ᄭઝݾ ૻࢤ ଺ईঞਢಬࠩՕীᅂईᐗΔᆖመ፣塸৵Δࠉआរڶ౨ᄭऱف֏ .1.3 ई௛Ε޳ईΕ᎘ईΕ௎ईΕૹई֗ف෈֏ګ։ױԫ) ᅁ Օપ) ≇ཎωΔএׇرई௛ঋጠψදᇘف։Ζ෈֏ګ೯ ᡥॹ࿛᧢ླྀچڂছऱཬढΔڣᆄۍ પ 4 Ꮩࠩ 1طᅁਢ ሎಬֱঁΔޣൄᚘՀ੡௛ኪΔ੡ڇढΔٽࢍΔᆖ९ཚऱ೏ᄵᚘԺΔጙ֏ۖ ፖԭ≇հ෗چጟཬढୖԵٺല ෈ኪΔᇘԵᙓ෿խሎಬΖګᚘף։੡ 4 ᣊΚࣽᅁ(peatΔܶጙၦપႛ 30 ሑױΖᅁՕીګ Εᓣᅁ(brown coal)Εᄿᅁ ޳ईऱ௽ࢤխ່ૹ૞ऱਢψ߬≇ଖωΔ߬≇ଖਢ(܅ऱᏝଖለشܓиΔ ।זऱᑑᄷଖΔ޳ईऱ߬≇ଖყ೏܅ᄿᅁ(anthracite)Ζᅁ᣼ऱᏝ ޳ईݼᡨᔼࢤ೏ྤ֗אbituminous coal)Ε) ؄Ԭഗሩ[Pb(C2H5)4]੡ݼᡨᔼ෌אװٝ঴ᔆۖࡳΖᅁऱᤖ៲ၦ ঴ᔆყࠋΖመګࠡၲආऱᣄ࣐৫ࡉאଖΔ ࠎᚨޏۖش੅ࢤΔؾছբ٤૿ᆃڶ࣍ܶሩࠠطᕪΔף ࠌױ٤෺ऱ௣౛ຒ৫Δᅁᚨᇠᝫڇ෼א੡᠆༄Δૉ່ ii ഗรԿԭഗㅘظףΖ ྤሩ޳ईΖؾছݺഏ׌૞এ෌ ׳ؐڣ 200 ش ց 1500 (MTBE)ࠐข፹ྤሩ޳ईΔۖ 92Ε95 ֗ 98 ྤሩ޳ईΔ۫ڇΖەױᅁऱழၴբլشࠌڰԳᣊ່ ईխΔࠡ߬≇ଖفٽࢊ≇հ෗إฆ߬≇ࡉق։ܑ।ܛ Օၦऱֵ੥፹ທᗤჇΕੲᑿΕشၴΔ૎ഏऱՠᐗࠌڣ ֺࠏ੡ 92%Ε95%֗ 98%Ζٽऱ෗ ޏߌ࿛ข঴ΖࠩԼԮ׈ધॣΔֵᙰዬ࿕Δՠᐗၲࡨॅ ข٤෺પ 80%سΔ૎ഏأᗏறΖࠩԼԮ׈ધ܂ᅁᅝش ౛ጐհֲڶ౨ᄭึفԿ) ֏) ၦֲᏺΔऴࠩ 20 ׈شऱᅁΖᙟထՠᄐऱ࿇୶Δᅁऱ ༼੒঴ᔆՕ༏س৵ΔԳᣊऱޔ׈੺Օᖏ࿨ڻรԲ ش׌૞੡ሎᙁ܀ૹ૞ऱॣ్౨ᄭΔ່ګ᧢ધΔ଺ईឈ ܀ᖲΔٲईفڻऱࠟזڣཚၴឈྥᆖᖵԱԮԼڼࣙΙ ᗏறΔᅁսਢ࿇ሽऱ׌૞ᗏறΖ iv ᖲٲईفᆖᖵԱڇ९ Ζګऱᆖᛎڣ ਍ᥛ 30ڶ٤෺ս ᗏᗈڶᅁ܀ᅁऱᚌរਢᑷଖ೏Δ࿇ሽᏝ௑ঁࡵΖ ईీඈၷথ၇լࠩ޳ई৵ΔԳଚၲࡨᣂ֊଺ףழΔࠩ ทΔᗏᗈڶ਩ऱᛩঅംᠲΙՕຝ։ऱᅁܶۆᣤૹسข ڍشईፖ֚ྥ௛ऱ٤෺ᤖ៲ၦࠩࢍᝫ౨༼ࠎԳᣊࠌ ᎨॸΖګࠅทᎨΔທګऱԲ௜֏ท(SO2)ᄎ᠏֏س৵ข ՆΖྥۖΔຍԫᓰᠲऱᇞ࿠ਢᓴՈྤऄ壄ᒔቃྒྷऱᖂ (CO ) ؆ΔՕၦᗈᅁՈᄎඈ࣋ՕၦऱԲ௜֏ጙ 2 Δᄎ v,vi,viiڼ ᖲழΔቃ۷଺ईսٲईفڻรԲזڣ 70 ڇം Ζ ຒᄵ৛யᚨऱ༞֏Ζף ܀ԱΔڣ բ 30זڣ Ζ၏ 70ڣ ࠎᚨ٤෺ࢬᏁપ 40ױ Բ) ଺ईፖ֚ྥ௛) 80-1979 ڂΖՈڣ પ 40شࠌױईսفΔق᧩ቹ 3 ࢬڕ ଺ईፖ֚ګ։אױईΔኔᎾՂفݺଚԫ౳ࢬጠऱ ؆ऱ଺ईขၦא ᖲࠨᖿԱ OPECٲईفڻऱรԲڣ ጠ੡଺ईΔ௛ኪृጠ੡֚ृנ෈ኪขאࢍچڇ௛Δྥ ࣍ US$20/දΔࠀ܅ၓࠩڃईᏝڣ 1986 ڇΔึ࣍֒༼ ᐋխၲආچ଺ईፖ֚ྥ௛ऱژࢍᚏچطईਢف௛Ζྥ 15 ( 4) Ꮭ ߠቹ Ζ۞߷੄ழֲΔԳଚՈ܅ऱڣ iii ፂ਍Աપ ऴױ޳ईΔۿ೴ࢬขऱ଺ईणچࠄڶ൓ऱᇷᄭ Δۖ ᖲຍٙࠃΖٲईفດዬ෉ݱԱ ਹईΔլ࣐ੌ೯Ζڕࠄ଺ईঞយᆈڶԵ֧ᚯᗏᗈΙף൷ መ৵Δ८ᗤ؄ഏ(BRIC, ਐ֣۫ΕڣԫऴࠩՏ᛼ Δࠡ؆ᨠྤ≇ظ։੡ګࢍၲආऱ֚ྥ௛Δ׌૞چ ՕޣईऱᏁف९Δኙګ৫֗խഏ)ᆖᛎݶຒٱᤕ঎Ε