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SOUTHEASTERN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONFERENCE

PROCEEDINGS OF THE 71ST ANNUAL MEETING NOVEMBER 12-15, 2014 GREENVILLE,

BULLETIN 57

SOUTHEASTERN ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONFERENCE

BULLETIN 57

PROCEEDINGS OF THE 71ST ANNUAL MEETING

NOVEMBER 12-15, 2014

HYATT REGENCY

GREENVILLE, SOUTH CAROLINA

Edited by: Karen Y. Smith, Charlie Cobb, Brandy Joy, and Keith Stephenson

Organized by: Charlie Cobb, Karen Y. Smith, and Nena Powell Rice

Hosted by:

South Carolina Institute of and Anthropology

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Cover: Postcard, early 20th c., Woodside Cotton Mills, Greenville, South Carolina.

Printing of the Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57—2014 funded by

© Southeastern Archaeological Conference 2014

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Maps of Greenville ...... vi

See also http://www.greenvillesc.gov/PublicWorks/forms/trolleymap.pdf Hyatt Regency Meeting Room Floor Plan ...... vii Preface and Acknowledgements ...... viii List of Donors ...... xi SEAC at a Glance...... 1 General Information and Special Events ...... 2 Program Thursday Morning, November 13 ...... 3 Thursday Afternoon, November 13 ...... 6 Friday Morning, November 14 ...... 9 Friday Afternoon, November 14 ...... 13 Saturday Morning, November 15 ...... 17 Student Paper Competition Entries ...... 24 Abstracts of Symposia and Workshops ...... 26 Abstracts of Papers and Posters ...... 31

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Downtown Greenville, SC, with meeting and activity locations

Meeting location and

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FIRST FLOOR

HYATT REGENCY GREENVILLE 220 NORTH MAIN ST 1-864-235-1234

SECOND FLOOR

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PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Welcome back to Greenville after a sixteen year hiatus! In 1998 Ken Sassaman, Chris Judge, and Monica Beck, along with a supporting cast from the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology (SCIAA) and the Department of Anthropology at USC, spearheaded a highly successful SEAC meeting. Aside from the usual range of exciting papers and symposia, that meeting is fondly remembered by many of us as the best SEAC ever! We were charmed by the friendly and vibrant downtown atmosphere, where there were dozens of restaurants, shops, and bars in easy walking distance of the Hyatt Regency. The good news is that Greenville is bigger and better than ever. From its nineteenth century roots as a major mill town (it was once known as “The Textile Center of the World”), Greenville and the surrounding region have continued to be a cultural and economic draw in this area of the Southeast. We hope that you have time to explore the larger downtown area and enjoy the many museums, parks, and other treats that the city has to offer. This is an auspicious year for SCIAA to be hosting the SEAC meeting. SCIAA was established in 1963, thus 2013 was its fiftieth anniversary. So we like to see 2014 as coinciding with an inauguration of another half century of fruitful collaborations and relationships with our colleagues from throughout the Southeast. And who knows? With continuing medical advances maybe many of us will be around to celebrate SCIAA’s centennial and the hosting of yet another (of hopefully many) SEAC meetings in Greenville. It will be difficult for that far-off meeting to top this one, however. This meeting is packed, featuring 19 organized symposia, 14 general sessions, and 4 poster sessions, encompassing 337 individual presentations (not including discussants). In addition, the Student Affairs Committee (SAC) is hosting two different events. First, there is a luncheon related to developing trends in the job market. Second, they have organized a panel discussion on gender issues in Southeastern archaeology. We also have a luncheon sponsored by the South Carolina Army National Guard (SCARNG) that is devoted to best practices in historic rural household archaeology. Across all of these sessions there is a great balance of theory (iconography, gender, ideology, adaptation), method (lithics, sourcing studies, bioarchaeology, GIS), region and site based presentations (too many to even summarize in a few words), and public outreach (teaching, working with the public, and state parks). It is also gratifying to see a robust number of historical and maritime offerings. In your busy schedule of seguing from one presentation to another, be sure to conserve some energy for extracurricular activities. Our Thursday evening reception at the Upcountry History is only a short walk from the conference hotel. The Business Meeting is at 5:30 on Friday, but we have left enough time between that and the beginning of the dance for you to grab a bite to eat and restore your strength for an evening of hoofing it with your colleagues. If you are staying in town after the official close of the meeting at noon on Saturday, please make it a point to make it to Fall Field Day, sponsored by the Archaeological Society of South Carolina. ASSC has a terrific history of providing this event as a component to Archaeology Month, and we will be treated to a dance troupe, blacksmithing demonstrations, a Catawba exhibit, and other fun and interesting things to see and do. It seems only fitting that the last day of our meeting is highlighted by an event dedicated to the public, and a reminder of why we all have such a passion for archaeology. And for those of you still around after Fall Field Day, yet one more reward awaits: Great Spirits of the Southeast! What better kickoff to whatever SEC games are on Saturday evening? Finally, we would like to thank the large number of people who helped us pull this meeting together. The Donor page in the Bulletin lists the generous monetary contributions that we received. From SRARP, Chris Moore organized the Great Spirits of SEAC and Keith Stephenson organized the Textile Tour. We appreciate the work Mona Grunden put into setting up the archaeological societies book sale, and helping those deserving groups to raise some funds. Kandi Hollenbach good naturedly responded to our frequent questions about membership issues. The website committee, Kandi Hollenbach, Tanya Peres Lemons, Tom Pluckhahn, Shane Miller, John Samuelsen, and our Web

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designer, Steve White, should receive a congratulations from all of the membership for the time they invested into getting our online registration system up and running this year. They have made our planning work infinitely easier. We would also like to recognize the work that SCAPOD devoted to creating the Foodways Tour passport for our registrants. At ground zero in Greenville, a major debt of gratitude is owed to Kristy Rushing with the Hyatt Regency, Michelle Stoudemire with the city’s Convention and Visitors Bureau, and Dana Thorpe, Elizabeth McSherry, and the rest of the gang at the Upcountry History Museum. Charlie, Karen, and Nena SEAC 2014 Meeting Organizers

SPECIAL THANKS TO DONORS*

Archaeological Research Trust Coastal Environments, Inc. Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc. Archaeological Council Florida Museum of Natural History New South Associates, Inc. South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology Savannah River Archaeological Research Program Valley Archaeological Research The Blue Ridge Brewing Company Lezlie Barker Linda Carnes-McNaughton Grayal Farr Robert Gross Ernest L. Helms, III, MD David Moore Barbara Purdy Nena Powell Rice Donna Ruhl Robert Sharp Gregory Waselkov Whit Perrin Wright Nancy White Steven Yerka

*Donations as of October 15, 2014 ix Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014 Part II Part II Mortuary Complex: St. on Unexpected Finds Catherines Island Legacy of the Carolina of the Legacy Colony Teaching the Present, and Planning for the Future Prehistoric Prehistoric in the Bioarchaeology Southeastern [41] Period, Period, [41] Mississippi [39] The Fallen Tree [39] The Fallen [38] The Creation and [42] Interpreting the Past, the Past, [42] Interpreting

[43] Historic and [43] Historic and

rnoon Saturday Morning rnoon Saturday Trail Research Trail Research (continued) the Southeastern Coastal the Southeastern Plain (continued) Committee (SAC) Luncheon Archaeology Historic Historic Committee (SAC) Panel among on Gender Roles SE Archaeologists [33] Mississippi Mound [33] Mississippi [32] Historic Archaeology Research [40] [30] Ancestors and Creation [30] Ancestors Iconography and [31] Style [29] Early Human Life on Life[29] Early on Human [28] Student Affairs Affairs [28] Student [36] [36] Woodland Period [37] Colonial through Late [37] Colonial through [34] Student Affairs Affairs [34] Student ay Morning Friday Afte Archaeology Part I State Parks State Parks the Southeastern Coastal the Southeastern Plain and Chemical Analyses and Chemical Settlement, and Subsistence Settlement, Interaction, Settlement, Interaction, the and Ritual along Coast Gulf [23] Southeastern Maritime [23] Southeastern [22] Mississippi Period, Period, [22] Mississippi [20] Archaeology at SC [20] Archaeology and Creation [21] Ancestors [19] Early Human Life on Life[19] Early on Human [25] Forts and Missions [25] Forts and Applications [35] GIS [26] Geophysics, Modeling, Modeling, [26] Geophysics, [27] Bioarchaeology, [27] Bioarchaeology, [24] Woodland Period [24] Woodland Period ling, Mode Archaeology: New Central Perspectives from Celebrating the Career of GeraldSchroedl F. Iconography to Spanish the Shell and Mounds and the Shell Canaveral of Middens National Seashore Seasonality, and and Seasonality, Settlement and Data Sharing Periods Periods [14] Ocmulgee [13] Forty Years On: [12] From Mound Ritual to [12] From Mound Ritual to [10] Historic Tribes of Tribes [10] Historic Mississippi and (continued) Studies [11] Lithic [16] New Perspectives on on Perspectives [16] New

[17] Subsistence, [18] Geophysics, [15] Contact and Colonial Colonial [15] Contact and er Seasonality on the on Seasonality Coast Gulf Woodland Gend Appendix Studies Mississippi and Alabama Mississippi and Change National Guard on (SCARNG) Panel Rural Households Archaeology of Archaeology of Black the and Moundville Warrior Valley Periods Periods [4] Subsistence and [4] Subsistence [8] Material Culture and [3] The Humanized [2] African-American [1] Historic Tribes of [1] Historic Tribes of [6] Georgia on the Eve of the Eve [6] Georgia on [9] South Carolina Army [7] New Perspectives on the on Perspectives [7] New [5] Paleoindian and Archaic and Archaic [5] Paleoindian Regency H Mezzanine Regency G Regency F Redbud B, C B, Redbud Redbud A Redbud Magnolia Dogwood Room Thursday Morning Thursday Afternoon Frid Afternoon Thursday Morning Room Thursday Crepe Myrtle

71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina

GENERAL INFORMATION

Registration Museum, 6 — 8 pm

FOYER Friday

Wednesday, 4 — 9 pm SEAC Business Meeting, Regency Ballroom, 5:30 — 6:45pm MEETING PLANNING OFFICE SEAC Dance, The Finesse Band, Regency Thursday and Friday, 8 am — 4 pm Ballroom, 9 pm — Midnight

Saturday Books and Exhibits Archaeology Field Day at Croft Park, 116 TEAL BALLROOM Croft Street, 9 am — 5 pm (see link to Wednesday, 4 — 7 pm SETUP ONLY streetcar schedule for transportation, on Table of Contents page) Thursday, 8 am — 5 pm Great Spirits of SEAC, Atrium Suite, 5:30 — Friday, 8 am — 5 pm 6:30 pm

Saturday, 8 am — Noon Low Country Boil, Regency D & E, 6:30 — 9 pm Student Events Saturday Guided Excursion: Thursday Textile Heritage Tour, assemble in Reception, Gallery A, 4:30 — 6 pm Dogwood, 1 — 5 pm Friday

SAC Luncheon, Magnolia, Noon — 1:30 pm Self-Guided Tours:

SAC Panel, Crepe Myrtle, 2 — 5 pm The Children’s Museum, 300 College Street The Greenville County Museum of Art, 420 College Street Special Events and Excursions Greenville Zoo, 150 Cleveland Park Drive Wednesday Falls Park on the Reedy, 0.5 miles south of SEAC Board Meeting, Redbud, 6 — 9 pm Hyatt Regency along the river Thursday — Saturday Upcountry History Museum, 540 Buncombe State Archaeological Societies Book Sale, Street Prefunction Area, Thursday and Friday

(9 am — 4 pm), Saturday (9 am — Noon)

Thursday

SCARNG Panel, Magnolia, 11 am — 1 pm

SEAC Reception, Upcountry History

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PROGRAM

THURSDAY MORNING

[1] Redbud B, C 11:40 Dumas, Ashley, Pottery from Fort Tombecbe, 1736 to 1763 Symposium: Historic Tribes of Mississippi and Alabama: Recent Developments in and Choctaw Archaeology [2] Regency F Organizers: Kimberly A. Wescott and Terrance General Session: African-American Studies Weik Chair: Jodi Barnes 8:00 Harte, Marybeth T., Anthropogenic Ecological Impacts of the Colonial Chickasaw through a 8:00 Galle, Jillian, and Fraser Neiman, Study of Faunal Remains Introducing the DAACS Research Consortium 8:20 Clifford, Walter A., IV, Chickasaw Plant Use: 8:20 Rooney, Clete, David Morgan, and Kevin An Investigation of Three Chickasaw Sites from MacDonald, Investigating the 18th-Century the 17th and 18th Centuries French Colonial Metoyer Land Grant Site, 8:40 Moody, C. Adam, Frenchmen, Scoundrels, Natchitoches, Fossils, and “Fameiles:” and their 8:40 Bonhage-Freund, Mary Theresa, Leslie E. Visitors in the Seventeen Aughts Branch-Raymer, and Brad Botwick, Site 9:00 Wescott, Kimberly A., 17th and 18th Century 9CH1205: Window to Southeastern Antebellum Chickasaw Households and Communities and Postbellum African American Foodways 9:20 Lieb, Brad R., and Kimberly A. Wescott, 9:00 Barnes, Jodi, Intimate Archaeology of Enslaved Chickasaw Ceramics and Community Life at Hollywood Plantation: The Ell Kitchen Organization at Chokkilissa’- Old Town, 1675- 9:20 Anderson, C. Broughton, and Shabria 1800 Williamston, Freed Blacks in : 9:40 BREAK Discovering the White/Baxter Family Property 10:00 DePratter, Chester, Brad R. Lieb, Charles Cobb, Steven D. Smith, and James B. Legg, [3] Regency G Historic Tribes of Mississippi and Alabama: Recent Developments in Chickasaw and Symposium: The Humanized Appendix: Choctaw Archaeology Contemporary Approaches for Environmentally Focused Subfields 10:20 Doherty, Raymond, John F. Lieb, and Brad R. Lieb, Good Fare and Tribal Affairs: The Organizers: Elyse M. Anderson, Paulette S. George and Saleechie Colbert Site McFadden, and Andrea Palmiotto 10:40 Weik, Terrance, Land Use, Slavery and 8:00 Palmiotto, Andrea, Mullet Over: Rethinking Transformation in 19th c. Chickasaw Seasonality in the Lower Suwannee Region, Mississippi Florida 11:00 Little, Keith, and Hunter Johnson, An 8:20 McFadden, Paulette S., The Winds of Change: Archaeological Assessment of Choctaw Origins Finding the Human Experience in Geoarchaeology 11:20 Hollenbach, Kandace, Jessica Vavrasek, Jessie Johanson, Stephanie Hacker, Keith 8:40 Anderson, Elyse, Tracking Down in St. Little, and Hunter Johnson, Historic Johns II Country Choctaw Foodways at Two Sites in Kemper 9:00 Peles, Ashley A., Transforming Faunal County, Mississippi Analysis from What to How at Parchman Place

