物理雙月刊29-3 621-772.Pdf

物理雙月刊29-3 621-772.Pdf

ᒳृݧ ʳ ౨ᄭઝݾറᙀ ᚮࣔᏕ/֮ Δࢨუ෡Եᛵᇞݺଚشଶಬߨጿጿլឰऱਞ ၦऱࠌ ౨ᄭऱ࿨࣠Δኙ٤෺شॸΔ᠏ณհၴԾࠩԱքΕԮִ መ৫ࠌ ഏᎾၴऱڇऱᐙ᥼ګԳพஒऱ ᛩቼࢬທח᥆࣍ङ୙ऱֲ՗Δ עء۶Δլ݋ោᥦԫՀڕټ᦭ᚰۖࠐΖ ඈچᑷ௡ԫंंլឰ ᨜Δᑷ௡ รԼᒧറ֮ΚψൕഏᎾᛩቼਐᑇ؀؄ࡌ੡௧੉ᛩ៥ऱ ᨜ऱ࿇ሽ౨ᄭ؀ऱᛘ௛Δ ֗ IEA อૠ઎װ൅ထԫैཀհլ݈ ωΔᇠᒧ֮ີტ᝔խᘋՕᖂ܉᨜ऱՕ௛հխΔᨃԳ ։؀ᗺ៥࣍ ᤚ൓ຑ़௛Εຑ௧੉ຟ૞आᤴ ढ෻ߓ୪ւࣳඒ඄࣍ඒᖂઔߒ խࢼ़੡ݺଚᐷᐊΖڦۍऱ ؀Ꭹ୙հᎾΔڼԱΖՈࠌ൓ଖ ᆖᛎࡉഏԺऱ࿇୶זᆏᆏՂ ෼چሽլឰش୽ڞ᨜ऱ ᎅ࠷ެ࣍౨ᄭױሽ ፖ๵ᑓΔ༓׏شڇΔኚ໌೏୽ΖྥۖΔ֒ Δޡݾ๬ऱၞشࠡሎ֗شழΔݺଚՈ੡Օ௛ ऱࠌٵ೏୽ཚऱ ᎅਢԫഏᆖᛎ࿇୶ऱ଺ױCO2 ऱඈ࣋ၦࡉ׈੺ᄵ৛யᚨ ౨ᄭ ٺΔ౨ᄭᤜᠲኙ࣍ڼڂऱ༞֏ΔထኔఎՀԱլ֟լߜ ೯ԺΖ ࡳࢤެڶᏆ഑ऱ࿇୶ࠠٺڇ෺ᄊ֏ ഏچຒףԱګऱધᙕΔՈ ߪᣂএࠩԫ౳षᄎՕฒऱ壂ઘࡉֲൄढ֊ޓயᚨऱ׌૞ං֫հԫΖ ऱᐙ᥼Δ ฒاڇवኙ࣍ Ꮭऱं೯ΖᅝഏᎾईᏝՂཆΔഏփढᏝঁஓஓױݺଚ੡ࠆ࠹ԫաऱ堚ළፖঁ൸հᎾΔڇ ՂይΖچ᨜Δ ऱ঩ৼᜢխᆥྤݲᐫ؀ᇷᄭᤖ៲ຆ׎Δ౨ᄭ༓׏٤ᑇٛᘸၞՑऱྥ֚ 9 ڣ ࣍ 2005ޓࠐΔ׈੺ईᏝᆏᆏ֒೏Δڣၦথբ २༓شࢬ௣౛ऱؓ݁ሽၦࡉ౨ᄭࠌڣޢԳޢݺଚ ද೏࣍ US$70 ऱ໌ޢࠐऱᖵ׾ᄅ೏Δሒڣۍሽ ִٝડధڇ౨ᄭΕڇ᨜؀׈੺ऱছૄΜૉ൞უ઎઎ڇټਢඈ ᄭ۞ᖏञࡉైڂຝ։ڶᄅ೏ધᙕΖ׈੺ईᏝऱं೯ឈ ᚮࣔᏕ ౨ᄭف෺Ղ֏چլ؆׏ਢڂ׼ԫ׌૞଺܀ਙएࠃٙΔ 堚ဎՕᖂढ෻ߓمഏ ڶईΕ֚ྥ௛ࡉᅁ࿛౨ᄭᗏற)ऱᤖ៲ၦึߒفऑਐ) E-mail: [email protected] ฾ࢤΔ׊ૉشऱ౨ᄭࠌڶૻΖറ୮ေ۷ૉ௅ᖕԳᣊ෼ Ϯ621Ϯʳ քִʳڣ ˊ˃˃˅ʻ֥԰࠴Կཚʼʳעढ෻ᠨִ ᒳृݧ ༚ྼऱ᝟ႨΖᅝᓫᓵᇠ֘ுΛࢨਢᇠᖑுΛംᠲڶۖ ࠩބயऱᆏ౨ֱூΔࢨլᕣݶ༈ڶإటנ༼౨آᙈᙈ ෻ᇞு౨ᗏறऱ፹ທመچհছΔषᄎՕฒᚨᇠ٣堚ᄑ ڶ෺Ղೈᅁᇷᄭࡸچ౨ᄭऱᇩΔঞזࠠ೏ய෷հཙ ਩؆ਜ਼ழऱۆுᘿ୴֗א଺෻Δ܂࿓ࡉு౨࿇ሽऱՠ فईࡉ֚ྥ௛࿛֏فڕהऱᤖ៲ၦ؆Δࠡ׳ؐڣ 200 ෻ࢤড়ᨠऱኪ৫੡אթ౨ڼڕୌࠄΔڶՂऱ׈੺ ߻ᥨൻਜࠩࢍאڣ ౨ྤऄ֭ᐶመ 50ױၦቃ۷ژᗏறऱᚏ ཚ௽ءΔڼڂᖗΖހᒔऱإԫנு౨࿇ሽ೚شࠌܡၦΖ ਢޣ౨ᄭ᜔Ꮑ ሽֆ׹ுԿᐗૠቤิ९೏ದ໑Փऱᑷ֧֨؀ᗏ ܑຘመف׊᠏ངய෷ለ೏հႚอ֏܅ءګΔᆖᛎۖྥ ሽֆ׹ு౨࿇ሽ؀ኔ೭ᆖ᧭ऱڣڍڶࠩԱٍࠠބऱሽ౨ ៺Δشऴ൷ࠌאԫ౳Օฒ൓ګ᠏ངڇΔشறऱࠌ ،੡ݺଚ੡֮റ૪ψࢢسࢨᑷ౨ऱመ࿓խΔᄎ ๠ு֨ᛜሎᓰᓰ९׆ᐚᆠ٣(شԺ࿇ሽ)Ε೯౨(ሎᙁ־อጠ) ॺൄ෍᧩࣐ᚩऱאԱᇞ،--ு౨࿇ሽ෍ᓫωΔᇠ֮ڕլ ۆᎨॸΔᖄીᣤૹऱᛩቼګඈ࣋Օၦऱᄵ৛௛᧯ࡉݮ ຝ๠෻ٺᎅࣔԱு౨࿇ሽऱچ੡ᦰृ堚ᄑڗ෺ऱؓ݁ᄵ৫ 壄᥸֮چ਩ࡉֲ᝟ᣤૹऱᄵ৛யᚨΔၞۖᖄી ኪؓᘝ ੌ࿓ࡉுᗏறՄऱ፹ທመ࿓Δਢԫᒧॺൄଖ൓ԫᦰऱسऱڶ෺ऱ۞ྥᛩቼࡉ଺چኙۖڂດዬՂ֒Ζ ኪᛩቼ૿ ֮ີΖس෺ऱچऱᣤૹᓢᚰΔࠌڃனױլګؘലທ ٤ᤜᠲǵഏᎾ଺ईᏝ௑ࡺ೏լڜईفᜯ؎ՕऱਗᖏΖ ࠹ࠩ٤෺ ՂഏᎾၴ๵ᒤᄵ৛௛᧯ඈ࣋྇ၦࢭᘭհᛩঅֆףࡉ௛ଢऱ᧢ᔢࢬທ ՀΔ᧢ޏኙᛩቼऱشᣂ౨ᄭሎڶ ڂᛩঅრᢝ೏ይ࿛֗אඔ೯Δڤإऱᐙ᥼ຍଡૹ૞ᤜᠲΔݺଚ௽ܑࡡᓮՠᄐݾ๬ઔߒ પψࠇຟᤜࡳ஼ωګ ੡ԳᣊؘߨհሁΖ۶ᘯګ౨ᄭسᡖᐚ ైऱᓢᚰՀΔං೯٦ۂ(Հ១ጠՠઔೃ౨ᛩࢬא)ೃ౨ᄭፖᛩቼઔߒࢬ ౨ᄭ࿇ሽωٍ௽ᆖسรքᒧറ֮ψ٦עء౨ᄭΛس٦ ཚറ֮ᓫᓵψᄵ৛௛᧯྇ၦፖᄅ౨ᄭઝء໑Փ੡ ઔߒࢬ౨ᄭઔٽ᨜ሽԺֆ׹ጵ؀ᥛ࿇୶ፖ௛ଢ᧢ᔢωၴլ ೏ದ໑Փ֧៺ΔࡡᓮةݾωΔࠀ௽ܑ׼֮൶ಘψ ഏለٺኙؾছ׈੺س༉࿇ ߒ৛ᇷ෡ᖲඳՠ࿓ஃᔤႁഘ٣ڣ 1972 ڇڰഏٽ໑Փൕᜤۂ։ऱյ೯ᣂএΖױ ౨ᄭ࿇ሽऱֱऄ֜ၺ౨Εଅسԫ ᗨᄕၲ࿇ऱԮՕᣊ٦م৬ٵԳᣊ٥ق।ऱψԳᣊ৙ߢωᓫದΔࠀᎅࣔ৙ ܂Εं௡Ε௧੉ᄵ஁࿛࿇ሽۄᔆ౨ΕᑪسᑷΕچኪᛩቼհૹ૞ࢤΔᅮআՠᄐ֏ഏ୮ࡉၲ࿇ ԺΕسଡ೜ൈऱ റ֮ឈਢԫᒧ᜔ᓵࢤऱ֮ڼߓอऱ᜔ᥦΖڶᥛ࿇ Աԫଡةόڇ෺ऱ࿇୶៴ቹΖچࠐآխഏ୮ᚨ᥋֫๵ቤ ऱഏփΕ؆ઔ࿇᝟ڤᣊ࿇ሽֱٺԱܶץխথ֮܀৵ΔᛩቼΕ ີΔנ༼୶ύΰSustainable Developmentαऱᄗ࢚ آ੒೯հၴऱᓤᠧᣂຑၲࡨ࠹ࠩყࠐ ႨΕขᄐ෼उΕၲ࿇ᑨԺΕᆖᛎய墿Εං೯࿜ฃࡉז௛ଢፖԳᣊ෼ ౨ᄭسኙ࣍ॣ൷ᤛ٦ڼڂऱૹီΖ ࠐ୶ඨ࿛׌૞ႈؾऱտฯΔڍყ ڤሽֆ׹ऱ࿇ሽֱ؀ΖܗᄕՕऱᚥڶլ୲࣐ᓮ ઝݾऱԵ॰ᎁᢝړԺ࿇ሽᤜᠲΔঞ־ᗏறऱفᣂ֏ڶۖ ਢڂ౨ᄭ࿇ሽΖ଺س٦ה࣍ࠡم։ᣊΔലֽԺ࿇ሽᗑ سխ࿇ሽᐗሎ᠏ᓰᆖ෻്ၞ࿇٣؀᨜ሽԺֆ׹؀ࠩ ԺሽᐗሽԺലՀ־࡙ၴհᠦ୽شԺሽᐗࠌֽڤԺ࿇ሽሎ᠏ᆖ᧭Δ ࢼ፝־ኔ೭ऱڣڍԲԼהאխΔڦۍ࣍ ౨ᄭΖᘋ৬Օীֽ஄سΔਚլ٨Ե٦ۃհֽࢼࠩՂۃ ۆԺ࿇ሽࡉࠡ־੡֮տฯψעء੡ڗ壄᥸෍᧩ऱ֮א ΔਚഏᎾՂ׽ല՛ীڍ࿇ሽ੡׌Δ׊ᛩঅञᤜאխ࿇ሽᐗਢ׈੺࿇ሽၦ່Օऱ༓ଡ Ծॺ؀਩߻एωΖᖕᎅ ౨ᄭΖس࿇ሽᐗհԫΖ ֽԺሽᐗូԵ٦ ଺܂౨ᄭऱՠسጟ٦ٺ෡Եᛵᇞޓঞਢ଺੡ԳԳ໗ؚ ੡ࠌՕฒ౨ڤ෼ၸ੄׼ԫૹ૞ऱ࿇ሽֱ ඈԱڜ௽ܑޓעറءࢬᄎᔡሖऱംᠲΔٻ૿ٺڇऱு౨࿇ሽΖԳଚኙு౨࿇ሽᄭ۞ኙ଺՗ᐘऱஎ᥈Δ ෻ࡉ ౨ᄭΚسտฯՀ٨؄ጟ٦چޡᤕ঎߫ᘭֺፖભഏԿେ୾ࠟஆுሽᐗऱრ؆ࠃ ؄ᒧറ֮։ܑၞԫ֗א ᛜሎᓰ׌ጥᜎܓሽֆ׹࿇ሽ๠ֽ؀ط਩ࣄထᄕൎՕऱࣂࠫࡉ (1) ֽԺ࿇ሽΚۆฒኙுᘿ୴اીԫ౳אਚΔ ᐷᐊسᖲࡉ٤෺ᄊ֏ംᠲֲ᝟ ய്֚ᅗ٣ٲ౨ᄭڂඈࢴ֘ᚨΖ෼վ׈੺ ՠઔೃ౨ᛩࢬᄅ౨ᄭݾ๬ิଅطݾ๬Κشு౨ሽᐗၲࡨດዬ࠹ࠩᨫؾΔ (2) ଅ౨ᚨזࠐรԿڣᣤૹΔਚ२ Ϯʳˉ˅˅ʳϮʳ քִʳڣ ˊ˃˃˅ʻ֥԰࠴Կཚʼʳעढ෻ᠨִ ᒳृݧ ໑Փऱۘ༼ᅮᖄࡉኔᔆᘣ۞ۂڶԺፖ֜ၺᑷ౨ઔߒ৛೫ઔߒ୉ຫભᥞ՛ࡦച࿝ ਍ᥛၞ۩հᎾΔᙟழ ໑Փࠐሽᅮআࡉழ࿓ऱۂ؆Δૉլਢڼ՞ ೶ፖऱಥ᣸Ζټઔߒ୉ᔤإၺ౨࿇ሽ១տΚՠઔೃ౨ᛩࢬ֜ (3) ΔଡڼڂႨؘ᎟᎟ྤཚΔֲענཚऱء໑Փᐷᒚ ༼ᙌΔࠉݺ઎ ء໑ՓΔඏԳࢗ੡ۂཚኔᔆऱ׌ᒳ෻ᅝូ࣍ء෍ᓫݺഏ௧੉౨ᄭհၲ࿇ছནΚՠઔೃ౨ᛩࢬᇷ Գᎁ੡ (4) ᠱΖۀ׌ᒳ੷ਢע ᄭݾ๬ิิ९ᠱݳ೛໑Փࡉࠡิփհ௧੉ઝݾ৛ ሽֆ׹ுԿᐗૠ྽ิ؀೭ؘ૞ტ᝔ऱਢۯᒳᐊΖ ׼ԫٵ೫ઔߒ୉ஊऒᖧ՛ࡦ٥ ᐷᐊ֮ີΔעء౨൓़੡آᔆ౨ ิ९೏ದ໑ՓΔ೏໑Փឈسݺଚᝩᓫ२ཚഏփ໴ີᠧ፾ᆖൄ໴ᖄऱڻڼ ሽֆ׹փᐖऑऱԳ౧ᣂএፖᑷ֨؀ڇຘመ೏໑Փ܀ յઌڼᐋ૿࢖ڍࠩ๺ވᔆ౨࿇ሽऱၲ࿇෰سڂ࿇ሽΔ ሽऱ؀ڇۯᝮᓮࠩԿא൓עءඈՀΔࠌ൓ڜΖ ऱᜤ࿮ࡉڤ࿇ሽֱڼࠀլ௽ܑտฯڼڇ෰ࠫऱඕტᤜᠲΔਚ ኔ೭ᆖ᧭ऱᇷ෡ՠ࿓ஃ༼ࠎറ֮໴ڣڍڶ਩ࡉ௛ଢऱ᧢ᔢ ขሽᒵՂۆᗏற࿇ሽኙᛩቼऱف࣍֏ط سխ࿇ሽᐗሎ᠏ᓰᓰ९്ၞ࿇٣؀ሽֆ׹؀؆ڼሀ ᖄΖګഏᎾࡉᛩঅิ៣ิڍࢬ൅ࠐऱᣤૹ৖ౡΔᦀࠌ๺ Ժ࿇ሽᐗழࢬ࿨ᢝΔհ־խ؀೶๶س൅ᖂڣװڂഏೈ ঞਢٺᚨൻਜΖڂഏቸၷၞ۩ઔߒΔᗨᄕ๵ቤᔞᅝऱ ෻ᘸؼऱྤ֖ړऄഠࢴྤڇ֖ࣛΔ്ᓰ९ړ੡ګ৵ঁ س٦ش౨ᄭΔࠀඒߛՕฒࠌזᄅऱཙބીԺ࣍ᗨᄕ༈ ऱवᢝהנհխಥ᣸ڦۍ౨ᄭ ᝮપᚘԺՀΔլ൓լ࿠ᚨ࣍شԳଚመ৫ࠌ᧢ޏૹ૞ऱਢޓ౨ᄭऱᨠ࢚Δྥۖ ऱ฾ࢤΔਚᗨᄕൎ֏ԫ౳Օฒᆏપ౨ᄭऱ฾ࢤΔթਢ ࡉ֮ີፖՕ୮։ࠆΖ ऱᔹڍޓ֧ܮאᦰࢤࡉભᨠࢤΔױཚऱءऱᇞެհሐΖ ੡༼೏ءؾছ່௅ ऱছࠟၜඏԳྤᆏࠫ(6/25)ֲענ଺ૡڇᦰृΔਚᜯ ܗជ᥆ඏԳഏઝᄎૠ྽ூՀऱറٚޣᒳ৵ტߢፖી᝔ ऱ࡛უΔડྥ૞ ڶԫᒧറ֮๻ૠԫ଄ፖ֮ີփ୲ޢᒳᙀ۶࡯஼ඒ඄ ෻Ꮵ༡ੳ՛ࡦ੡᜔עࢍ൷ᛧढ෻ᠨִڣڣװ۞ ء଺ڇભՠ༺଄Ζլࠠ෻ՠહནऱ༡ੳլႛۥΔીࠌຍ༓ଡ ᣂऱ൑܂ཚ׌ᒳऱٚ೭ࡉՠڼऱਐ੔Δࢭ൷Ա ٤ྥࠀլᛵᇞ౨ᄭઝݾΔՈ޲ሽᆰભՠ๻ૠऱഗ៕Հ ౨ᄭംᠲ౳ऱާૹᚘԺพᡶ࣍֨ٵڕထڶࠐԫऴִ Ε֨شऱᎁటΕചထΕڔ࣍طΔڼڕࠌܛ܀඄ࡎΖٲհ ᜯענലܛעءվ઎ထڕխΔጹᚘ൓Գ໙լመ௛ࠐΖ ૹᚌរՀΔݺଚึ࣍੡Լᒧڍᜣᗩፖࠠཕᐝऱભტ࿛ נΕګݙܓႉא൓עറءᎾΔထኔᠾԱՑ௛ΖྥۖΔ ऱעཚءழ๻ૠԱٵԱભᣝऱ༺଄Δࠀګറᠲ֮ີݙ ۯऱݺԫࡳ૞ტ᝔؄ټԱנ܂ࣆֶՠאٻΔኙ࣍ԫע ᖂ฾壄壀ࡉ๻ૠ౨م༡ੳլఠլٖऱᗑڶ৞૿Ζ޲ עءࡉ֭਍Δઌॾܗ٤Ժऱགۯଚ؄הڶԳΔૉ޲֖ ౨֟ԱԫࠄᦰױՈڼڂԱભტΔ֟ঁעཚറءΖ ԺΔענܓؘࡳ੷ᣄႉ Ζܗԫࡳ૞௽ܑტ᝔༡ੳऱ߬໎ࡉ࠰ڼڇΔڼڂᡖᐚ໑ՓΔՈਢ ृΖۂ૞ტ᝔ऱਢՠઔೃ౨ᛩࢬۯଈ ڻհ؆ΔՈ૞௽ܑტ᝔᜔ᒳᙀ۶࡯஼ඒ඄ኚڼΖհছඏԳឈൄۘፊ ೈृ܂ཚรԫΕԲᒧढ෻റ֮ऱء ענཚऱء࢏ᙈچრݺԫۖ٦Ε٦ۖԿٵچམຏመሽ ঠ੡ࠡᣄآߠመࠡԳΔ੷۟آլႛൕ܀Δټ໑ՓՕۂ ࿇چૹᓤऱீᒚመ࿓խΔ᜔ਢᄎլឰڻ࣍ྤᑇط؄ִࢍնִॣቔದԱট௛ᐸԱԫຏሽᇩ࿯ై ֲΖڣᇩΔվ հᚾءᒚऱࢬᘯ່৵ठ֮ޏޓԫ٦ڼڂ໑Փᝮ ෼ᄅऱᙑᎄΔۂٻ໑Փၞ۩ᝮᒚࠃࡵΖ଺׽ཚඨۂᘩ૿ऱآ ᒳᙀעᠨִٻ૞ڼڇ໑Փլ ூΔࠌ൓ᒳᙀຝ॰լ໏ࠡឫΖਚۂথฆუլࠩ܀൓ԫᒧ֮ີՈ༉֨የრߩԱΔ ຏᝮ Գ୉႓ࠕ॒՛ࡦࡉ്ිख़՛ࡦીՂ່෡ऱዙრࡉტڼຘመޓΔ܂࿠ᚨԱࠟᒧ֮ີऱᐷᐊՠچႛ෯ݶ ୲ࡉ᧯ᓪΖץଚऱה੡ ᝔Δტ᝔זΔעءܗ໑Փຶྥ׌೯࠰ۂᒚሽᇩΔᑷ֨ฐൣऱ ᣂ٦ڶ׼؆ᝮપԱ֜ၺ౨ΕଅԺࡉ௧੉౨࿇ሽ࿛Կᒧ ੡ᝮᒚࠃࡵᠾԱԫՑچ౨ᄭຝ։ऱറ֮ΔᨃݺՕՕس ܂٤ຝ֮ີऱփ୲๵ቤΕீᒚፖඈݧՠڇ৵Δڼ௛Ζ Ϯ623Ϯʳ քִʳڣ ˊ˃˃˅ʻ֥԰࠴Կཚʼʳעढ෻ᠨִ ढ෻റ֮ - ௛ଢ᧢ᔢፖ౨ᄭઝݾ ᄵ৛௛᧯྇ၦፖᄅ౨ᄭઝݾ ᡖᐚۂ/֮ ੒ؘႊ૞౨ፂ਍೯ኪऱᔆ౨س/ژسढ੷۟۞ྥ੺ՈԫᑌΖԳ૞سԳᣊऱٚ۶੒೯ຟᏁ૞೯ԺࠐᄭΔ ਣ᧯ΔࠡՂ៿።ᜳᜳऱՕ௛ᐋ)Δۥऱ៴႓ጸԿګ௧੉ΕઓՒ֗ཬ๯ࢬิط।چ)෺چᘝΖݺଚࢬࡺ۰ऱؓ ᖲ᧯Ζڶ੡ԫଡ౨۞׌ᓳᆏ।