Δਚڇژ௛ኪאൄᄵൄᚘՀΔ֚ྥ௛এڇ׊ྤ౬Ζۥ ഏऱૹီΖྥۖΔٺ༏Ղ֒Δ౨ᄭᤜᠲ٦৫࠹ࠩ׈੺ ዥ௛ழྤऄ਷ᤚΔ܍੡ᝩ܀㡬Δشጥሁႚᙁࠩאຏൄ Գᣊڣࠩ߷ԫ֗אΔ֟ڍ٤෺଺ईऱ່Օขၦࠩࢍਢ ⲯ๻௧ڂႊ။੉ሎᙁழΔ܀პၦऱ౬ᕪΖףᄎ׼؆෌ ቃྒྷאई౛ጣऱܺቼΔথࡨึᣄف૿ᜯإթᄎట ଯ۟᥊ܐΔຏൄᄎ٣ല֚ྥ௛אࢍጥᒵᣄ৫ለ೏Δࢬ viii,ix 2003 40 දޢࢍΔ଺ईᏝึ࣍ડధڣ o ΖլመࠩԱ ෈ኪऱ෈֏֚ྥ௛(LiquidګሿՀ 162 ৫(-162 C)Δݮּ ද 50 ભցΔ2005ޢይధִ 10 ڣ ભցհ֨෻ᣂ׬Δ2004 ௽௘ऱํ์ࠐሎᙁΖᙟထഏאNatural Gas, LNG)Δ٦ ද 100 ભցޢվڕද 70 ભցऱ೏୽Δޢ໌ޓִ 9 ڣ ࣍طΔۖ׊ףၦ߰ຒᏺش੒ֽᄷऱ༼೏Δ֚ྥ௛سا ऱࠃ(ߠቹ 5)Ζ֗ױऱ֚Ꮭբլ٦ਢ᎟լ ௛࿇ሽΖྥ֚شޏڍΔᄅ๻࿇ሽᐗٍޣᛩঅ૞ ܉Գᖜ֨ऱਢ٤෺଺ई֚֗ྥ௛ऱᤖ៲։חޓ Ϯ627Ϯʳ քִʳڣ ˊ˃˃˅ʻ֥԰࠴Կཚʼʳעढ෻ᠨִ ढ෻റ֮ x փ଺ईսᄎਢڣԲΕԿԼڇ९෷່ݶΖྥۖΔګऱش ೴֗঎ᢅཎΖچխࣟڇৰլؓ݁(ߠቹ 6) ΔՕຟႃխ ౛ጐհ ່׌૞ऱሎᙁᗏறΕᗏᅁ࿇ሽՈսਢഗሉሽᐗऱ׌૞ڶല૿ᜯࠎᏁ؈ᘝ֗ึܛ౨ᄭف࣍ਢೈԱ֏ ഏྤऄᕣຒച۩ࠇຟᤜࡳ஼ࢬٽૉᜤۖڂΔڤփΔ٤෺ᝫ૞૿ኙ ࿇ሽֱڣ ࠐ 5-10آڇऱ෼ኔംᠲ؆Δֲ xi ऱ CO2 ྇ၦؾᑑΔঞ٤෺ CO2 ඈ࣋ၦսᄎ਍ᥛᏺޣΖ ૞ ᧭ە٤ऱڜ౨ᄭࠎᚨ ᘭߦዿᑻ൓׌ Richard Smalley ඒ඄ᎁ੡ڣ Ζ2003ף 2.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Physical Processes in the Interstellar Medium
    Physical Processes in the Interstellar Medium Ralf S. Klessen and Simon C. O. Glover Abstract Interstellar space is filled with a dilute mixture of charged particles, atoms, molecules and dust grains, called the interstellar medium (ISM). Understand- ing its physical properties and dynamical behavior is of pivotal importance to many areas of astronomy and astrophysics. Galaxy formation and evolu- tion, the formation of stars, cosmic nucleosynthesis, the origin of large com- plex, prebiotic molecules and the abundance, structure and growth of dust grains which constitute the fundamental building blocks of planets, all these processes are intimately coupled to the physics of the interstellar medium. However, despite its importance, its structure and evolution is still not fully understood. Observations reveal that the interstellar medium is highly tur- bulent, consists of different chemical phases, and is characterized by complex structure on all resolvable spatial and temporal scales. Our current numerical and theoretical models describe it as a strongly coupled system that is far from equilibrium and where the different components are intricately linked to- gether by complex feedback loops. Describing the interstellar medium is truly a multi-scale and multi-physics problem. In these lecture notes we introduce the microphysics necessary to better understand the interstellar medium. We review the relations between large-scale and small-scale dynamics, we con- sider turbulence as one of the key drivers of galactic evolution, and we review the physical processes that lead to the formation of dense molecular clouds and that govern stellar birth in their interior. Universität Heidelberg, Zentrum für Astronomie, Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik, Albert-Ueberle-Straße 2, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany e-mail: [email protected], [email protected] 1 Contents Physical Processes in the Interstellar Medium ...............
    [Show full text]
  • Oregon Star Party Advanced Observing List
    Welcome to the OSP Advanced Observing List In a sincere attempt to lure more of you into trying the Advanced List, each object has a page telling you what it is, why it’s interesting to observe, and the minimum size telescope you might need to see it. I’ve included coordinates, the constellation each object is located in, and either a chart or photo (or both) showing what the object looks like and how it’s situated in the sky. All you have to do is observe and enjoy the challenge. Stretch your skill and imagination - see something new, something unimaginably old, something unexpected Even though this is a challenging list, you don’t need 20 years of observing experience or a 20 inch telescope to be successful – although in some cases that will help. The only way to see these cool objects for yourself is to give them a go. Howard Banich, The minimum aperture listed for each object is a rough estimate. The idea is to Chuck Dethloff and show approximately what size telescope might be needed to successfully observe Matt Vartanian that particular object. The range is 3 to 28 inches. collaborated on this The visibility of each object assumes decently good OSP observing conditions. year’s list. Requirements to receive a certificate 1. There are 14 objects to choose from. Descriptive notes and/or sketches that clearly show you observed 10 objects are needed to receive the observing certificate. For instance, you can mark up these photos and charts with lines and arrows, and add a few notes describing what you saw.
    [Show full text]
  • OCTOBER 2009 OBSERVER Inside the the Chill’S A-Comin’ Observer
    THE DENVER OBSERVER OCTOBER 2009 OBSERVER Inside the The Chill’s a-Comin’ Observer President’s Corner........................... 2 Society Directory............................. 2 Prelude Lake................................... 3 New Scope Operator......................... 5 New Members.................................. 5 Astronomical League....................... 6 NASA’S Space Place......................... 7 Schedule of Events.............. back page Calendar 4.................................................... Full moon BUT NOWHERE NEAR THE TEMPERATURE INSIDE THE MU CEPHEI NEBULA 11..................................... Last quarter moon CLOUD, IC 1396 IN CEPHEUS, WHERE A FRIGID -290ᵒ AWAITS A STELLAR ADVENTURER 17.................................................. New moon Joe used an SBIG ST-2000XM ccd camera with a 110mm Mamiya RZ lens at f/5.6. Please contact Joe for more technical details. The bright orange star is Mu Cephei, the Garnet Star; 24........................ Colorado Astronomy Day the Elephant Trunk nebula portion is right of center. 25.................................... First quarter moon Image copyright 2009 Joe Gafford OCTOBER SKIES by Dennis Cochran upiter is already up in the south when darkness descends, situated along Alpha Aquarius, the star at the top of the arc of that constellation. Above it J the top left of Capricornus’ goat-ee jester grin. Above Jupiter and the a short way and a bit west is the slightly brighter red star, Enif, at the end of Goat is the water jug of Aquarius, in case you’ve ever wondered where one of Pegasus’ legs. Just northwest of Enif is M15, one of the best globulars this elusive constellation lies. Wasn’t there an Age of Aquarius? Perhaps that on the list. If you then drop from Enif or M15, straight south about 2/3 of was when the New Age movement was born.