Thursday Morning 3 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina

9:20 Gunter, Madeleine, Persistent Places of the Henderson, Assessing Site Seasonality and Mississippian Shatter Zone: A Geoarchaeological Connectivity via LA-ICP-MS Elemental Perspective Analysis of Fish Otoliths: Results of a Pilot Study from the Northern Gulf of 9:40 Johanson, Jessie, and Andrew Agha, Plant Remains as an Indicator of Social Relationships 11:20 Steponaitis, Laurie Cameron, and Joseph at the Lord Ashley Plantation (38DR83a) M. Herbert, A Morphological Technique for Identifying the Season-of-Harvest of Northern 10:00 Mahar, Ginessa J., From Strategies to Gulf Oysters Practices: A Mixed Methods Approach to the Archaeology of Fishing 11:40 Reitz, Elizabeth J., Enduring Questions

[4] Regency H [5] Crepe Myrtle Symposium: Subsistence and Seasonality on the General Session: Paleoindian and Archaic Woodland Gulf Coast Periods Organizer: Carla Hadden Chair: Asa Randall 8:00 Waselkov, Gregory, Subsistence and 8:20 Norman, Sean, More Than a Few Bumps in Seasonality on the Woodland Gulf Coast: An the Road: Stratigraphic Analysis of the Tomoka Introduction Mound Complex (8VO81) 8:20 Jackson, H. Edwin, Susan L. Scott, and 8:40 Endonino, Jon C., Recent Investigations at the Samuel H. Butz, Subsistence and Seasonality Tomoka Mound and Midden Complex: New Trends in the Grand Bay Estuary, Mississippi Insights into Mound Chronology and Function 8:40 Orr, Kelly, Gulf Coast Subsistence during the 9:00 Greenlee, Diana, An “F” in Mound Woodland Period: Vertebrate Fauna from Bayou Construction at St. John (1BA21), Baldwin County, Alabama 9:20 Randall, Asa, Freshwater Shellfishing 9,000 9:00 Little, Maran E., Faunal Analysis from Years Ago in Northeast Florida Strange’s Ring Midden (8By1355), Bay County, Florida 9:40 Cook Hale, Jessica, Michael Faught, and Ervan Garrison, A Nice Kettle of Shellfish 9:20 Hadden, Carla, Continuity and Change in Woodland Coastal Subsistence: A Case Study 10:00 BREAK from the Florida Gulf Coast 10:20 Carlson, Justin Nels, Caching, Mobility, and 9:40 BREAK Hunter-Gatherer Social Dynamics in the Middle to Late Archaic Green River Valley, Kentucky 10:00 Duke, C. Trevor, Thomas J. Pluckhahn, Victor D. Thompson, and Lori O’Neal, 10:40 Franklin, Jay, Maureen Hays, Frédéric Temporal Trends in Invertebrate Faunal Surmely, Lucinda Langston, and Travis Remains from Crystal River (8CI1) and Robert’s Bow, Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Island (8CI41) Archaeology at Rock Creek Mortar Shelter, Upper Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee 10:20 Leone, Karen L., Paleoethnobotany of the Woodland Gulf Coast 11:00 Smith, Morgan, A Morphometric Analysis of Ivory Point Specimens from Florida’s 10:40 Krigbaum, John, and Neill J. Wallis, Submerged Contexts Isotopic Evidence for Weeden Island Subsistence and Mobility at Hughes Island Mound (8DI45) 11:20 Ballard, Joanne P., Sally P. Horn, Steven and Palmetto Mound (8LV2) Driese, Chad S. Lane, Zheng-Hua Li, and Elizabeth Maclennan, A Late Glacial and 11:00 Peacock, Evan, Rinat Gabitov, Jonathan Holocene Paleofire Record from Cahaba Pond, Frisch, Bradley Carlock, and Kate Alabama

4 Thursday Morning Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014

11:40 Taylor, Barbara, and Mark J. Brooks, 9:00 Davis, Jera, An Archaeogeophysical Approach Asynchronous Mid-Holocene Vegetation to Population and Settlement through Time at Change in the Southeastern Coastal Plain Moundville 9:20 Nelson, Ted Clay, Mortuary Practices, Wealth, and Social Status at the Rhodes Site in [6] Redbud A Moundville, Alabama Symposium: Georgia on the Eve of Change: 9:40 Salberg, Daniel J., Ceramics and the Political Recent Late Prehistoric and Protohistoric Economy of Moundville: A Compositional Study Archaeology in the State using Neutron Activation Analysis Organizers: Ryan Sipe and Richard Moss 10:00 BREAK 8:00 Sipe, Ryan, The Irene Phase on Bryan Neck: A 10:20 Thompson, Brandon, and Erik Porth, Growing Case Study on Late Mississippian Mound Function, Mound Construction, and Settlement Patterns of Coastal Mainland Mound P: An Examination of a Late Georgia Moundville III Phase Mound at Moundville 8:20 Blair, Elliot H., David Hurst Thomas, 10:40 Funkhouser, J. Lynn, Death Beyond the Great Matthew F. Napolitano, and Anna M. Wall: Corporate Kin Groups and Segregated Semon, (Re)Envisioning the Irene Landscape Space at Moundville on St. Catherines Island, Georgia 11:00 Porth, Erik, Some of Their Fires Still Burned: 8:40 Ritchison, Brandon T., Changing Ceremonial Changes and Social Reorganization Communities: Mississippi Period Transitions on at Moundville after Social Collapse the Georgia Coast 11:20 Steponaitis, Vincas P., Discussant 9:00 Hensler, Rachel, Ceramic Variability in the Ocmulgee River Region, Post 1540 11:40 Smith, Kevin E., Discussant 9:20 Lewis, C. Thomas, III, Archaeological Testing of Eight Late Lamar Culture, Wolfskin Phase, Sites in the Upper Oconee River Basin, Georgia [8] Mezzanine Poster Session: Material Culture and Gender, 9:00 9:40 Moss, Richard A., Wolfskin Phase - Shifting Settlement in Sixteenth-Seventeenth Century am — Noon Piedmont Georgia 8a Parish, Ryan, and Ellis Durham, Not Hornstone: Spectral Source Characterizations of Kentucky and Tennessee [7] Dogwood Ste. Genevieve and Upper St. Louis Chert Symposium: New Perspectives on the 8b Cooper, Jessica, Temporal and Morphological Archaeology of Moundville and the Black Aspects of Triangular Bifaces Warrior Valley 8c Bowman, Satin B., A Study of St. Johns Organizer: Erik Porth Ceramic Decoration from Canaveral National Seashore 8:20 Hawsey, Kareen L., Vessel Morphology in the West Jefferson Phase: A Functional Analysis of 8d Gilmore, Zackary, Radiocarbon Dating of Pottery in the Black Warrior Valley of Alabama from Orange and Stallings Fiber- Tempered Pottery: Method and Chronological 8:40 Lacquement, Cameron, Engineering Late Implications Prehistoric Plazas: Physical Modifications at Moundville 8e Wesson, Cameron, and Marisa Fontana, The Archaeology of Windrush Farm: A Middle Woodland Cobbs Swamp Site in Central Alabama

Thursday Morning 5 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina

8f Taylor, Robert, Trace Element Analysis of Late 2:00 Lambert, Shawn Patrick, Remembering a Archaic Copper from the Florida Panhandle Celebrated Past: Ceramic and Culinary Continuity among the Post-Removal Choctaw 8g Deere, Bobi, Southeastern Iconography: A Quantitative Study 2:20 Johnson, Jay K., Discussant 8h Meyers, Maureen, Tony Boudreaux, 2:40 Galloway, Patricia, Discussant Stephen B. Carmody, Victoria Dekle,

Elizabeth Horton, and Alice P. Wright, What Happens in the Field? Preliminary [11] Redbud B, C Results of the SEAC Sexual Harassment Survey General Session: Lithic Studies 8i Stevens, Karen A., Prevalence of Auditory Exostoses in the Green River Archaic: A Chair: Philip Carr Gendered Analysis of Subsistence and Mobility 3:20 Carr, Philip, and Andrew Bradbury, Flake Related Behaviors Debris as Integral to Investigating the Organization of Lithic Technology [9] Magnolia 3:40 Smith, Caleb, Site 31LE162: A “Gearing-Up Spot” in the Fall Line Region of Southeastern South Carolina Army National Guard (SCARNG) Panel: The Current State of Rural Household Archaeology in the Southeast: Best Practices, 4:00 Martin, Tracy, An Examination of Lithic 11:00 am — 1:00 pm, Jason D. Moser (organizer), Resources and Raw Material Variability in Natalie Adams-Pope, Jim Bates, Robert Benson, Jan Southern Lancaster County, South Carolina Campbell, Linda F. Carnes-McNaughton, Chan 4:20 Craib, Alexander, Late Paleoindian and Early Funk, Norma Harris, Tammy Herron, Robert T. Archaic Settlement in the Western Tennessee Morgan, Mike O’Neal, Susan Olin, Timothy River Valley Parsons, Karen Y. Smith, Steven D. Smith, Carl Steen, Sarah Stephens, and Keith Stephenson 4:40 Des Jean, Tom, Randall D. Boedy, and Jessie Moore, Paleoindian Presence on the Upper Cumberland Plateau THURSDAY AFTERNOON [12] Regency F [10] Redbud B, C Symposium: From Mound Ritual to Iconography to Spanish Conquistadors: Papers in Honor of Symposium (continued): Historic Tribes of Vernon James Knight, Jr. Mississippi and Alabama: Recent Developments in Chickasaw and Choctaw Archaeology Organizers: Amanda Regnier, Rachel Briggs, and Erin Phillips Organizers: Kimberly A. Wescott and Terrance Weik 1:00 Regnier, Amanda, and Cameron Lacquement, Jim Knight’s Career in 1:00 Krause, Richard A., The Metricization of Archaeology Choctaw Pottery Vessel Forms 1:20 Smith, Karen Y., Woodland Period Chronology 1:20 Hunt, Elizabeth, Changes in Choctaw in the Apalachicola and the Lower Ceramics: A Proposed Project Examining the Chattahoochee River Valleys Effects of European Colonization on the Choctaw 1:40 Gage, Matthew, The Coosa River Basin 1:40 Ervin, Kelly, Synthesizing the Sociospatial Archaeological Survey Revisited Scale: Applying Spatial Statistics to Identity Patterns in the Historic Creek Town 2:00 Briggs, Rachel, The Hominy Foodway of the Historic Native Eastern Woodlands

6 Thursday Afternoon Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014

2:20 Hammerstedt, Scott W., and Sheila 3:00 Sullivan, Lynne, The Site (40HA65 ) in Bobalik Savage, Symbolic Uses of Color and Regional Context Directionality in the River Drainage of Eastern 3:20 Greene, Lance, Archaeology and Community Reconstruction of Mid-19th Century Cherokee 2:40 Phillips, Erin, Engraved Pottery of the Farmsteads Along Valley River, North Carolina Hemphill Style through Time 3:40 Ahlman, Todd, Consumer Choice in the 3:00 BREAK Caribbean: Examining Material Remains from the Brimstone Hill Fortress, St. Kitts, West 3:20 Markin, Julie G., Searching for Complexity on Indies the Chesapeake’s Eastern Shore 4:00 Davis, R. P. Stephen, Jr., Ayers Town and the 3:40 Persons, A. Brooke, A Clear Conversation Catawba Nation after the American Revolution about Caribbean Chiefdoms 4:20 Kimball, Larry, War Points? 4:00 Marcoux, Jon Bernard, Hobb’s Island and Walling II: What Can Two Sites in a “Simple 4:40 Chapman, Jeff, Discussant Chiefdom” Tell Us about Moundville (ca. A.D. 5:00 Schroedl, Gerald, Closing Remarks 1100-1275)?