૿ᔆ౨ؓᘝऱ؎Օ Ե֗౨ᄭ௣၄ऱᑇၦ।ދԫ௽ࡳழၴփऱ౨ᄭڇ ౨ᄭΕ౨ၦ᠏ངፖԳᣊ੒೯ .1 ࣍ॺ౨ش᠏֏ࢨሎᙁመ࿓խऱჾ؈֗ڇਔץΔق ෺ၜཚࢤऱൕ֜ၺ߷ᇙᡸ൓၌መ 99.9% ऱ౨چ شۿԵΖψᑷؓᘝωਢԫᣊދຜऱ౨ᄭढᔆشढ੺ ᄭسऱᄵ৛யᚨΔፂ਍ԱسၦΔჸ಻ՂՕ௛ᐋࢬข ࢬႊऱ௛ଢයٙΖ ፿Ζژس i 1.1. ࡳᆠ ౨ᄭ១տشԳᣊࠌ .1.2 ᠏֏ࢨ᠏ངመ࿓৵ᚨطࢨᆖش౨ʳ ʳ ᄭΚऴ൷ᚨ (1) ۾)෺।૿ऱ౨ၦ༓׏٤ࠐ۞֜ၺऱᘿ୴౨چ ωڤ౨ᄭΙψ౨ᄭωΕψ౨ၦω֗ψ౨ᄭݮڶऱࢬش ᑷ౨چऱژᚏ֨چ෺փຝچ๺ࠐ۞֟ڶΔᝫ(99.98% ਢઌຏऱΖڼڇ ෺۞᠏֗چ)ၦ࠹֚᧯ሎ೯֟ޓ֗אΔ(%0.018 ۾પ) ᠏֏ࢨ᠏אףآ౨ᄭΚࢨጠψ଺ࡨ౨ᄭωΔࡸ్ॣ (2) ፖଅ౨(լߩ 0.002%)Ζ֜ၺۄ෺)֧࿇ऱᑪچ෺៥ִ ང๠෻ऱ౨ᄭΖ Δ༓׏ڣΔ۷ૠᝫ౨٦ፂ਍પ 50 Ꮩڣપ 50 Ꮩڇژբ شܓ౨ᄭωΔس౨ᄭωΕψ૜్ڻԲ్౨ᄭΚࢨጠψ (3) Գᣊ੒೯ழ़խࠡזऱ෼ۯ੡໢ڣۍՏאڇᎅאױ ᠏֏ࢨ᠏ང๠෻৵אףԲ్౨ᄭה౨ᄭࢨ్ࠡॣ ጟ౨ᄭΔຟᄭ۞֜ၺٺՂऱאڂ੡ྤᒡጐΖီױ౨ၦ ऱ౨ᄭΖ ၺߓऱਣ᧯ሎ೯ΔਚԾ֜֗אᚨ֘ٽຍឍਁਣऱுᘜ ԫጟढ෻ীኪᆖढ෻᧢֏৵᠏ط౨ၦ᠏ངΚ౨ᄭ (4) ౨ᄭωΖسጠ੡ψ٦ ᅁ෈֏)Ιψ౨ᄭ᠏֏ωڕ)ང੡׼ԫढ෻ীኪऱመ࿓ ෺Օ௛ᐋ؆ऱ֜ၺᘿ୴౨ၦയ৫Δࢨጠ֜ၺൄچ რᆠΖ 2ء࣍شழٍ๯ᚨڶ ෺ऱ᜔౨چઞൕ֜ၺᘿ୴ࠩޢᑇ੡ E0 = 1367 W/m Ζ ౨ᄭؓᘝΚ༉ਬԫ௽ࡳऱᆖᛎ೴഑Εߓอࢨ፹࿓Δ 17 (5) Գᣊࢬ௣౛ऱ᜔౨ڣ٤ڣ 2000 ڇၦપ੡ 1.7x10 JΖ 17 ᄭપ੡ 3.1x10 JΔս׽ਢ֜ၺᘿ୴౨ऱᆄ։հԫؐ ᡖᐚۂ ጟ౨ᄭΔՕຝٝբٺԳᣊषᄎ੒೯ࢬᏁऱזΖഄ෼׳ ઔߒ୉ʳإ ՠᄐݾ๬ઔߒೃʳ ౨ᄭፖᛩቼઔߒࢬʳ ೯᧢ླྀچڣᆄۍ౨ᄭΔۖਢᆖመسE-mail: [email protected] լਢࠐ۞Ղ૪ऱ٦ Ϯ625Ϯʳ քִʳڣ ˊ˃˃˅ʻ֥԰࠴Կཚʼʳעढ෻ᠨִ ढ෻റ֮ Centuries of Fossil Fuel Usage in North America 85% of U.S. energy is from fossil fuels; 69% of petroleum is imported; nearly 60% of all primary energy is wasted 40 Petroleum