    [Show full text]
  • Chromospheric Activity Induced by Short-Period Planets a Search for Modulation of Ca II H &; K Emission
    Chromospheric Activity Induced by Short-Period Planets A Search for Modulation of Ca II H &; K Emission by Evgenya Shkolnik B.Sc. (Physics and Mathematics), Dalhousie University, 1998 M.Sc. (Astronomy), The University of British Columbia, 2000 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in The Faculty of Graduate Studies (Department of Physics and Astronomy) We accept this thesis as conforming to the required standard THE UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA December 4, 2003 © Evgenya Shkolnik, 2003 Abstract I have detected the first evidence of magnetic interaction between an extra- solar planet and its parent star. Of the > 100 extrasolar planets discovered to date, approximated 20% of them are '51 Peg'-type with a Jupiter-mass planet orbiting within 0.1 As- tronomical Units. The systems with the tightest orbits (P orb < 5 days) offer the best opportunity to observe a tidal or magnetic interaction between the planet and its parent star. Stellar chromospheric activity could be modu- lated in two ways. For magnetic interaction, the modulation is predicted to be at the orbital period with enhancement near the sub-planetary point (</> = 0). Tidal interaction would stimulate activity with a period of Porb/2 with enhancements near both <j> — 0 and 0.5. The Ca II H & K line reversals at 3968 and 3933 A are the best chro- mospheric activity indicators visible from the ground. I observed the H & K emission cores of five sun-like stars with short period planets: r Boo, HD179949, HD 209458, 51 Peg and v And.
    [Show full text]
  • The Observer
    The Observer The Official Publication of the Lehigh Valley Amateur Astronomical Society https://lvaas.org/ https://www.facebook.com/lvaas.astro September, 2019 Volume 59 Issue 09 1 The Elephant Trunk nebula in constellation Cepheus, imaged in narrowband (H alpha, SII, and OIII); 10 minute exposures (30 frames of H alpha, 16 frames O3, 17 frames S3) for just over 10 hours cumulative exposure time. I processed in DSS and photoshop and used a modified Hubble palette (SHO) where green is changed to a more pleasing gold color. Imaged by Jason Zicherman. Cover image: The Dumbbell nebula by Jason Zicherman Date of acquisition: 7/11,7/13,7/20, 2019; H alpha 600 second exposures x 10; luminosity 300 seconds exposure x 15, RGB 300 seconds x 15 each; processed in Deep sky stacker and Photoshop; Acquired with Sequence Generator Pro and PHD2; H alpha data was layered on top of LRGB as an additional Luminosity layer. Tec 140 f7 scope on Astrophysics 1100 Goto mount, TEC 0.9x flattener/reducer. Camera: QSI 685 wsg; Astrodon filters, off axis guider: Ultrastar 2 ad ast ra*********************************************** Have you visited Pulpit Rock lately (or ever)? If not, you are missing out on one of the greatest benefits of LVAAS membership. We will all probably remember this summer for the excessive rain that we experienced in the beginning of the season, and the record-breaking heat in July, but let's also remember the really fine evenings we had for several LVAAS events on the mountain. M eg a M eet We only needed to reschedule Mega Meet once this year, but the revised date crept up and surprised me.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2003
    Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. German Aerospace Center Institute of Planetary Research SECTION: “PHYSICS OF SMALL BODIES AND EXTRA-SOLAR PLANETS” Annual Report 2003 OBSERVATIONS MODELLIN G FIREWATCH TECHNOLOGY SPACE MISSIONS http://solarsystem.dlr.de/KK 0 From left to right: First row: Detlef de Niem [email protected] Scientific staff member Dr. Alan W. Harris [email protected] Deputy section leader Dr. Anders Erikson1 [email protected] Scientific staff member Dr. Carmen Tornow [email protected] Scientific staff member Second row: Holger Voss1 [email protected] PhD student Dr. Gerhard Hahn [email protected] Scientific staff member Prof. U. Motschmann [email protected] Guest scientist Dr. Heike Rauer1 [email protected] Group leader Dr. Ekkehard Kührt [email protected] Section leader Dr. Jörg Knollenberg [email protected] Scientific staff member Rosemarie Mooseder Secretary (retired) Michael Müller [email protected] PhD student Martin Prescher Guest student Egon Braatz [email protected] Technical staff member Not appearing in the photo: Dr. Stefano Mottola [email protected] Scientific staff member Ralph Kahle [email protected] PhD student Michael Weiler 1 [email protected] PhD student Stephanie Werner [email protected] PhD student 1 Group: Extrasolar planets and cometary atmospheres 1 Contents Contents................................................................................................................................ 2 1. Introduction (E. Kührt)....................................................................................................... 3 2. Asteroid science................................................................................................................ 4 2.1 Keck thermal-infrared observations of near-Earth asteroids (A. W. Harris)..................... 4 2.2 Investigations of the physical properties of near-Earth asteroids with data from the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (A.