4:20 Beck, Jr., Robin A., Bridging Mississippian and Colonial Worlds in the American Southeast [14] Regency H 4:40 O’Hear, John W., Discussant Symposium: Ocmulgee Archaeology: New Perspectives from Central Georgia

Organizer: Daniel P. Bigman [13] Regency G 1:20 Bigman, P. Daniel, and Adam King, New Symposium: Forty Years On: Celebrating the Radiocarbon Dates for Ocmulgee’s Early Career of Gerald F. Schroedl Mississippian Beginning Organizer: C. Clifford Boyd, Jr. 1:40 Love, Sarah, and Daniel P. Bigman, Late 12:55 Boyd, C. Clifford, Jr., Opening Remarks Archaic Occupations at Ocmulgee 1:00 Riggs, Brett, Late Woodland and Mississippian 2:00 Green, Lillian, Mossy Oak Revisited Period Ceramic Patterns at the Ashe Ferry Site, 2:20 Steere, Benjamin A., Household Archaeology York County, South Carolina at Macon Plateau 1:20 Rodning, Christopher B., Cherokee 2:40 BREAK Ethnogenesis 3:00 Cornelison, John, and Daniel P. Bigman, 1:40 Whyte, Thomas, and C. Clifford Boyd, Jr., New Understanding of the Historic Creek Town Dating the Native Occupation of Plum Grove, Size and Layout at Ocmulgee Northeastern Tennessee 3:20 Rowe, Abigail, Jacob Lulewicz, and 2:00 Yerka, Stephen J., Daniel Brock, Palmyra Jennifer Birch, Before Ocmulgee: A Moore, and D. Shane Miller, Application Comparative Analysis of the Late Woodland- and Reason in Southeastern Archaeology over Early Mississippian Settlement Landscape in the Last Score Northern Georgia 2:20 Heath, Barbara, Global Trade, Regional 3:40 Jennings, Matthew, Displaying Ocmulgee Patterns, and Local Meaning: Cowrie Shells in Colonial 4:00 Williams, Mark, Discussant 2:40 BREAK 4:20 King, Adam, Discussant

Thursday Afternoon 7 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina

[15] Crepe Myrtle 3:00 Jones, Douglas S., Irvy R. Quitmyer, and Margo Schwadron, Season of Harvest and General Session: Contact and Colonial Periods Paleoclimate Archives in the Shells of the Chair: Mary Elizabeth Fitts Variable Coquina Clam (Donax variabilis) 3:00 Rimer, Esther, A Preliminary 3:20 Parsons, Alexandra L., Shells and Seasons in Analysis from the Earthfast Structure at Mosquito Lagoon, Florida Addison Plantation 3:40 Miyar, Kathryn, and Ian Pawn, Life and 3:20 Zych, Lauren, Frenchman, Creole, Indian, Death in Mosquito Lagoon: A Bioarchaeological Slave: The Development and Transformation of Investigation of Canaveral National Seashore, Intercultural Relations in Colonial New Orleans Florida 3:40 Madden, Mary A., Port Power: Tracking the 4:00 Brewer, David, The Surruque of Canaveral Shift in Prominence from Gloucester to

Yorktown during the 18th Century [17] Dogwood 4:00 Fitts, Mary Elizabeth, “They scarcely plant any thing fit for the support of human life:” General Session: Subsistence, Seasonality, and Intergenerational Stress and Catawba Foodways Settlement 4:20 Mitchem, Jeffrey M., De Soto West of the Chair: J. Matthew Compton Mississippi: New Data and Rethinking Old Ideas 1:20 Dillian, Carolyn, New Methods for Understanding Anthropogenic Change at the Little River Neck Shell Midden, South Carolina [16] Redbud A 1:40 Walls, Lauren, The Lone Midden: Expanding the Limits of Inference at Short-Term or Special- Symposium: Life in the Golden Crescent: New Use Sites in the Gulf Coast Region Perspectives on the Shell Mounds and Middens of Canaveral National Seashore 2:00 Crites, Gary, and Timothy E. Baumann, The Emergence and Distribution of Beans (Phaseolus Organizers: Margo Schwadron, Alexandra Parsons, vulgaris) in the Upper Tennessee River Valley and Kathryn Miyar 2:20 Compton, J. Matthew, Archaeofaunal 1:20 Schwadron, Margo, Life in the Golden Remains from the Ravensford Site: A Regional Crescent: New Perspectives on the Shell and Ethnohistorical Perspective on Animal Use Mounds and Middens of Canaveral National in the Appalachian Summit Seashore 2:40 Cannarozzi, Nicole R., and Michal 1:40 Fernandez, Steven, Lori D. Collins, Travis Kowalewski, Determining Seasonal Oyster F. Doering, and Margo Schwadron, Deposition from St. Catherines Shell Ring using Terrestrial and Airborne LiDAR Applications Monte Carlo Modeling of Impressed Odostome for Shell Mound and Midden Documentation: (Boonea impressa) Population Demography The Canaveral National Seashore Examples 3:00 BREAK 2:00 Parsons, Timothy, Petrographic Analysis of Ceramic Thin Sections from , 3:20 Sampson, Christina Perry, Subsistence and Castle Windy, and Rest at Canaveral Settlement: Early Safety Harbor at the Weeden National Seashore Island Site (8Pi1) 2:20 Quitmyer, Irvy R., and Nicole R. 3:40 Wagner, Gail E., and Keith Stephenson, Cannarozzi, The Zooarchaeology of Castle Middle to Late Woodland Subsistence at the G. Windy and Turtle Mound, Canaveral National S. Lewis-West Site (38AK228), South Carolina Seashore, Florida 2:40 BREAK

8 Thursday Afternoon Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014

4:00 Purcell, Gabrielle, Plant Remains from the 18j Dennison, Meagan, and Mark Freeman, Smokemont Site in the DAGS - Digital Archive of Archaeological Dog of North Carolina and Metric Data of the Americas 4:20 Harding, Gregg, and Ramie Gougeon, 18k Anderson, David G., Stephen J. Yerka, Eric Treading Lightly: An Approach to the C. Kansa, Sarah W. Kansa, Joshua J. Wells, Exploration and Documentation of Florida Cave Thaddeus G. Bissett, R. Carl DeMuth, and Sites Kelsey Noack Myers, Linking Archaeological Data at a Large Scale: The Digital Index of

North American Archaeology (DINAA) [18] Mezzanine

Poster Session: Geophysics, Modeling, and Data Sharing, 2:00 — 5:00 pm THURSDAY EVENING 18a Donnan, Ben, A Geophysical Examination of a Terminal Woodland Embankment and Ditch at Student Reception (students and donors only) 4:30 Toltec Mounds Site (3LN42), Scott, Arkansas — 6:00 pm, Gallery A 18b Nowak, Jesse, Daniel P. Bigman, and

Daniel Seinfeld, Remote Sensing within Lake Jackson’s Mound Precinct: An Examination of SEAC Reception, 6:00 — 8:00 pm, Upcountry Mississippian Settlement Patterns History Museum 18c Tucker, Bryan, Victor D. Thompson, and Matthew Golsch, Geophysical Investigations at the Cane Patch Site (9CH35) on Ossabaw FRIDAY MORNING Island, Georgia 18d Thacker, Paul, The Mineralogy behind the [19] Redbud B, C Magnetics: Sedimentology and Site Formation Processes in North Carolina Symposium: Early Human Life on the Southeastern Coastal Plain 18e Colvin, Matthew H., Assessing Monumentality in the Okeechobee Basin, Organizers: Albert C. Goodyear and Christopher R. Florida and the Scope of LiDAR Imaging Moore 18f Ferguson, Terry A., and Carl Steen, In 8:00 Dunbar, James S., The South-Eastern Warm Search of the Lost Kiln: A Geophysical Thermal Enclave, Perturbations of the Late Reconnaissance at the B.F. Landrum Pottery Pleistocene (38AK496) 8:20 Lowery, Darrin, and Dennis Stanford, 18g Brilliant, Brooke, Not Another Cell Tower 42,000 Years of Delmarva’s Upland Survey! An Examination of Data Gained from Geoarchaeological Record Archaeological Surveys of Cell Tower Tracts 8:40 Stanford, Dennis, and Darrin Lowery, The 18h Adams, Olivia, Maureen Hays, and Chesapeake Bay Bifaces: Evidence for an LGM Kimberly Pyszka, Landscape Archaeology and Occupation of the Eastern North America GIS: Understanding Cultural Adaptation and Tenant Farming in the Lowcountry (Hollywood, 9:00 Leigh, David, and Bradley Suther, SC) Landforms Favoring Buried Pre-Clovis and Paleoindian Sites on the Atlantic Coastal Plain 18i Banschbach, Mary, Dominic J. Day, Emma 9:20 Meredith, Steven M., Clovis Sites in the Gulf Mason, Christopher Curry, Sarah Love, Coastal Plain of Southwest Alabama and Daniel P. Bigman, Long-Term Changes in Landscape Use Patterns at Sampson Island, 9:40 BREAK Congaree National Park, South Carolina

Friday Morning 9 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina

10:00 Purdy, Barbara A., Ancient Floridians at the [21] Regency F Container Corporation of America Site Symposium: Ancestors and Creation: The (8MR154), Marion County, Florida > 20,000 Symbolism and Founding Ideologies of Years Ago: A Re-examination Mississippian Belief Systems 10:20 Ensor, Blaine, Development of a New Organizers: Johann A. Sawyer and F. Kent Reilly Paradigm for Early Settlement of the Americas: Data from the Gulf Coastal Plain and Beyond 10:00 Duncan, James, and Carol Diaz-Granados, Sun and Morning Star/Father and Son: Co- 10:40 Anderson, Derek T., Ashley M. Occurrences in Rock Art Smallwood, Albert C. Goodyear, and D. Shane Miller, Stratigraphy and Dating at the 10:20 Smith, Kevin E., and Robert V. Sharp, The Topper Site, South Carolina Middle Cumberland “Changing Woman” and the Path of Souls 11:00 LeCompte, Malcolm A., James P. Kennett, Ted E. Bunch, Allen West, and Wendy S. 10:40 Sharp, Robert V., Creating and Displaying the Wolbach, Clovis and the Younger Dryas Images of Creation’s Actors: The Ritual Cosmic Impact at 12.8 ka B.P. Function of Mississippian Flint-Clay Figures 11:20 Pevny, Charlotte D., R. Christopher 11:00 Stauffer, Grant, and Jesse Nowak, The Goodwin, and William P. Barse, From House between Life and Death: Female Biscayne Bay to the Cody Scarp: The Early Sepultures in Mississippian North Florida Archaic Bolen Horizon in Florida 11:20 Kelly, John, The Historical Context of the 11:40 Austin, Robert J., Sam B. Upchurch, James Central Pole and the Ceremonial in S. Dunbar, Richard W. Estabrook, and Jon PreMississippian Societies on the Northern C. Endonino, and Adam Burke, The Quarry Margins of the Greater Southeast Cluster Approach to Chert Provenance Studies, with Examples from Florida 11:40 Sabo, George, III, “Paired Figures Confronting a Forked Pole:” So What’s Up with the Forked Pole? [20] Regency F Symposium: Archaeology at South Carolina State [22] Regency G Parks General Session: Mississippi Period, Part I Organizers: David Jones and Andrew Agha Chair: Jayur Mehta 8:00 Jones, David, Spanish Mount Stabilization 8:00 Betzenhauser, Alleen, and Elizabeth L. 8:20 Agha, Andrew, Complexities at Charles Towne Watts-Malouchos, Creating Community in Landing, or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying the : Rethinking Mississippian and Love the Storage Practices 8:40 Isenbarger, Nicole, People, Pots and 8:20 Cyr, Howard, Scott Meeks, Rocco de : Looking at 17th Century Cultural Gregory, and Hunter Johnson, Life along the Interactions through Local Pottery along the Yazoo River: Explanations into the Timing and Ashley River Length of Occupation at 22HO626, a Late Woodland and Early Mississippian Site in the 9:00 James, Larry, Grace Under Fire: The Lower Mississippi Valley Archaeological Investigation at St. George Parish Church and Cemetery 8:40 Noack Myers, Kelsey, Kelsey E. Witt, and Elizabeth L. Watts-Malouchos, Ancient 9:20 Young, Stacey, Archaeology and Interpretation Canine DNA: Implications for Late Woodland of Hampton Plantation State Historic Site and Mississippian (A.D. 600-1400) Relatedness, Interactions, and Movements in the Midwest