U.S. Energy Consumption by Source Jet engine,1930s-40s 30 Hydroelectric Power Natural Gas 20 Incandescent Four-stroke lamp, 1870s combustion Quadrillion Btu Quadrillion engine, 1870s Nuclear Electric 10 Power Wood Watt Steam Mayflower, 1620 Engine, 1782 0 1650 1700 1750 1800 1850 1900 1950 2000 Source: Annual Energy Review 2004, EIAΙ Science for Energy Strategies, Patricia Dehmer, USDOE, Nov 2005 First U.S. oil REA, 1935 CP-1 reactor, 1942 well, 1859 კ 1 ऍ୯٬Ҕૈྍϐ㾹ำ ऱ࿇୶ᖵ࿓Ζش౨ᄭΖ ౨ᄭऱሽ౨Ζቹ 1 ੡ભഏ౨ᄭࠌفࢍՀऱ֏چڇژ৵ᚏ Օၦسᄎขڤ࣍ႚอᗏᗈֵ੥֗ᅁ(Cn)ऱֱط ೯ढ౨(ׄΕ್࿛)Ζ৵ش׽ᄎᚨڰԳᣊᖵ׾Ղ່ ጙ܅਩Δᛩঅრᢝ೏ऱषᄎ༉ᄎቔᚐᑥ෣֗ࢨۆᛩቼ ڕ੥ΔՈᖂ฾ֵࠩش௎੡ᗏறΔ٦ၞۖࠌֵאࠐၲࡨ Ո༉ყࠐყཏشࠐ֚ྥ௛(C1)ऱࠌڣΖ२شऱ༉ਢ ౨ᄭऱࠌشࠌڰଅԺֽ֗Ժ౨ΖངߢհΔԳᣊ່ش۶ሎ ࠐऱ౨ᄭΖآ੡ړሙΔ۟࣍լܶጙऱස௛(C0)ঞ๯઎ ٽ౨ᄭΖऴࠩՠᄐ଀ࡎழཚΔ፣޳ᖲऱ࿇ࣔΔ࿨س٦ ֏ᖂ౨ᆖᗏᗈࢬ൓ऱᑷ ቹ 2 ੡౨ᄭऱՕી։ᣊΚطشԱᅁ੥ऱᗏᗈΔՕၦࠌ ੡ՠᄐ֏ऱ׌૞೯Ժګ౨Δ٦ຘመᖲඳߓอऱ᠏ངΔ ࠐᄭΖ ϼ໚ૈ ॥Κૈ ӆғૈྍ НΚૈ ғ፦ૈ Ղ଺ईऱၲ Ӧ዗ૈ ੇࢩૈףࠩԱԲԼ׈ધॣΔփᗏᖲऱ࿇ࣔΔ ආፖ༼ᅂΔ࿯ղԳଚଡԳ֏ऱ೯Ժߓอ—޳߫ΖԳᣊ ߃ભૈྍ ΔՈዬዬൕֵ੥֗ᅁຍࠄࡐኪᗏشऱՕࡲॣ్౨ᄭࠌ ҡ ݨ Ϻฅ਻ ߚӆғૈྍ ईข፹ऱ෈ኪᗏறΖ ૈྍ ྡ ࣅ ਡૈ฻فறΔ᠏ฝࠩ ࿇ࣔԱሽᗉ৵ΔৰݶऱԳᣊषᄎၲࡨყࠐسფ૭ ႝ ૈ ؓਮݨ Βભૈྍ ഏਙࢌՕ ྡ ਻ ణૈ฻ٺ൓ऱሽԺΖ׈੺ױყࠉᘸᙟ֫ԫᐸၲᣂ༉ ߠऱ೏ᚘױऱՕী࿇ሽᐗΔਮ๻Աࠩ๠ڤၦ৬ᆜႃխ ϩᜪޑ಻ֺऱॣ్౨ᄭ᠏ང੡Բ్ კ 2 ૈྍٵሽჃ֗ႚᙁᒵሁΔലլ Ϯʳˉ˅ˉʳϮʳ քִʳڣ ˊ˃˃˅ʻ֥԰࠴Կཚʼʳעढ෻ᠨִ ढ෻റ֮ - ௛ଢ᧢ᔢፖ౨ᄭઝݾ ૻࢤ ଺ईঞਢಬࠩՕীᅂईᐗΔᆖመ፣塸৵Δࠉआរڶ౨ᄭऱف֏ .1.3 ई௛Ε޳ईΕ᎘ईΕ௎ईΕૹई֗ف෈֏ګ։ױԫ) ᅁ Օપ) ≇ཎωΔএׇرई௛ঋጠψදᇘف։Ζ෈֏ګ೯ ᡥॹ࿛᧢ླྀچڂছऱཬढΔڣᆄۍ પ 4 Ꮩࠩ 1طᅁਢ ሎಬֱঁΔޣൄᚘՀ੡௛ኪΔ੡ڇढΔٽࢍΔᆖ९ཚऱ೏ᄵᚘԺΔጙ֏ۖ ፖԭ≇հ෗چጟཬढୖԵٺല ෈ኪΔᇘԵᙓ෿խሎಬΖګᚘף։੡ 4 ᣊΚࣽᅁ(peatΔܶጙၦપႛ 30 ሑױΖᅁՕીګ Εᓣᅁ(brown coal)Εᄿᅁ ޳ईऱ௽ࢤխ່ૹ૞ऱਢψ߬≇ଖωΔ߬≇ଖਢ(܅ऱᏝଖለشܓиΔ ।זऱᑑᄷଖΔ޳ईऱ߬≇ଖყ೏܅ᄿᅁ(anthracite)Ζᅁ᣼ऱᏝ ޳ईݼᡨᔼࢤ೏ྤ֗אbituminous coal)Ε) ؄Ԭഗሩ[Pb(C2H5)4]੡ݼᡨᔼ෌אװٝ঴ᔆۖࡳΖᅁऱᤖ៲ၦ ঴ᔆყࠋΖመګࠡၲආऱᣄ࣐৫ࡉאଖΔ ࠎᚨޏۖش੅ࢤΔؾছբ٤૿ᆃڶ࣍ܶሩࠠطᕪΔף ࠌױ٤෺ऱ௣౛ຒ৫Δᅁᚨᇠᝫڇ෼א੡᠆༄Δૉ່ ii ഗรԿԭഗㅘظףΖ ྤሩ޳ईΖؾছݺഏ׌૞এ෌ ׳ؐڣ 200 ش ց 1500 (MTBE)ࠐข፹ྤሩ޳ईΔۖ 92Ε95 ֗ 98 ྤሩ޳ईΔ۫ڇΖەױᅁऱழၴբլشࠌڰԳᣊ່ ईխΔࠡ߬≇ଖفٽࢊ≇հ෗إฆ߬≇ࡉق։ܑ।ܛ Օၦऱֵ੥፹ທᗤჇΕੲᑿΕشၴΔ૎ഏऱՠᐗࠌڣ ֺࠏ੡ 92%Ε95%֗ 98%Ζٽऱ෗ ޏߌ࿛ข঴ΖࠩԼԮ׈ધॣΔֵᙰዬ࿕Δՠᐗၲࡨॅ ข٤෺પ 80%سΔ૎ഏأᗏறΖࠩԼԮ׈ધ܂ᅁᅝش ౛ጐհֲڶ౨ᄭึفԿ) ֏) ၦֲᏺΔऴࠩ 20 ׈شऱᅁΖᙟထՠᄐऱ࿇୶Δᅁऱ ༼੒঴ᔆՕ༏س৵ΔԳᣊऱޔ׈੺Օᖏ࿨ڻรԲ ش׌૞੡ሎᙁ܀ૹ૞ऱॣ్౨ᄭΔ່ګ᧢ધΔ଺ईឈ ܀ᖲΔٲईفڻऱࠟזڣཚၴឈྥᆖᖵԱԮԼڼࣙΙ ᗏறΔᅁսਢ࿇ሽऱ׌૞ᗏறΖ iv ᖲٲईفᆖᖵԱڇ९ Ζګऱᆖᛎڣ ਍ᥛ 30ڶ٤෺ս ᗏᗈڶᅁ܀ᅁऱᚌរਢᑷଖ೏Δ࿇ሽᏝ௑ঁࡵΖ ईీඈၷথ၇լࠩ޳ई৵ΔԳଚၲࡨᣂ֊଺ףழΔࠩ ทΔᗏᗈڶ਩ऱᛩঅംᠲΙՕຝ։ऱᅁܶۆᣤૹسข ڍشईፖ֚ྥ௛ऱ٤෺ᤖ៲ၦࠩࢍᝫ౨༼ࠎԳᣊࠌ ᎨॸΖګࠅทᎨΔທګऱԲ௜֏ท(SO2)ᄎ᠏֏س৵ข ՆΖྥۖΔຍԫᓰᠲऱᇞ࿠ਢᓴՈྤऄ壄ᒔቃྒྷऱᖂ (CO ) ؆ΔՕၦᗈᅁՈᄎඈ࣋ՕၦऱԲ௜֏ጙ 2 Δᄎ v,vi,viiڼ ᖲழΔቃ۷଺ईսٲईفڻรԲזڣ 70 ڇം Ζ ຒᄵ৛யᚨऱ༞֏Ζף ܀ԱΔڣ բ 30זڣ Ζ၏ 70ڣ ࠎᚨ٤෺ࢬᏁપ 40ױ Բ) ଺ईፖ֚ྥ௛) 80-1979 