    [Show full text]
  • October 2020 BRAS Newsletter
    A Neowise Comet 2020, photo by Ralf Rohner of Skypointer Photography Monthly Meeting October 12th at 7:00 PM, via Jitsi (Monthly meetings are on 2nd Mondays at Highland Road Park Observatory, temporarily during quarantine at meet.jit.si/BRASMeets). GUEST SPEAKER: Tom Field, President of Field Tested Systems and Contributing Editor for Sky & Telescope Magazine. His presentation is on Astronomical Spectra. What's In This Issue? President’s Message Secretary's Summary Business Meeting Minutes Outreach Report Asteroid and Comet News Light Pollution Committee Report Globe at Night Astro-Photos by BRAS Members Messages from the HRPO REMOTE DISCUSSION Solar Viewing Great Martian Opposition Uranian Opposition Lunar Halloween Party Edge of Night Observing Notes: Cepheus – The King Like this newsletter? See PAST ISSUES online back to 2009 Visit us on Facebook – Baton Rouge Astronomical Society BRAS YouTube Channel Baton Rouge Astronomical Society Newsletter, Night Visions Page 2 of 27 October 2020 President’s Message Happy October. I hope everybody has been enjoying this early cool front and the taste of fall that comes with it. More to our interests, I hope everybody has been enjoying the longer evenings thanks to our entering Fall. Soon, those nights will start even earlier as Daylight Savings time finally ends for the year— unfortunately, it may be the last Standard Time for some time. Legislation passed over the summer will mandate Louisiana doing away with Standard time if federal law allows, and a bill making it’s way through the US senate right not aims to do just that: so, if you prefer earlier sunsets, take the time to write your congressmen before it’s too late.
    [Show full text]
  • Fixed Stars Interview with Diana K. Rosenberg by Edith Hathaway, USA
    Fixed Stars Interview with Diana K. Rosenberg By Edith Hathaway, USA ob Hand calls Diana K. Rosenberg “the leading authority on Fixed Stars.” She has spent the past 30 years researching the subject of Fixed Stars. Her primary interest R has always been research and teaching, rather than the consulting side of astrology. Her preferred astrological techniques outside of the realm of Fixed Stars include Uranian Astrology (90 Degree Dial, Planetary Pictures, etc.), Derived Houses, Planetary Nodes, and Solstice Points. Diana has been a resident of New York City her entire life, while my residence in NYC spanned only 7 years, and I moved westwards in the USA in Feb. 1983. Our paths first crossed in 1982 when I was a student in Diana’s Uranian Astrology classes in Manhattan, NY. From 1988 to the early 1990s I made a gradual shift from Uranian (tropical) to Vedic (sidereal) astrology, a subject Diana always intended to study, but Fixed Stars came to take up all of her time. She has always been fascinated with very ancient things, and the study of antiquity. A different portion of this interview, mainly on Fixed Stars, is being published simultaneously by ISAR Journal (Journal of the International Society for Astrological Research), both print and On-line versions. See http://www.isarastrology.com. This larger interview at Saptarishis covers only a few pages of the same material, but also much more from Diana on stars. It segues at times into a dialogue between us about Fixed stars, mundane astrology, the Vedic nakshatras, and the two zodiacs – tropical and sidereal (items #12 through 14), also about her life and birth chart, including my commentary on her Vedic chart, at her request (item #16).