10 Friday Morning Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014

9:00 Skousen, B. Jacob, Making a Case for Large- 10:20 McKinnon, Jennifer, “She is a treasure Scale Gatherings at the Emerald Site galleon in every respect:” Preliminary Results of Recent Investigations on a Possible Late 18th 9:20 Mehta, Jayur, Summit Architecture on Mound Century Shipwreck in Biscayne National Park D at the Carson Site, Coahoma County, Mississippi 10:40 Moore, David D., Anatomy of Blackbeard’s Flagship: Historical and Archaeological 9:40 BREAK Research Focused upon the Structural Remains 10:00 Lennen, Joel P., Movement and Performance of Queen Anne’s Revenge, Beaufort Inlet, North at the Canebrake Site Carolina 10:20 Ashley, Keith, The Grand Shell Ring: 11:00 Carnes-McNaughton, Linda F., The French Commemorating the Past Connection: Elements and Artifacts from the QAR Shipwreck 10:40 Sapitan, Robert, and Keith Ashley, Living High above the River: St. Johns II Life at the T. 11:20 Kenyon, Kimberly, Conserving Blackbeard’s R. Preserve Site Queen Anne’s Revenge: Past, Present, and Future 11:00 Hall, Kristen Cecilia Douglass, Suwannee Valley Redefined: A Feasting Pottery 11:40 Kozlowski, Ryan, Examining Artifacts from Assemblage from Parnell Mound the Queen Anne’s Revenge with Digitome® Volumetric Radiography 11:20 Mones, Micah, Shell Works and Shell Beads at the Edge of the Mississippian World [24] Crepe Myrtle [23] Regency H Symposium: Woodland Period Settlement, Interaction, and Ritual along the North Florida Symposium: Southeastern Maritime Archaeology Gulf Coast Organizer: Ashley M. Deming Organizers: Daniel Seinfeld and Jeffrey Shanks 8:00 Fulmer, Nate, and Ashley M. Deming, 8:00 Campbell, Jan, Prentice Thomas, Benjamin SCIAA Maritime Research Division: Preserving Aubuchon, and Bret Kent, Location, and Protecting Maritime Heritage in the Location, Location: The Potential Importance of Palmetto State 8BY9 and Davis Point in Weeden Island 8:20 Spirek, James, The Blockade of Charleston Settlement Dynamics at Tyndall Air Force Base, Harbor, 1861-1865: Two Archaeological Bay County, Florida Consequences 8:20 Saunders, Rebecca, and Allison Mueller, 8:40 Scafuri, Michael, The Virtual Hunley: Swift Creek Pottery from the Harrison Ring, Archaeological Research and the Use of 3D Bay County, Florida Modeling to Study the H. L. Hunley Submarine 8:40 Ellis, Sarah, Trafficking Rock: A Comparative 9:00 James, Stephen, The Undine, A Tea Clipper in Analysis of Swift Creek and Weeden Island the Savannah River Lithic Procurement and Production Habits 9:20 Lydecker, Andrew, Archaeology of 9:00 Dengal, Craig, Baker’s Landing (8BY29): A Confederate Obstructions in the Savannah River Swift Creek Mound and Ring Midden Complex on the Northwest Florida Gulf Coast 9:40 Gifford, Matthew, and Erica Gifford, A Bankline Survey of the Low Country Rice 9:20 Hill, Lou, Less is Moore: An Analysis of the Plantations Landscape Artifactual Material from Four Woodland Burial Mounds at the Tucker and Bird 10:00 BREAK Hammock Sites on the Florida North Central Gulf Coast

Friday Morning 11 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina

9:40 BREAK 10:00 BREAK 10:00 Shanks, Jeffrey, Coastal Connections: 10:20 Malischke, Lisa Marie, Old Methods Made Intraregional Interaction among Woodland New—French Fort St. Pierre (1719-1729), Mound and Village Sites in Northwest Florida Daily Life, Stanley South, and Multivariate Statistics 10:20 Russo, Mike, Overcoming the Willeys at Mound Field, North Florida Gulf Coast 10:40 Smith, Steven D., and James B. Legg, Recent Research at Fort Motte 10:40 Seinfeld, Daniel, New Insights into Ritual and Monumentality at the Letchworth Mounds 11:00 Waters, Gifford, 17th-18th Century Stone and Site (8JE337) Tabby Architecture at Mission Nombre de Dios, St. Augustine, Florida 11:00 Wallis, Neill J., and Paulette S. McFadden, Garden Patch (8DI4): Building a Middle 11:20 Marrinan, Rochelle, Early and Late Mission Woodland Ceremonial Center on the Northern Assemblages from Province Peninsular Gulf Coast 11:40 Melcher, Jennifer, The Last Mission of 11:20 Donop, Mark C., An Introduction to the Northwest Florida Weeden Island Palmetto Mound (8LV2) on Hog Island 11:40 Pluckhahn, Thomas J., Victor D. [26] Dogwood Thompson, and J. Matthew Compton, General Session: Geophysics, Modeling, and Archaeological Investigations at the Roberts Chemical Analyses Island Shell Mound Complex: Late Woodland Settlement and Ceremony on Florida’s West- Chair: Jeremy Menzer Central Gulf Coast 8:00 Menzer, Jeremy, Jay Franklin, and Eileen Ernenwein, Geophysical Explorations and Archaeological Testing at the Mississippian Pile [25] Redbud A Mound Site, Upper Cumberland Plateau, General Session: Forts and Missions Tennessee Chair: David Moore 8:20 Hadley, Scott P., Jr., Large-Scale Geophysical Survey at the Denmark Site 8:20 Spring, Anita, Multi-Site Archeology: The (40MD85), a Middle Mississippi Town in Search for West Tennessee 8:40 Crowe, Fletcher S., Why Fort Caroline Was 8:40 Du Vernay, Jeffrey, Lori D. Collins, Travis Not Located near Jacksonville F. Doering, and Joseph Gamble, The 3D Documentation and Visualization of the Lake 9:00 Beaman, Thomas E., and John J. Mintz, The Jackson (8Le1) Copper Plates Port and the Forts: The Archaeology of Civil War Defensive Landscapes on the Lower Cape 9:00 Collins, Lori D., Travis F. Doering, Margo Fear River Schwadron, James McLeod, Jeffrey Du Vernay, and Jorge Gonzalez, LiDAR and 3D 9:20 Moore, David, Robin A. Beck, Jr., Sarah C. Documentation at the Ninety Six National Sherwood, and Christopher B. Rodning, Historic Site, South Carolina: Using Digital Continuing Investigation of the Preservation Strategies to Better Manage, Moat/Ditch at the Berry Site Protect, and Interpret the Only Existing 9:40 Sappington, Ericha, Two of the Bastions Face American Revolutionary War Tunnel the Sea: Constructing and Reconstructing 9:20 Doering, Travis F., Lori D. Collins, Margo History at Fort San Marcos de Apalache, a Schwadron, and Ken Wild, 3D Remote Spanish Outpost in the Borderlands of Documentation and Analysis of the Reef Bay La Florida Valley Petroglyphs, St. John, U.S. Virgin

12 Friday Morning Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014

Islands 27d Mickelson, Andrew, Current Status of Mississippian Settlement Patterns Research at 9:40 Dalton-Carriger, Jessica, and Elliot H. the Ames Site in Western Tennessee Blair, Searching for the Protohistoric Period in East Tennessee: Answering Chronological 27e Jones, Eric, and Pierce Wright, Examining Questions via pXRF and LA-ICP-MS Analyses Intrasite Settlement Patterns in the Upper Yadkin River Valley, A.D. 1200-1600 10:00 Daniels, James, and Paul Webb, Using pXRF to Measure Chemical Variability of 27f Hacker, Stephanie, and Howard Cyr, An Potsherds from the Hickory Log Site (9CK9) in Integrative Archaeological and Geomorphological Cherokee County, Georgia Approach to Understanding Site Distributions and Prehistoric Settlement Patterns along the 10:20 BREAK Little River, East Tennessee 10:40 Golsch, Matthew, Brandon T. Ritchison, 27h Singleton, Hayley, Midden between the Matthew H. Colvin, Bryan Tucker, and Mounds: Recent Investigations of Subsistence at Victor D. Thompson, Utilizing the Garden Patch Site (8DI4) Complementary Techniques to Understand Formation Processes at the Ossabaw Island Shell 27g Carmody, Stephen B., Sarah C. Sherwood, Ring (9CH203) Jon Russ, and Madison Fuller, Multiple Data Sources in the Study of Plant Processing at the 11:00 Gordon, Falicia, and Brandon Thompson, Michaels Shelter (40FR276), Sewanee, Tennessee Archeological and Remote Sensing Investigations at the Weissinger Ancestral 27h Savarese, Michael, Karen Jo Walker, Plantation Home Site William H. Marquardt, and Victor D. Thompson, Influence of Native American 11:20 Colombo, Leah, and John Gifford, Overharvesting on the Population Structure of Preliminary Results - Development of a the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica: Predictive Model to Locate Potential Submerged Shifting Baselines in ’s Prehistoric Archaeological Sites in Florida Bay, Estuaries National Park

11:40 Williams, Mark, One Last Paper RIDAY FTERNOON F A [27] Mezzanine Poster Session: Bioarchaeology, Settlement, and [28] Magnolia Subsistence, 9 am — Noon Student Affairs Committee (SAC) Luncheon: 27a Pierson, Michele, and Caitlin Wamser, An Navigating the Modern Job Market, Noon— 1:30 Osteological Inquiry of Age and Sex among pm, Robin A. Beck, Jr., Tasha Benyshek, Megan Individuals Uncovered at Holy Spirit Catholic Kassabaum, David Morgan, Melissa Twaroski, and Church Rich Weinstein 27b Rinker, Emily, and Stuart Nealis, Bioarchaeological Analyses of Health Trends at [29] Redbud B, C Eastern State Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky Symposium (continued): Early Human Life on 27c Roberts Thompson, Amanda D., Bryan the Southeastern Coastal Plain Tucker, Jennifer Bedell, Megan Teague Tucker, Matthew Golsch, Brandon T. Organizers: Albert C. Goodyear and Christopher R. Ritchison, Matt H. Colvin, Katherine Moore Napora, Rachel Black, Aimee Bouzigard, and Victor D. Thompson, Articulating 1:00 Wilkinson, Joseph E., Across the Coastal Management and Research on Ossabaw Island, Plain: Looking at Early Archaic Hafted Bifaces by Georgia Raw Material and Geography

Friday Afternoon 13 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina

1:20 Young, Christopher K., and M. Steven Organization of Lower Mississippi Valley Shackley, Travelin’ Rhyolite: Sourcing Lithic Warfare Raw Material in Relation to the Johannes Kolb 1:40 Boles, Steven, Supernaturals in the Archaeological Site (38DA75) Confluence Region 1:40 Smallwood, Ashley M., Thomas Jennings, 2:00 Reilly, F. Kent, Foundational and David G. Anderson, Jerald Ledbetter, Cosmological Themes in Mississippian Testing for Evidence of Paleoindian Responses to Engraved Shell Art: Ideological Imagery and the the Younger Dryas in Georgia Visual Depiction of the Ceremonies of Creation 2:00 Bridgman Sweeney, Kara, Multiple Scales of 2:20 Brown, James, Ideological Referents of the Interaction and Tradition in the Early Side- Spiro Spirit Lodge Notched Horizon 2:40 King, Adam, Vestiges of First Man at Etowah 2:20 Thulman, David K., Discerning Early Archaic Bolen Territories using Geometric 3:00 Thornock, Christopher L., Mississippian Morphometrics Mounds as Tableaus, Ceremonial Houses, and Members of the Community: An Example from 2:40 Goodyear, Albert C., and Douglas Sain, the Hollywood Site (9RI1) PreClovis Archaeology and Geochronology at the Topper Site 3:00 BREAK [31] Regency F 3:20 Adovasio, James M., C. Andrew General Session: Style and Iconography Hemmings, and Anne Marjenin, The Old Site (8IR009): Current Investigations Chair: Elizabeth Horton Suggest Pleistocene Human Occupation 3:40 Horton, Elizabeth, Weaving for the World 3:40 Moore, Christopher R., Mark J. Brooks, I. Beyond: Iconographic and Decorative Fabrics Randolph Daniel, Jr., Andrew H. Ivester, from Craig Mound at Spiro and James K. Feathers, Regional 4:00 Iverson, Richard L., A New Approach for Manifestations of Late Quaternary Climate Interpreting Prehistoric Eastern North Change and Archaeological Site Burial along the American Shamanic Cult Iconography South Atlantic Slope 4:20 Buchanan, Meghan, Making Pots, Making 4:00 Harris, Scott, Geological Evolution and War: Mississippian Plate Iconography in the Paleolandscapes of the SE-U.S. Continental Midcontinent Shelf 4:40 Bryant, Laura A., Figural Forms: The Styles 4:20 Anderson, David G., Discussant and Dispersion of the Mississippian Female 4:40 Schuldenrein, Joseph, Discussant Effigy Bottles

[30] Regency F [32] Regency G Symposium (continued): Ancestors and Creation: General Session: Historical Archaeology The Symbolism and Founding Ideologies of Chair: Victor D. Thompson Mississippian Belief Systems 1:20 Price, Sarah E., and Heather Puckett, Organizers: Johann A. Sawyer and F. Kent Reilly Desperately Seeking Zula 1:00 Sawyer, Johann A., First Man and Centered 1:40 Costa, January W., An Analysis of Ceramics Poles from Bend, North Carolina: A 1:20 Dye, David, Lightning Boy Face Mask Gorgets Comparative Study of Recovered Ceramics to and Thunder Boy War Clubs: The Ritual