ڂΖՈڣ પ 40شࠌױईսفΔق᧩ቹ 3 ࢬڕ ଺ईፖ֚ګ։אױईΔኔᎾՂفݺଚԫ౳ࢬጠऱ ؆ऱ଺ईขၦא ᖲࠨᖿԱ OPECٲईفڻऱรԲڣ ጠ੡଺ईΔ௛ኪृጠ੡֚ृנ෈ኪขאࢍچڇ௛Δྥ ࣍ US$20/දΔࠀ܅ၓࠩڃईᏝڣ 1986 ڇΔึ࣍֒༼ ᐋխၲආچ଺ईፖ֚ྥ௛ऱژࢍᚏچطईਢف௛Ζྥ 15 ( 4) Ꮭ ߠቹ Ζ۞߷੄ழֲΔԳଚՈ܅ऱڣ iii ፂ਍Աપ ऴױ޳ईΔۿ೴ࢬขऱ଺ईणچࠄڶ൓ऱᇷᄭ Δۖ ᖲຍٙࠃΖٲईفດዬ෉ݱԱ ਹईΔլ࣐ੌ೯Ζڕࠄ଺ईঞយᆈڶԵ֧ᚯᗏᗈΙף൷ መ৵Δ८ᗤ؄ഏ(BRIC, ਐ֣۫ΕڣԫऴࠩՏ᛼ Δࠡ؆ᨠྤ≇ظ։੡ګࢍၲආऱ֚ྥ௛Δ׌૞چ ՕޣईऱᏁف९Δኙګ৫֗խഏ)ᆖᛎݶຒٱᤕ঎Ε Δਚڇژ௛ኪאൄᄵൄᚘՀΔ֚ྥ௛এڇ׊ྤ౬Ζۥ ഏऱૹီΖྥۖΔٺ༏Ղ֒Δ౨ᄭᤜᠲ٦৫࠹ࠩ׈੺ ዥ௛ழྤऄ਷ᤚΔ܍੡ᝩ܀㡬Δشጥሁႚᙁࠩאຏൄ Գᣊڣࠩ߷ԫ֗אΔ֟ڍ٤෺଺ईऱ່Օขၦࠩࢍਢ ⲯ๻௧ڂႊ။੉ሎᙁழΔ܀პၦऱ౬ᕪΖףᄎ׼؆෌ ቃྒྷאई౛ጣऱܺቼΔথࡨึᣄف૿ᜯإթᄎట ଯ۟᥊ܐΔຏൄᄎ٣ല֚ྥ௛אࢍጥᒵᣄ৫ለ೏Δࢬ viii,ix 2003 40 දޢࢍΔ଺ईᏝึ࣍ડధڣ o ΖլመࠩԱ ෈ኪऱ෈֏֚ྥ௛(LiquidګሿՀ 162 ৫(-162 C)Δݮּ ද 50 ભցΔ2005ޢይధִ 10 ڣ ભցհ֨෻ᣂ׬Δ2004 ௽௘ऱํ์ࠐሎᙁΖᙟထഏאNatural Gas, LNG)Δ٦ ද 100 ભցޢվڕද 70 ભցऱ೏୽Δޢ໌ޓִ 9 ڣ ࣍طΔۖ׊ףၦ߰ຒᏺش੒ֽᄷऱ༼೏Δ֚ྥ௛سا ऱࠃ(ߠቹ 5)Ζ֗ױऱ֚Ꮭբլ٦ਢ᎟լ ௛࿇ሽΖྥ֚شޏڍΔᄅ๻࿇ሽᐗٍޣᛩঅ૞ ܉Գᖜ֨ऱਢ٤෺଺ई֚֗ྥ௛ऱᤖ៲։חޓ Ϯ627Ϯʳ քִʳڣ ˊ˃˃˅ʻ֥԰࠴Կཚʼʳעढ෻ᠨִ ढ෻റ֮ x փ଺ईսᄎਢڣԲΕԿԼڇ९෷່ݶΖྥۖΔګऱش ೴֗঎ᢅཎΖچխࣟڇৰլؓ݁(ߠቹ 6) ΔՕຟႃխ ౛ጐհ ່׌૞ऱሎᙁᗏறΕᗏᅁ࿇ሽՈսਢഗሉሽᐗऱ׌૞ڶല૿ᜯࠎᏁ؈ᘝ֗ึܛ౨ᄭف࣍ਢೈԱ֏ ഏྤऄᕣຒച۩ࠇຟᤜࡳ஼ࢬٽૉᜤۖڂΔڤփΔ٤෺ᝫ૞૿ኙ ࿇ሽֱڣ ࠐ 5-10آڇऱ෼ኔംᠲ؆Δֲ xi ऱ CO2 ྇ၦؾᑑΔঞ٤෺ CO2 ඈ࣋ၦսᄎ਍ᥛᏺޣΖ ૞ ᧭ە٤ऱڜ౨ᄭࠎᚨ ᘭߦዿᑻ൓׌ Richard Smalley ඒ඄ᎁ੡ڣ Ζ2003ף 2.

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