    [Show full text]
  • NGC-7023 (Caldwell 4) (LBN 487) the Iris Nebula in Cepheus Introduction the Purpose of the Observer’S Challenge Is to Encourage the Pursuit of Visual Observing
    MONTHLY OBSERVER’S CHALLENGE Las Vegas Astronomical Society Compiled by: Roger Ivester, Boiling Springs, North Carolina & Fred Rayworth, Las Vegas, Nevada With special assistance from: Rob Lambert, Las Vegas, Nevada October 2012 NGC-7023 (Caldwell 4) (LBN 487) The Iris Nebula in Cepheus Introduction The purpose of the observer’s challenge is to encourage the pursuit of visual observing. It is open to everyone that is interested, and if you are able to contribute notes, drawings, or photographs, we will be happy to include them in our monthly summary. Observing is not only a pleasure, but an art. With the main focus of amateur astronomy on astrophotography, many times people tend to forget how it was in the days before cameras, clock drives, and GOTO. Astronomy depended on what was seen through the eyepiece. Not only did it satisfy an innate curiosity, but it allowed the first astronomers to discover the beauty and the wonderment of the night sky. Before photography, all observations depended on what the astronomer saw in the eyepiece, and how they recorded their observations. This was done through notes and drawings and that is the tradition we are stressing in the observers challenge. By combining our visual observations with our drawings, and sometimes, astrophotography (from those with the equipment and talent to do so), we get a unique understanding of what it is like to look through an eyepiece, and to see what is really there. The hope is that you will read through these notes and become inspired to take more time at the eyepiece studying each object, and looking for those subtle details that you might never have noticed before.
    [Show full text]
  • Small Wonders: Quick Peeks – Cepheus Tom Trusock – 10 / 08
    Small Wonders: Quick Peeks – Cepheus Tom Trusock – 10 / 08 Small Wonders: Quick Peeks - Cepheus Tom Trusock 10/08 Whaddya mean you can't see a king? Here's the king, his wife and their pet lizard too. Well, his head anyway. High overhead in the autumn sky lies one of the most impressive stars and star forming regions in the galaxy. Both are located in the constellation of Cepheus (the king) which is bordered by Cygnus and Cassiopeia (among others). Cepheus is relatively easy to locate with it's brightest stars forming a the rather distinctive shape of a child's house. To the south of Cepheus, we find the huge stellar nursery IC 1396. At around 2.5 deg by just over 2 deg, this HII region is one of the largest star forming regions in the night sky and occupies around 16 times the area of the full moon. IC 1396 lies some 3000 light years from your backyard - and perhaps only slightly further from mine ;) - on any given night and contains a number of targets in it's own right. This area is packed with deep sky objects. You'll find the Elephant's Trunk Nebula (IC 1396a), the open cluster Trumpler 37, the dark nebulae B161, B367, B163, B162, B160, and B365, various multiple stars, and perhaps most impressive of all, Herschel's Garnet Star - the Variable Mu Cephei - in the region. - 1 - Small Wonders: Quick Peeks – Cepheus Tom Trusock – 10 / 08 Wide field Finder Chart, Facing North - about 9:30pm Early October Targets of Interest - 2 - Small Wonders: Quick Peeks – Cepheus Tom Trusock – 10 / 08 And speaking of Mu, that's a good place to start.