14 Friday Afternoon Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014

Locally Manufactured Wares in the Catawba 2:40 Kassabaum, Megan, Preliminary Valley Investigations at the Smith Creek Mounds, Wilkinson County, Mississippi 2:00 Pigott, Michelle, “Apalacha-Creek:” Discussing Cultural Hybridization through 3:00 Kowalski, Jessica, and H. Edwin Jackson, Ceramic Analysis On the Mound Trail: Mississippian Polities in the Lower Yazoo Basin 2:20 Webb, Paul, Matt Wilkerson, Tasha Benyshek, Bruce Idol, and Michael 3:20 Henderson, Cecilia, and H. Edwin Jackson, Nelson, Transportation Archaeology and Coles Creek Mounds in the Lower Yazoo Basin: Cherokee Sites in Western North Carolina Mississippi Mounds Trail Investigations at the Carter Site and Aden 2:40 Baumann, Timothy E., Ted Clay Nelson, Lynne Sullivan, Jessica Dalton-Carriger, 3:40 Johnson, Jay K., Bryan Haley, Stephen and Donna McCarthy, Cherokee or Muskogee Harris, Erika Carpenter, and Travis (Creek)?: Cultural Affiliation on Hiwassee Cureton, Mississippi Mounds Trail Research in Island the Upper Yazoo Basin 3:00 BREAK 4:00 McLeod, Todd, and John Connaway, Developing an Architectural Sequence for a 3:20 Thompson, Victor D., William Portion of the Mound A Enclosure at the Carson H.Marquardt, Karen Jo Walker, Amanda Mound Group, Coahoma County, Mississippi D. Roberts Thompson, and Lee Newsom, In the Shadow of the King’s House: Exploring 4:20 Butz, Samuel H., Excavations of Mound B: A and Spanish Architecture at Mound Key Ridgetop Mound at the Carson Site, a Mississippian Mound Center in the Northern 3:40 Auerbach, Jeffrey, Not Die But In Jerusalem: Yazoo Basin The Nutritional Consequences of the Nat Turner Revolt 4:40 O'Hear, John W., and Erin Stevens Nelson, The Mississippi Mound Trail in Archaeological 4:00 Steen, Carl, and Terry A. Ferguson, Finding Context: A First Try the Lost Kiln at the B.F. Landrum Pottery

4:20 Bordelon, Blair, Archaeology of the Irish Channel: Transnational Identities and Ethnic [34] Crepe Myrtle Boundaries among 19th and Early 20th Century Student Affairs Committee (SAC) Panel: Gender Immigrants Roles among Southeastern Archaeologists, 2:00 — 4:40 Moser, Jason D., and Chan Funk, Fort 5:00 pm, Dana Bardolph, Tamira Brennan, Charles Jackson’s Historic Archaeology: A Review of Cobb, Gayle Fritz, Maureen Meyers, D. Shane Significance and Integrity--25 Years On Miller, Sarah Miller, Tanya Peres, Jim Pritchard, Christopher B. Rodning, Robert Rohe, Sissel

Schroeder, and Amber VanDerwarker [33] Regency H

Symposium: Mississippi Mound Trail Research [35] Redbud A Organizers: John W. O’Hear and Erin Stevens General Session: GIS Applications Nelson Chair: Mark Wagner 2:20 Steponaitis, Vincas P., Megan Kassabaum, Mallory Melton, David Cranford, and 1:20 Law, Zada, Triangulating Scholarship, Ashley A. Peles, An Overview of Mississippi Primary Sources, and Geospatial Visualization Mound Trail Excavations in the Natchez Bluffs to Map the African American Landscape of the Civil War

Friday Afternoon 15 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina

1:40 Smith, Allison M., John W. Cottier, and 2:20 Giles, Bretton, Hopewell Caches as Hamilton H. Bryant, III, A Historical Communicative Acts and Mnemonically- Snapshot of the Native Landscape of the Lower Charged Gifts Alabama River in 1814 2:40 Knight, Vernon James, Jr., and Julie G. 2:00 Wesler, Kit, Defining Culture Area in the Era Markin, Reanalysis of Pottery from the of GIS: Mississippian and Medieval Anneewakee Creek Mound, Georgia Christendom 3:00 BREAK 2:20 Gill, Matthew, Using GIS to Assess the Effectiveness of Archaeological Surveys 3:20 Norris, Sean, Ramona Grunden, Stacey Conducted at Avon Park Air Force Range Young, Heathley Johnson, and Christopher K. Young, Excavations at 38FL424: Early 2:40 Wagner, Mark, and Go Matsumoto, Indian Woodland Cremation on the Lynches Mounds and Ironclads: The U.S. Naval Base at River Mound City, 3:40 Ogden, Quinn-Monique, Excavation and 3:00 BREAK Analysis of Three Late Archaic/Early Woodland Semi-Subterranean Structures of at Rebellion 3:20 Tankersley, Matt, Identification and Analysis Farms, Berkeley County, South Carolina of the Brampton Plantation Battlefield 4:00 LaDu, Daniel A., The View from Mazique 3:40 McLeod, Bart, Digital Modeling and Non- (22Ad502): Rethinking the Coles Creek/ Destructive Technological Examination of Plaquemine Cultural Transition from the Artifacts and Safety Harbor Burial Practices at Perspective of the Natchez Bluffs Region of the Picnic Mound (8Hi3), Hillsborough County, Lower Mississippi Valley Florida 4:20 Birnbaum, David J., Technological Variability 4:00 Stack, Meg, Utilizing Georeferencing in in St. Johns Pottery from Malabar Assemblages Archaeology: A Quest to find the Seminole Village of Chocachatti 4:20 Keith, Scot, Examining Middle Woodland [37] Mezzanine Swift Creek Interaction Using Least Cost Path Analysis Poster Session: Colonial through Late Historic, 2:00 — 5:00 pm

37a Cooper, Leslie, and Jillian Galle, Yaughan [36] Dogwood and Curriboo: A New Look at Two Eighteenth- Century Low Country Plantations General Session: Woodland Period Archaeology 37b Glickman, Jessica, Slave Ships in the Chair: Bretton Giles Archaeological and Historic Record 1:00 Rael, Travis, Overview of Excavations 37c Meyers, Patrisha, Lareyne Ellebracht, and Conducted at Oakville Mounds in Lawrence Kevin Gidusko, African-American Burial County, Alabama Practices in Florida: Changed Lives, Enduring 1:20 Hummel, Rebecca L., Preliminary Work Memories Conducted at Walker-Noe 37d Funk, Chan, and Jason D. Moser, Eligibility 1:40 Yon, Caroline, Analysis of Middle Woodland Intervals on Fort Jackson, South Carolina Ceramics from the Big Creek Shell Pit Site, a 37e Sams, Adrianne B., From Big House to Farm Possible Hopewell-Related Site House: 100 Years at Arcadia Mill’s Simpson Lot 2:00 Wright, Alice P., Sacred Geology: Mica and 37f Wright, Katherine, and Alesia Hoyle, Crystal Quartz Crafting in Middle Woodland Riches or Resources: A Comparison of Historic Appalachia Artifacts from a Rural Farmstead Site in Mississippi and an Urban Site in Tennessee 16 Friday Afternoon Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014

37g Dunn, Kathryn, Establishing the Past Lives of 10:40 Shepherd, Rebecca, Going Up the Country: A Appalachia in the Berea College Forest Comparison of Elite Ceramic Consumption Patterns in Charleston and the Carolina 37h Idol, Coy J., Investigations into the Oldest Frontier Standing Structure in North Carolina 11:00 Falls, Eva, Assigning Site Function: An 37i Moore, Christopher R., and Richard W. Archaeological Exploration of a Settlement at Jefferies, Seventeenth Century Mission Period Dixie Plantation, Hollywood, South Carolina Cultural Dynamics on Sapelo Island, Georgia 11:20 Hudgins, Carter Lee, Discussant 37j Richardson, Mary Anna, More than Pencils: An Analysis of English Graphite at Jamestown [39] Regency F

FRIDAY EVENING Symposium: The Fallen Tree Mortuary Complex: Unexpected Finds on St. Catherines Island, Georgia SEAC Business Meeting, 5:30 — 6:45 pm, Regency Organizers: Matthew F. Napolitano and David Ballroom Hurst Thomas 9:00 Keeton, Glen, Nicholas Triozzi, Thomas SEAC Dance, 9:00 pm — Midnight, Regency Blaber, Matthew F. Napolitano, When z Ballroom Becomes x: Excavating Three Late Mississippian Ossuaries from the Bottom Up

9:20 Thomas, David Hurst, Clark Spencer SATURDAY MORNING Larsen, and Laurie Reitsema, Explicating the “ Problem” at Fallen Tree (St. Catherines Island, Georgia) [38] Redbud B, C 9:40 Reitsema, Laurie, and Hannah Morris, The Symposium: The Creation and Legacy of the St. Catherines Island Isoscape, in Aid of Carolina Colony Paleodiet and Paleoclimate Reconstructions Organizers: Sarah Stroud Clarke and Kimberly 10:00 Triozzi, Nicholas, and Anna M. Semon, A Pyszka Vessel to the Next World: Examining an Urn Burial from Fallen Tree and Others on the 9:00 Zierden, Martha, Nicholas Butler, and Georgia Coast Katherine Pemberton, For Defense and Trade: The Walled City of Charleston 10:20 Semon, Anna M., Characterizing Irene Period Ceramics from Mortuary and Village Contexts 9:20 Stroud Clarke, Sarah, The Mystery of the Red on St. Catherines Island Ceramics Continues: Understanding a Unique Assemblage of Coarse Earthenware ca. 1680- 10:40 Napolitano, Matthew F., Exploring 1740 Mississippian Connections through Mortuary Objects on St. Catherines Island, Georgia 9:40 Pyszka, Kimberly, Kalen McNabb, and Maureen Hays, “a small, but convenient House of Brick:” The St. Paul’s Parish [40] Regency G Parsonage House General Session: Caddo Research 10:00 Altizer, Kendy, Three Hoes in the Kitchen: The Conceptualization of Peachtree Plantation, St. Chair: Mary Beth Trubitt James Santee Parish, South Carolina 9:00 Younger-Mertz, Stewart, Jack Manuel, Tilo 10:20 BREAK Reinert, Szabolcs Szilasi, Scott W.

Saturday Morning 17 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina

Hammerstedt, and Gary Glass, Ion Beam 10:00 BREAK Analysis and Caddo Archaeology 10:20 Howell, Cameron, Dynamics of the 9:20 Trubitt, Mary Beth, Ethnicity, Identity, and Mississippian Period Fission-Fusion Process: A Community in the Case Study from Eastern Tennessee 9:40 Samuelsen, John R., A Reanalysis of 10:40 Schubert, Ashley, Pisgah Ceramic Variation Strontium Isotopes from the Crenshaw Site: in the Southern Appalachians Implications on Caddo Interregional Warfare 11:00 Powis, Terry, Adam King, Louis Grivetti, 10:00 Girard, Jeffrey, Alluvial Geoarchaeology in the and Nilesh Gaikwad, Lower Red River Floodplain, Northwest Ceremonialism at Etowah Louisiana 11:20 Hally, David, and John Chamblee, The 10:20 BREAK Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Mississippian Polities in the Nuclear Southeast 10:40 Lawhon, Taylor, Karl Bennett, and Paul N. Eubanks, Preliminary Interpretations from 11:40 Rathgaber, Michelle M., Earthquake Impacts Two Potential Habitation Zones at Drake’s Salt on Settlement during the Mississippian Period Works in Northeast Arkansas 11:00 Eubanks, Paul N., A Day in the Lives of the Caddo Salt Makers at Drake’s Salt Works [42] Redbud A 11:20 Rutecki, Dawn M., Burial 62 at Spiro: Symposium: Interpreting the Past, Teaching the Understanding Material Connections Present, and Planning for the Future: A 11:40 Livingood, Patrick, Amanda Regnier, and Symposium on Current Practices in Public Scott W. Hammerstedt, 2013 and 2014 Archaeology Excavations of Spiro Lower Terrace Structures Organizers: Meg Gaillard, Helena Ferguson, and Erika Shofner [41] Regency H 8:20 McReynolds Shebalin, Theresa, Anna Baker, Samantha Baker, and Katherine General Session: Mississippi Period, Part II Matthews, Dirty Hands and Lifelong Chair: Tony Boudreaux Memories: Engaging Pre-Collegiate Students through Archaeology Summer Camps 8:20 Watts-Malouchos, Elizabeth L., New Insights into the Early Mississppian Occupation 8:40 Shofner, Erika, Helena Ferguson, and Meg of Southwestern Indiana: Preliminary Results Gaillard, Archaeology in the Classroom from Recent Excavations at the Stephan- Steinkamp Site (12PO33) 9:00 Murray, Emily Jane, Community Archaeology at the Bronson-Mulholland House and Beyond 8:40 Barzilai, Rebecca M., A Tale of Two Burned Structures at the Emerald Site in Lebanon, 9:20 Poplin, Carol J., Sharing the Past with the Illinois Public through CRM: An Example from A Freedmen’s Community 9:00 Ricciardelli, Taryn, Mississippian Settlement Patterns in the Town Creek Area, North 9:40 Joseph, Nicholas S., Archaeology on Wheels: Carolina The Society for Georgia Archaeology’s ArchaeoBus Program 9:20 Boudreaux, Tony, and Heidi Rosenwinkel, Houses and Cemeteries within the Mississippian 10:00 BREAK Town at Town Creek 10:20 Miller, Megan Marie, Little Orange Creek 9:40 Lyle, Erika L., and Timothy E. Baumann, Park: How Public Archaeology Encourages Negative Painted Pottery from East Tennessee Community Involvement in Hawthorne, Florida

18 Saturday Morning Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014

10:40 Nohe, Sarah, From with ‘Chug:’ Interpreting the Historical Significance of a Archaeology Field Day at Croft Park, 9:00 am — Vernacular Watercraft Collection 5:00 pm 11:00 Harke, Ryan and Sarah Miller, Shells of Florida’s Historic Cemeteries: What Can We Learn? Great Spirits of SEAC, 5:30 — 6:30 pm, Atrium 11:20 Gaillard, Meg, The SCDNR Heritage Trust Suite Program: 40 Years of Preservation 11:40 Taylor, Sean G., What Do Cultural Resources Low Country Boil (by reservation), 6:30— 9:00 pm, Have to Do with the South Carolina Department Regency D, E of Natural Resources?

[43] Dogwood Symposium: Sister Research in the Same Field: Historic and Prehistoric Bioarchaeology in the Southeastern United States Organizers: Rachel E. Black and Michaelyn S. Harle 9:00 Hodge, Shannon Chappell, Lions and Tigers and Burials: Bioarchaeology of the Nashville Zoo Cemetery 9:20 Stewart, Ashley, An Osteological and Forensic Photographic Analysis of Prehistoric Multiple Burials in the Middle Tennessee Valley 9:40 Applegate, Darlene, and Hannah Conner, Early Woodland Non-Mound Bioarchaeology: Analysis of Human Remains from Site 15WA399,Warren County, Kentucky 10:00 Matternes, Hugh, Post-Mortem Dynamics in a 19th Century Interment from Central Georgia 10:20 Beasley, Virgil, “Land of Wealth and Beauty:” A Cemetery of Lumber Mill Barons near Brewton, Alabama 10:40 De Vore, William, and Keith Jacobi, Post- Cranial Mutilations Associated with Late Archaic Decapitations in Prehistoric North Alabama

SATURDAY AFTERNOON & EVENING

Textile Heritage Tour (by reservation), 1:00 — 5:00 pm

Saturday Afternoon & Evening 19 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina

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21 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina

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23 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina

STUDENT PAPER COMPETITION

Review Committee: Jeffrey M. Mitchem (Arkansas Archeological Survey), Chair

Asa Randall (University of Oklahoma)

Amber VanDerwarker (University of Santa Barbara)

David J. Birnbaum (Southern Illinois University, Ashley Nicole Stewart (University of Alabama) Carbondale) An Osteological and Forensic Photographic Analysis of Technological Variability in St. Johns Pottery from Prehistoric Multiple Burials in the Middle Tennessee Malabar Assemblages Valley Meghan E. Buchanan (Indiana University, Bloomington)

Making Pots, Making War: Mississippian Plate Special Thanks to the Book Prize Contributors! Iconography in the Midcontinent

Samuel H. Butz (University of Mississippi) Phyllis and Dan Morse Excavations of Mound B: A Ridge-Top Mound at the Carson Site, a Mississippian Mound Center in the The Family of the late Dr. James C. Waggoner, Jr. Northern Yazoo Basin Ancient Society Books Kelly Ervin (Auburn University) Arkansas Archeological Survey Synthesizing the Sociospatial: Applying Spatial Center for Archaeological Investigations Statistics to Identify Patterns in the Historic Creek Town Coastal Environments, Inc. Paul N. Eubanks (University of Alabama) South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology A Day in the Lives of the Caddo Salt Makers at Drake’s Salt Works Southeastern Archaeological Conference University of Alabama Press Joel P. Lennen (University of Illinois) University of South Alabama, Archaeology Movement and Performance at the Canebrake Site Museum and Center for Archaeological Studies Lisa Marie Malischke (University of Alabama) University Presses of Florida Old Methods Made New—French Fort St. Pierre (1719-

1729), Daily Life, Stanley South, and Multivariate Statistics Ted Clay Nelson (University of Alabama) Mortuary Practices, Wealth, and Social Status at the Rhodes Site in Moundville, Alabama John R. Samuelsen () A Reanalysis of Strontium Isotopes from the Crenshaw Site: Implications on Caddo Interregional Warfare

24 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014

PLEISTOCENE BLUES

Music: Eric C. Poplin, Keith M. Derting Chorus: Lyrics: Keith Houser, Charles R. Norville, Keith M. The shaman told me I’ve got to change my home place Derting I’ve got to vacate those saddles and bluffs

My settlement patterns are obsolete now Well, I’ve been stepped on by a Wooly Mammoth Having trouble forgetting all this Paleo stuff I’ve been lied to by a Giant Ground Sloth

I’ve been run over by a herd of Camels Big Game Huntin’ has been my lifeway And I’ve been spit on by a Mastadon I’ve been successful but now things have changed

Intensive huntin’ and gatherin’ is the name of the Chorus: game now I’ve got the Pleistocene blues My World view has been rearranged I’ve got the Pleistocene blues Periglacial hues Neanderthal views Repeat: I’ve got the Pleistocene blues My Weltanschauung’s been rearranged

I’ve been huntin’ for three weeks runnin’ Chorus: And I just broke my favorite De mode of adaptation to this Archaic Now I can’t flute no more Clovis points Is ‘bout to bring my whole family down And I feel so all alone If this Archaic’s been this much trouble What’re we gonna do when the Woodland rolls ‘round The Wooly Mammoth’s headed for extinction He’ll be gone in another year Chorus: The bow and arrow ain’t been invented How I long for the old days when the Wooly Mammoth So I can’t hunt no white-tailed deer Grazed down on the marshland so proud and free

Like the Wooly Mammoth I’m headed for extinction Chorus: This change in lifeway will be the death of me It’s getting’ warmer glaciers retreatin’

My back yard’s full of glacial till Chorus: Periglacial critters they’re movin’ northward Fade It’s gettin’ harder to make a kill

The Paleo’s endin’ Archaic’s comin’ (Standard A Minor Blues written and composed during A proliferation of spear points I see 1978 in a dorm at Catawba College, Salisbury, NC) My style of flintknapping I’ll have to be changing

I’ll have to modify my technology

25 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina

ABSTRACTS OF SYMPOSIA AND PANELS

(IN ORDER OF PRESENTATION)

[1], [10] Historic Tribes of Mississippi and [4] Subsistence and Seasonality on the Woodland Alabama: Recent Developments in Chickasaw Gulf Coast and Choctaw Archaeology Organizer: Carla Hadden Organizers: Kimberly A. Wescott and Terrance Weik This symposium brings together archaeobotanical, zooarchaeological, and The Chickasaw-Choctaw share a complex biogeochemical evidence of subsistence and relationship that is inextricably linked through the seasonality on the northern Gulf of Mexico, ca. migration stories and narratives of oral history. A.D. 100–1100. Case studies of sites on or near the Based on ethnohistorical accounts, these groups are coast, ranging from Mobile Bay, Alabama, to known to share close cultural affinity in areas such Crystal River, Florida, provide an overview of as language and social organization. This coastal dwellers’ use of plants and animals, symposium will provide a forum for participants including seasonal aspects of their use, during the to present findings from recent archaeological Woodland period. Information about coastal life investigations on the historic groups of Mississippi during the Woodland period offers an important and Alabama during the 16th and 19th centuries. perspective on coastal life during the subsequent Topics of discussion include foodways, household Mississippian period, which was very different in organization, social identity, slavery, settlement terms of resource scheduling, population mobility, patterns, and potting traditions. Through a and the role of domesticated plants. compilation of individual case studies, this symposium will begin to illuminate regional patterns. [6] Georgia on the Eve of Change: Recent Late Prehistoric and Protohistoric Archaeology in the

State [3] The Humanized Appendix: Contemporary Organizers: Ryan Sipe and Richard Moss Approaches for Environmentally Focused Subfields This symposium brings together a collection of Organizers: Elyse M. Anderson, Paulette S. recent archaeological research focused on the McFadden, and Andrea Palmiotto aboriginal populations of Georgia during the Late Mississippian and Protohistoric periods. The goal Researchers from subfields such as is to provide a stand alone forum for this research geoarchaeology, paleoethnobotany, and outside of the general Mississippian framework in zooarchaeology historically have been relegated to which it is often lumped to present unique themes appendical reports with a focus on traditional to this period of Georgia and questions, such as “What were people eating?” We protohistory. General themes will include want to encourage researchers to question how settlement patterning, ceramic variability, and site these types of questions matter as they contribute specific research. to an anthropological archaeology in the southeastern U.S. today. Speakers in this session may provide a thoughtful critique of traditional [7] New Perspectives on the Archaeology of research questions or assumptions; explore new Moundville and the Black Warrior Valley questions, theories, or methodologies with an emphasis on anthropological themes; engage Organizer: Erik Porth multiple lines of evidence from within and outside Moundville has been used as the model for of archaeology; and/or other related areas. various Mississippian economic and social models, provided a case study for monumentality, and has informed research elsewhere in the Southeast. In

26 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014 recent years, continued research at the site has current archaeological research of his former provided archaeologists with the opportunity to graduate and undergraduate students. complement or reassess the site’s history through new field work and analysis of old collections. The papers in this symposium provide new clues about [13] Forty Years On: Celebrating the Career of significant anthropological topics such as social Gerald F. Schroedl organization, population estimates, landscape modification, and ideology providing multiple Organizer: C. Clifford Boyd, Jr. lines of evidence to update the existing historical Gerald Schroedl came to the University of narrative of one of the largest sites in the region. Tennessee-Knoxville in 1971 as a research archaeologist. He retired earlier this year as a full Professor of Anthropology. During his nearly 43- [9] SCARNG Panel: The Current State of Rural year career at UTK, Gerald has researched and Household Archaeology in the Southeast: Best written on Late Woodland/Early Mississippian Practices burial mounds, the Emergent Mississippian, numerous historic Cherokee towns, and, most Organizer: Jason D. Moser recently, British Colonial sites in the Caribbean. Late 19th and early 20th-century rural His diverse research interests and contributions to archaeological sites are one of the largest classes of prehistoric and historic studies in the Southeast are cultural resources in the southeast. They typically reflected in the papers presented in this consist of clusters of buildings and low-density symposium by his former students and colleagues. middens with few diagnostic artifacts. In the past, these resources were rarely recommended as potentially eligible for listing on the National [14] Ocmulgee Archaeology: New Perspectives Register Historic Places (NRHP) and fewer, still, from Central Georgia were evaluated. This round-table will bring together both cultural resource investigators and Organizer: Daniel P. Bigman managers to discuss the current research and Following David Hally’s publication Ocmulgee methodologies surrounding these sites. Within this Archaeology much new investigation has been forum, we will discuss some of the best practices conducted in central Georgia by academic and used for evaluating and researching this site type. compliance archaeologists; both at Ocmulgee National Monument and the surrounding area. This symposium brings together results from [12] From Mound Ritual to Iconography to archaeology conducted over the past two decades Spanish Conquistadors: Papers in Honor of in central Georgia and builds on Hally’s 20 year Vernon James Knight, Jr. old synthesis. While Ocmulgee remains famous for Organizers: Amanda Regnier, Rachel Briggs, and its Early Mississippian occupation, the papers Erin Phillips presented here explore perspectives ranging from the Paleoindian to the recent historic. These papers Through the course of his career Vernon J. provide alternative histories, fill voids in our Knight, Jr. has had a major impact on Southeastern chronological understanding, and contextualize archaeology. His research has spanned the central Georgia archaeology within the wider Woodland to Historic periods and addressed eastern Woodlands. diverse issues from social and political organization to religion to iconography. To celebrate his retirement after 25 years as a professor in the Department of Anthropology at the University of Alabama, this session honors him with a selection of papers that demonstrate how his teaching and mentoring have influenced the

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[16] Life in the Golden Crescent: New projects have been conducted at several parks over Perspectives on the Shell Mounds and Middens the years, including college field schools, of Canaveral National Seashore preservation projects and thousands of hours of volunteer involvement. Parks utilizes the Organizers: Margo Schwadron, Alexandra Parsons, archaeological projects and active work to create and Kathryn Miyar and enrich interpretations and programs that reach This symposium presents new visitors and students on a daily basis. interdisciplinary perspectives on the shell mounds Archaeological studies at parks also helps advance and middens in the Canaveral Region of coastal our understanding of South Carolina culture and . Canaveral National Seashore history. represents one of the nation’s best-preserved

prehistoric coastal landscapes for study, and includes one of North America’s tallest shell [21], [30] Ancestors and Creation: The Symbolism mounds – Turtle Mound. Extensive multifaceted and Founding Ideologies of Mississippian Belief research has revealed much about the prehistory of Systems the area. We present new data to reinterpret Organizers: Johann A. Sawyer and F. Kent Reilly culture history, spatial and settlement patterns, chronology, technology and resource use, Amongst the Native American ethnologies paleoenvironmental history, and population with the deepest tradition are those that deal with dynamics of prehistoric people living in the creation and its primary actors. Amongst those Canaveral Region of Florida. actors are preternaturals titled First-Man and Old- Woman-Who-Never-Dies, amongst others. Using

recently recovered iconographic and archaeological [19], [29] Early Human Life on the Southeastern information, the papers in this symposium will Coastal Plain demonstrate links between creation ethnographies and Mississippian symbolism. Such symbols and Organizers: Albert C. Goodyear and Christopher R. motifs would include, the center pole, ritual Moore vessels, regalia accoutrements, and symbolic The Coastal Plain is a major physiographic epithets that reference beneath-world powers. landform of the Southeastern U.S. which runs from

Chesopeake Bay through peninsular Florida across to Alabama. Evidence of Pleistocene and early [23] Southeastern Maritime Archaeology Holocene occupation spans from pre Last Glacial Organizer: Ashley M. Deming Maximum (20k) through the Early Archaic. Bounded by the Southern Appalachians on the Conducting maritime archaeological projects west and east by the and Gulf of and the interpretation of underwater cultural Mexico to the south, the Coastal Plain had the resources is greatly subject to the environment highest carrying capacity due to abundant streams both in and out of the water. The maritime and wetlands. With no significant barriers north archaeology practiced and the interpretation of and south it provides an archaeological laboratory sites in the southeastern portion of the United to examine human adaptations over thousands of States has its own unique set of opportunities and years. challenges. This symposium brings together scientific professionals and students and serves to

highlight the diverse maritime archaeology [20] Archaeology at South Carolina State Parks conducted and disseminated in the southeast, specifically in South Carolina, North Carolina, Organizers: David Jones and Andrew Agha Georgia, and Florida. South Carolina has 47 unique State Parks.