    [Show full text]
  • Star Forming Regions in Cepheus
    Handbook of Star Forming Regions Vol. I Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 2008 Bo Reipurth, ed. Star Forming Regions in Cepheus M´aria Kun Konkoly Observatory, H-1525 Budapest, P.O. Box 67, Hungary Zolt´an T. Kiss Baja Astronomical Observatory, P.O. Box 766, H-6500 Baja, Hungary Zolt´an Balog1 Steward Observatory, University of Arizona, 933 N. Cherry Av., Tucson AZ 85721, USA Abstract. The northern Milky Way in the constellation of Cepheus (100◦ ≤ l ≤ 120◦;0◦ ≤ b ≤ 20◦) contains several star forming regions. The molecular clouds of the Cepheus Flare region at b > 10◦, are sites of low and intermediate mass star for- mation located between 200 and 450 pc from the Sun. Three nearby OB associations, Cep OB2, Cep OB3, Cep OB4, located at 600–800 pc, are each involved in forming stars, like the well known high mass star forming region S140 at 900 pc. The reflection nebula NGC7129 around 1 kpc harbors young, compact clusters of low and intermedi- ate mass stars. The giant star forming complex NGC7538 and the young open cluster NGC7380, associated with the Perseus arm, are located at d> 2 kpc. 1. Overview In this chapter we describe the star forming regions of the constellation of Cepheus. A large scale map of the constellation, with the boundaries defined by IAU overlaid, and the most prominent star forming regions indicated, is shown in Fig. 1. This huge area of the sky, stretching between the Galactic latitudes of about 0◦ and +30◦, contains several giant star forming molecular cloud complexes located at various distances from arXiv:0809.4761v1 [astro-ph] 27 Sep 2008 the Sun.
    [Show full text]
  • Astronomy Magazine 2019 Index
    Astronomy Magazine 2019 Index SUBJECT A Abell 85 (CTB 1) (supernova remnant), 2:70 Abell 370 (galaxy cluster), 1:19, 4:19 Abell 1656 (Coma Cluster of Galaxies), 4:11, 11:74 Abell 2744 (galaxy cluster), 4:19 Abell catalog, 2:58–59 active galactic nuclei (AGNs), 3:58–61. See also black holes Ahuna Mons (feature on Ceres), 10:31–32, 10:34–35 AI (artificial intelligence), using for engineering, 4:18 Albireo (binary star cluster), 10:46 Algol (Beta Persei) (star), 1:18 ALMA. See Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) Almach (binary star system), 10:47 amateur astronomy, discovery of white dwarf with multiple rings, 6:9 ammonia, on Pluto, 10:9 Anders’ Earthrise crater (feature on Moon), 2:13 Andromeda Galaxy (M31) distance to, compared to light received from, 2:69 future collision with Milky Way, 5:66, 6:11 overview of, 6:48–49 regularly erupting nova in, 6:11 antimatter, double-slit experiment using positrons, 9:11 Antlia 2 (dwarf galaxy), 3:13, 10:12 Apep (triple star system), 3:18 Apollo missions astrogeology, 7:70–73 development of spacecraft for, 7:44–47 naming and recognition of Mount Marilyn, 4:44–47 observing landing sites, 7:80–83, 7:84 public relations and pop culture, 7:74–79 seismometers left on Moon, 12:68–69 Apollo 8 mission, craters named for, 2:13 Apollo 9 mission reminiscences of Jim McDivitt, 4:32–35 reminiscences of Rusty SchweicKart, 4:22–31 Apollo 11 mission observing landing site, 7:81, 7:84 overview of, 7:34–43, 7:56–69 photo gallery, 7:56–69 recorded audio, 7:16 reminiscences of Michael Collins, 7:24–33 3-D images of, 7:34–43 Apollo 12 mission retrospective of, 11:18–27, 11:28–35 3-D image of, 11:28–35 Apollo 13 mission, 4:12 Apollo 14 mission, origin of “Big Bertha” rocK collected during, 5:21 Ariel (moon of Uranus), 10:52 Arp 256 (barred spiral galaxies), 2:74 Arp’s Loop, 4:71 Artemis program, announcement of, 9:9 artificial intelligence (AI), using for engineering, 4:18 asterisms.
    [Show full text]