Some of these parks are State Historic Sites that contain historic resources both above and below the ground. Archaeology and historic studies

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[24] Woodland Period Settlement, Interaction, and recent symposia focusing on gender roles in and Ritual along the North Florida Gulf Coast our profession, as well as gendered perspectives in the archaeological record, compel us to remain Organizers: Daniel Seinfeld and Jeffrey Shanks diligent in working toward gender equality and Recent work using new methods are changing diversity in our field. our understanding of settlement features, interaction patterns, and ritual at Swift Creek and Weeden Island period sites along the Florida Gulf [38] The Creation and Legacy of the Carolina Coast. Insights include information about the Colony largest known Swift Creek , ringed Organizers: Sarah Stroud Clarke and Kimberly plazas, ceremonial pits and cardinally-patterned Pyszka post molds at sites heretofore thought only to simple refuse middens. Tracing stamped pottery Historical archaeologists in the South Carolina styles and paddle use among the Swift Creek sites Lowcountry are continually driven to question the suggests a close and contemporary link and conditions that formed Charleston, the wealthiest interaction sphere among numerous mound and 18th century port city in North America. Current midden sites throughout the region. research investigates Charleston’s late-17th and early-18th century origins to examine the dynamic

relationships formed between Native American [33] Mississippi Mound Trail Research groups and Europeans, the colony and the Caribbean, Colonial merchants and consumers, Organizers: John W. O'Hear and Erin Stevens and the transatlantic market economy. Session Nelson papers will examine how natural and cultural The Mississippi Mound Trail Project will be a conditions influenced fortifications, buildings, the 350 mile-long self guided driving tour that city, and its plantation environs and how these includes over thirty mounds and mound groups factors influenced the development of the elite from the southwest to northwest corners of the planter class that expanded beyond Charleston in State of Mississippi. With significant funding from the late 18th century. the Federal Highway Administration through the Mississippi Department of Transportation, background research and mapping has been done [39] The Fallen Tree Mortuary Complex: on 50 sites, and excavations have been carried out Unexpected Finds on St. Catherines Island, at 36 individual mounds spread over 27 mound Georgia sites. Along with summaries of the work done so Organizers: Matthew F. Napolitano and David far, papers in this symposium include both Hurst Thomas regional and site specific contributions. Rapid erosion St. Catherines Island, Georgia

led to the discovery of a large precontact cemetery. [34] SAC Panel: Gender Roles among The site, still being excavated, dates primarily to Southeastern Archaeologists the Late Irene period. Although there is some evidence of postcontact use, the site does not seem Organizers: Edward Henry and Sarah Baires to overlap with the occupation of Mission Santa Gender inequality among archaeologists Catalina de Guale, less than 200 meters away. This working in the southeastern United States has been mortuary site is unique on the island because no a common theme of discussion within southeastern burial mound was constructed. Our team is archaeology. Recent research within the discipline exploring research possibilities on late precontact of Anthropology (see Clancy et al. 2012) has disease, diet, ecology (using biometric/stable determined that gender inequality and sexual isotope analyses), sociopolitical practice, and the harassment are surprisingly prevalent, calling relationship between Guale populations and attention to harassment in the field to greater . discrimination in the hiring process. Such research

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[42] Interpreting the Past, Teaching the Present, and Planning for the Future: A Symposium on Current Practices in Public Archaeology

Organizers: Meg Gaillard, Helena Ferguson, and Erika Shofner

Comprised of archaeologists from academia, government, nonprofit, and CRM, this symposium will examine the variety of ways in which archaeologists interpret the past and educate the public. Whether through online resources, museum installations, primitive technology demonstrations, school visits, or avocational outreach, we all bring something different to the table when it comes to public archaeology. Sharing our ideas, experiences, and resources allows us to present archaeology in new and creative ways.

[43] Sister Research in the Same Field: Historic and Prehistoric Bioarchaeology in the Southeastern United States Organizers: Rachel E. Black and Sarah Baires Bioarchaeologists over the recent decades have made tremendous advancements in the contextual analysis of human remains. Whether it is the incorporation of novel techniques and approaches, innovative research trajectories, or inclusion of the stakeholders, both prehistoric and historic bioarchaeologists are expanding the scope and capability of their research. Unfortunately the presentation of these results is often segregated thematically by time period. While the nature of our data may require different approaches, we can learn much from one another. The goal of this year’s symposium is to bring historic and prehistoric bioarchaeologists together to encourage dialog and facilitate the exchange ideas.

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ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS AND POSTERS

(ENTRIES IN STUDENT PAPER COMPLETION MARKED WITH AN *)

Adams, Olivia (College of Charleston, Agha, Andrew (South Carolina State Parks, [email protected]), Maureen Hays (College of [email protected]) Charleston), and Kimberly Pyszka (Auburn [20] Complexities at Charles Towne Landing, or, How I University, Montgomery) Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Palisade [18] Landscape Archaeology and GIS: Understanding Archaeology has been ongoing at Charles Towne Cultural Adaptation and Tenant Farming in the Landing since 1968. Although Stan South is Lowcountry (Hollywood, SC) credited with the 1969 discovery of the 1670s Dixie Plantation (Hollywood, SC) has a long fortifications that proved the location of the first history of occupation, though little is known about permanent British settlement in South Carolina, he the period of post-Civil War, a time of social and was following Johnny Miller’s previous economic change. Here we focus on the transition excavations. Miller found a trash pit containing of tenant farming through the mid-20th century. fragments of body armor that arrived with the The ephemeral nature of tenant sites and social colonists in 1670, but the pit has been ignored until significance of the transition mark this as a critical now. This paper discusses Miller’s excavations, the period for investigation. A preliminary picture of archaeology at the pit today, and how these tenant farming will be presented through the discoveries support and digress from the known 45 analysis of existing architecture, historic year old interpretations of Charles Towne and its documentation, and material culture. Using GIS to early defenses. geo-spatially reference structure, site, and resource Agha, Andrew (see Johanson, Jessie) location allows us to explore how alterations in landscape usage communicate changes in social Ahlman, Todd (Texas State University, relationships. [email protected]) Adams-Pope, Natalie (New South Associates) [9] [13] Consumer Choice in the Caribbean: Examining Panelist Material Remains from the Brimstone Hill Fortress, St. Kitts, West Indies Adovasio, James (Mercyhurst University, [email protected]), C. Andrew The Brimstone Hill Fortress was a stratified, Hemmings (Mercyhurst University), and Anne multiethnic community where enslaved and freed Marjenin (Mercyhurst University) Africans, British soldiers and civilians, and members of the West Indian Regiments lived. [29] The Old Vero Man Site (8IR009): Current Archaeological investigations led by Gerald Investigations Suggest Pleistocene Human Occupation Schroedl over an eight year period have recovered New excavations adjacent to the locus of Sellards’s hundreds of thousands of artifacts from a variety 1916 work demonstrate that the Old Vero site of contexts that paint a picture of this community’s deposits are considerably more complex, and material culture. This paper presents the material better preserved, than had been previously remains from the fort’s community and places described. Intact strata span the period 22,000–2000 these materials into the wider context of Caribbean 14C yr B.P. Recovered materials include a flake consumerism, socioeconomic standing, and associated with humates dated to 9620 ± 30 14C yr ethnicity. B.P. from one area and burned fragments of wood, Altizer, Kendy (, soil, bone, and teeth from suspected extinct taxa [email protected]) from another. The unequivocal age of occupation has been pushed to ca. 11,000 B.P., with a living [38] Three Hoes in the Kitchen: The Conceptualization surface below that level that should date well into of Peachtree Plantation, St. James Santee Parish, South the Pleistocene. Carolina

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Peachtree is the ruin of a two-story dwelling once wide array of sources, to explore questions of owned by the Lynch family, prominent human-environmental interaction at multiple Lowcountry rice planters and politicians. Thomas geospatial and temporal scales, in the past, present, Lynch, Jr. was a signer of the Declaration of and future. A multi-institutional collaborative Independence. The house was built on the South effort, DINAA provides a framework for Santee River between 1760 and 1762. It burned in distributed linked open data initiatives in North 1840 and was never reconstructed; what remains American archaeology; promotes greater today is a ruin of partial walls and rubble. interaction between data generators, managers, Historical research and archaeological excavation and users; and helps promote a greater of the house site inform reconstruction of its floor appreciation for archaeology among researchers, plan. Artifacts recovered serve as a support resource managers, and the general public. mechanism and provide additional information to Anderson, David G. (see Smallwood, Ashley M.) determine possible room uses of the ground level. Anderson, David G. [29] Discussant Anderson, C. Broughton (Berea College, [email protected]), and Shabria Williamston Anderson, Derek T. (Cobb Institute of (Berea College) Archaeology, Mississippi State University, [email protected]), Ashley M. Smallwood [2] Freed Blacks in Appalachia: Discovering the (University of West Georgia), Albert C. Goodyear White/Baxter Family Property (South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Berea College owns over 8000 acres of multi-use Anthropology), and D. Shane Miller (Mississippi forest, but to date, little archaeological research has State University) been conducted. In an effort to better understand [19] Stratigraphy and Dating at the Topper Site, South the cultural resources contained in the forest, Carolina documentary research and map analysis was conducted prior to testing. Documents revealed The Topper site, South Carolina, is one of the most that part of the college forest had been previously significant Paleoindian sites in the Atlantic Coastal owned by a freed slave, who purchased large tracts Plain. Current research at Topper is focused on of land prior to the Civil War and leased out precisely dating cultural components and individual lots to other settlers. This paper reconstructing context and stratigraphy. discusses how archaeology can assist in Previously, we reported an AMS date associated reconstructing the lives of freed slaves in 19th with the Clovis component. In this paper, we century Appalachia. present the results of additional AMS radiocarbon dating of later cultural components, review the Anderson, David G. (University of Tennessee, results of refitting and spatial analyses, and [email protected]), Stephen J. Yerka (University summarize the site geology. of Tennessee), Eric C. Kansa (Open Context/University of California), Sarah W. Kansa Anderson, Elyse (University of Florida, (Alexandria Archive Institute), Joshua J. Wells [email protected]) (Indiana University), Thaddeus G. Bissett (University of Tennessee), R. Carl DeMuth [3] Tracking Down Deer in St. Johns II Country (Indiana University), and Kelsey Noack Myers Adopting a life-history approach, this paper draws (Indiana University) upon zooarchaeological, artifactual, and contextual [18] Linking Archaeological Data at a Large Scale: The data to propose the ‘idealized’ life for white-tailed Digital Index of North American Archaeology deer at 8LA1-W Locus C, a St. Johns II period (DINAA) village in Florida. This data is used to trace the dismemberment, treatment, and movement of A crucial challenge facing archaeologists is using these bodies and to uncover their associations with the vast quantities of data we are generating for other things. The goal is to highlight the complex research, management, and public education. The social relations that existed between deer and St. DINAA project provides online methods for Johns II inhabitants and to eventually reveal where linking nonsensitive archaeological data from a this animal fit within their overall worldview.

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Applegate, Darlene (Western Kentucky serious blow to the nutritional health of slaves University, [email protected]), and living in the area. By examining stature recorded in Hannah Conner (Western Kentucky University) the County Registers of Free Negros and Mulattoes, it is possible to quantify these losses [43] Early Woodland Non-Mound Bioarchaeology: and statistically analyze them. Males born after the Analysis of Human Remains from Site 15Wa399, revolt statistically significantly shorter averaging Warren County, Kentucky 65.8 inches compared with 67.5 before the revolt. This research examines the demographic profile, Females showed no drop in stature staying at 63 health, diet, and burial practices of rockshelter inches. burial population. Burial 1 contained five adults, Aubuchon, Benjamin (see Campbell, Jan) including an older male with several pathologies. Burial 2 contained two children with anemia and Austin, Robert J. (Southeastern Archaeological tooth wear, indicating they were weaned. Bone Research, Inc., [email protected]), Sam B. chemistry indicates a diet of terrestrial C3 plants Upchurch (SDII Global Corporation), James S. and animals, maybe with some mussels. Dunbar (Aucilla Research Institute), Richard W. Radiocarbon dates are 3065 ± 30 and 3070 ± 30, Estabrook (NextEra Energy Resources), Jon C. suggesting the rockshelter was used as a burial site Endonino (Eastern Kentucky University), and in a single episode or generation. Mortuary Adam Burke (Indiana University of Pennsylvania) practices involved multiple, in-flesh burials. At least one adult was flexed. The children were [19] The Quarry Cluster Approach to Chert Provenance Studies, with Examples from Florida interred with bone beads. The Quarry Cluster concept was first developed in Ashley, Keith (University of North Florida, the early 1980s as a way to visually assign lithic [email protected]) artifacts to geographic localities where chert [22] The Grand Shell Ring: Commemorating the Past outcrops share similar geological characteristics. It has been used in Florida and South Carolina for Shell rings were constructed along the mainland over 30 years and has proven to be a robust Atlantic shoreline and barrier islands of the method for determining chert provenance. This Southeast during the Late Archaic period. One of paper reviews the concept, how it has been used the few, if only, known shell rings postdating the (and abused), and provides some examples from Archaic period is the Grand Shell Ring (8DU1) on Paleoindian and Early Archaic sites in Florida. Big Talbot Island, Florida. This one-of-a-kind piece Current efforts to use geochemical methods in of St. Johns II (A.D. 900-1250) architecture consists combination with visual attributes to characterize of a shell ring and associated sand burial mound. Florida cherts are also discussed. This paper reviews the results of recent excavations at the Grand site and explores the Baker, Anna (see McReynolds Shebalin, Theresa) possibility that St. Johns II people deposited the Baker, Samantha (see McReynolds Shebalin, Grand Shell Ring to commemorate the ancient Theresa) past. Ballard, Joanne P. (University of Tennessee, Ashley, Keith (see Sapitan, Robert) [email protected]), Sally P. Horn (University Auerbach, Jeffrey (University of Southern of Tennessee), Steven Driese (Baylor University), Mississippi, [email protected]) Chad S. Lane (University of North Carolina, Wilmington), Zheng-Hua Li (Los Alamos National [32] Not Die But In Jerusalem: The Nutritional Laboratory), and Elizabeth Maclennan (University Consequences of the Nat Turner Revolt of Tennessee) The Nat Turner Slave Revolt was a major turning [5] A Late Glacial and Holocene Paleofire Record from point in American slavery and represents a shift in Cahaba Pond, Alabama the master slave relationship. This caused a reorganization of slave life, including a We analyzed macroscopic charcoal in sediment reorganization of subsistence practices, dealing a cores from Cahaba Pond, Alabama, recovered by

33 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina

Delcourt et al. for pollen analysis in 1979 (Ecology shown that they not only operated as spaces for 64: 874–887, 1983). Fires were infrequent from food preparation, but also living spaces for the inception of the pond ca. 14,000 cal yr B.P. through enslaved laborers who worked in them. This paper a Fagus-dominated phase prior to the Younger will discuss recent excavations on the ell kitchen at Dryas (YD). During the YD, charcoal increased, Hollywood Plantation in expectation of providing Fagus declined sharply, and major shifts occurred intimate evidence of the enslaved women’s lives. in other terrestrial plants, aquatic vegetation, and C Barse, William P. (see Pevny, Charlotte D.) and N isotopes. Thin-section analysis revealed siliceous aggregates in YD sediments that may Barzilai, Rebecca M. (Indiana University, have formed from plant ash from forest fire(s). [email protected]) Holocene sediments record later intervals of high fire activity. [41] A Tale of Two Burned Structures at the Emerald Site in Lebanon, Illinois Banschbach, Mary (Georgia State University, [email protected]), Dominic J. Day (Georgia State Recent excavations at the Emerald Site (11S1) in University), Emma Mason (Georgia State Lebanon, Illinois have unearthed a high density of University), Christopher Curry (Georgia State non-domestic structures dating to the Edelhardt University), Sarah Love (Georgia State University), and Lohmann Phases ca. A.D. 1000. Two burned and Daniel P. Bigman (Georgia State University) structures documented during these excavations will be discussed here, one dating to the Edelhardt [18] Long-Term Changes in Landscape Use Patterns at Phase and the other to the Early Mississippian Sampson Island, Congaree National Park, South Lohmann Phase. These structures will be discussed Carolina in the context of other burned structures found in the region and this paper will emphasize the In 2014, we began a settlement pattern study on importance of the Edelhardt-Lohmann moment Sampson Island, a sand dune in the SC bottomland that is impacting how we understand the forest, to investigate long-term trends in landscape importance of the site and religious practices in the utilization. Our survey employed ground- fluorescence of . penetrating radar to characterize the internal structure of the landform and we excavated 98 Bates, Jim (U.S. Forest Service) [9] Panelist shovel tests to begin mapping the distribution of human activity. Our results suggest this landform Baumann, Timothy E. (McClung Museum, contained at least two distinct artifact [email protected]), Ted Clay Nelson (University concentrations dating to the Late Archaic and Early of Alabama), Lynne Sullivan (University of Woodland that represent extended occupations. In Tennessee), Jessica Dalton-Carriger (University of addition, we recovered Mississippian sherds from Tennessee), and Donna McCarthy (University of a single shovel test indicative of an ephemeral use Tennessee) episode, possibly a expedition. [32] Cherokee or Muskogee (Creek)?: Cultural Bardolph, Dana (University of California, Santa Affiliation on Hiwassee Island Barbara) [34] Panelist From 1937 to 1939, the University of Tennessee Barnes, Jodi (Arkansas Archeological Survey, conducted excavations on Hiwassee Island, a [email protected]) multi-component site located at the confluence of the Tennessee and Hiwassee rivers in Meigs [2] Intimate Archaeology of Enslaved Life at Hollywood County, Tennessee. They recovered 418 burials of Plantation: The Ell Kitchen which 33 were found with historic trade objects. The original 1996 NAGPRA inventory culturally The 1850 Census indicates that 83 slaves worked identified these individuals as Cherokee. In 2009, and lived on Hollywood Plantation, a 19th century the Tennessee Valley Authority began active plantation in rural Arkansas, yet no slave cabins consultation with 17 tribes to determine have been identified. Research on kitchen repatriation of these historic burials. It was buildings, or ell kitchens that are separate from the concluded that they were instead affiliated with main household, in other parts of Arkansas has the Muskogee (Creek). This paper discusses this

34 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014 process and the evidence used to make this The problem with most social typologies is not that cultural determination. they are generalizable but that they are ahistorical. Traditional typologies pose difficulties for Baumann, Timothy E. (see Crites, Gary) southeastern scholars studying the rise of myriad Baumann, Timothy E. (see Lyle, Erika L.) Indian nations (, Creeks, Catawbas, and others) after the collapse of the Mississippian Beaman, Thomas E. (Wake Technical Community world. Can we combine social history with a College, [email protected]), and John J. Mintz critically informed use of types? Expanding on Jim (North Carolina Office of State Archaeology) Knight’s research into the origins of the Creek [25] The Port and the Forts: The Archaeology of Civil Confederacy, I argue that we can if our types are War Defensive Landscapes on the Lower Cape Fear embedded in the study of specific historical River trajectories. They may, indeed, be more useful for understanding change within such trajectories than Located in southeastern North Carolina, distinctions between unrelated cases. Wilmington was one of the most active trans- Atlantic ports during the nineteenth century in the Beck, Robin A., Jr. (see Moore, David) Southeast. It was also second to Charleston as the Beck, Robin A., Jr. [28] Panelist most heavily fortified port on the Atlantic Coast. This study summarizes the landscapes and Bedell, Jennifer (see Roberts Thompson, Amanda archaeology of the four primary forts of the Cape D.) Fear Region—Fort Johnson, Fort Caswell, Fort Bennett, Karl (see Lawhon, Taylor) Fisher, and Fort Anderson—that protected Wilmington throughout the Civil War. Benson, Robert (Southeastern Archeological Investigations at each fort will be considered Services) [9] Panelist individually, as well as the natural and cultural processes that have affected these sites over the Benyshek, Tasha (see Webb, Paul) past 150 years will also be discussed. Benyshek, Tasha [28] Panelist Beasley, Virgil (Office of Archaeological Research, Betzenhauser, Alleen (Illinois State Archaeological University of Alabama, [email protected]) Survey, [email protected]), and Elizabeth L. [43] “Land of Wealth and Beauty:” A Cemetery of Watts-Malouchos (Indiana University) Lumber Mill Barons near Brewton, Alabama [22] Creating Community in the American Bottom: In early 2014, the Office of Archaeological Research Rethinking Mississippian Storage Practice at the University of Alabama undertook the Previous interpretations of Mississippian storage relocation of a cemetery in Escambia County, practices have focused on politico-economic Alabama. The majority of graves encountered functions, connecting the intensification of dated from the mid to late nineteenth-century. and control of surplus to the rise of Several graves exhibited attributes of the Upland complex hierarchical polities. In this paper, we South Folk Cemetery complex, but a subset were explore more nuanced entanglements of everyday unusual in having caches of artifacts in the grave storage practices and embodied experiences and shafts. Genealogical research shows that at least how they relate to the physical reconfiguration of one family was descended from Eastern Cherokee. communal identities at the onset of the It is argued that there is continuity of native Mississippian period. Utilizing data from the mortuary practices in a “Caucasian” cemetery. Greater Cahokia region in Illinois, we contend that Beck, Robin A., Jr. (University of , changes in storage practices during the [email protected]) Mississippian transition were integral to the physical reorganization of communities and the [12] Bridging Mississippian and Colonial Worlds in the construction of communal identities in a new American Southeast Cahokian world.

35 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina

Bigman, Daniel P. (Georgia State University, Bissett, Thaddeus G. (see Anderson, David G.) [email protected]), and Adam King (South Blaber, Thomas (see Keeton, Glen) Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology) Black, Rachel (see Roberts Thompson, Amanda D.) [14] New Radiocarbon Dates for Ocmulgee’s Early Blair, Elliot H. (University of California, Berkeley, Mississippian Beginning [email protected]), David Hurst Thomas (American Museum of Natural History), Matthew This paper presents new radiocarbon dates from F. Napolitano (University of Oregon), and Anna early contexts during Ocmulgee’s Mississippian M. Semon (University of Oklahoma) occupation. Previously the only dates known from this site were obtained from charred wood whose [6] (Re)Envisioning the Irene Landscape on St. assays were run in the 1960s. The current study Catherines Island, Georgia provides the first dates ever obtained from sooted Bibb Plain (shell-tempered) and Vining Simple Renewed interest in Late Mississippian/early Stamped (quartz-tempered) sherds, two types that historic villages on St. Catherines Island, Georgia have traditionally been viewed as representing has resulted in new information about Guale social foreign and indigenous influences respectively in and community organization. In addition, the central Georgia. These new dates inform our unexpected discovery of a large late understanding of both Ocmulgee’s date of prehistoric/early contact period cemetery opens expansion and on the long-standing debate up exciting archaeological and bioarchaeological regarding the origins of Ocmulgee’s Early avenues for testing the “Guale problem” that has Mississippian inhabitants. long dominated coastal Georgia archaeology. Field methods, including large-scale shallow geophysics Bigman, Daniel P. (see Banschbach, Mary) and block excavations, combined with laboratory- based soil chemistry analysis and attribute-level Bigman, Daniel P. (see Cornelison, John) pottery analysis, have helped identify new Bigman, Daniel P. (see Love, Sarah) structures. These data have expanded our understanding of what the St. Catherines Island Bigman, Daniel P. (see Nowak, Jesse) landscape looked like at the time of Spanish Birch, Jennifer (see Rowe, Abigail) contact. *Birnbaum, David J. (Southern Illinois University, Blair, Elliot H. (see Dalton-Carriger, Jessica) Carbondale, [email protected]) Boedy, Randall D. (see Des Jean, Tom) [36] Technological Variability in St. Johns Pottery from Boles, Steven (Illinois State Archaeological Survey, Malabar Assemblages [email protected]) Using a practice-oriented approach to analyzing [30] Supernaturals in the Confluence Region technological attributes of St. Johns pottery, this study aims to identify communities of practice and Mississippian statuary and effigy items have often examine prehistoric cultural identities in Florida’s been interpreted as representations of supernatural Indian River Region. Through quantitative beings. An area rich in such imagery is the analyses, I test a hypothesis regarding the Mississippi and River confluence region. distinctiveness of Malabar period craft production These items are often made from fluorite along the in order to assess the potential cultural lower Ohio while flint clay was favored in the differentiation between the prehistoric Malabar American Bottom. Though these items differ in and St. Johns traditions. Pottery assemblages from presentation and depositional contexts, a thematic three prehistoric archaeological sites in the Fox comparison of the corpus demonstrates shared Lake Sanctuary, Brevard County, Florida are symbolism that hints at a common ideological analyzed and compared with curated site basis between these regions. assemblages from the Florida Museum of Natural

History to assess intra- and inter-site ceramic variation.

36 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014

Bonhage-Freund, Mary Theresa (Alma College, [41] Houses and Cemeteries within the Mississippian [email protected]), Leslie E. Branch-Raymer Town at Town Creek (Paleobot Consulting), and Brad Botwick (New Elements of the built environment have been South Associates) related to the social groups (e.g., households, [2] Site 9CH1205: Window to Southeastern Antebellum lineages) that constituted Mississippian and Postbellum African American Foodways communities. In this paper, we use architecture and patterns among burials at Town Creek—a Archaeobotanical research across the lower Mississippian civic-ceremonial center in North Southeast documents that African-American Carolina—to argue that some spaces were used by populations consumed a wide variety of corporate groups throughout the center’s existence. domesticated and wild plants. Food plant use We argue that the site’s largest cemetery—a among the enslaved and freed community of site complex burial cluster that contained 50 9CH1205 during distinct antebellum and individuals—began as a house with a few burials postbellum occupations ca. A.D. 1825–1880 in its floor. We relate this particular shift from supports these findings. Archaeobotanical data house to cemetery to a community-wide emphasis from 54 flotation samples, representing 22 features on ritual activities late in Town Creek’s history. indicate that collected resources supplemented a diet based upon Native American crops and Boudreaux, Tony (see Meyers, Maureen) European cereals. The recovery of native North Bouzigard, Aimee (see Roberts Thompson, American domesticates, European crop plants, Amanda D.) local and exotic herbs and fruits, indicates a rich diet, dependent on sophisticated environmental Bow, Travis (see Franklin, Jay) understanding, amalgamated from multiple cultural traditions. Bowman, Satin B. (Southeast Archeological Center, [email protected]) Bordelon, Blair (University of New Orleans, [email protected]) [8] A Study of St. Johns Ceramic Decoration from Canaveral National Seashore [32] Archaeology of the Irish Channel: Transnational Identities and Ethnic Boundaries among 19th and Early In 2011–2013, the Southeast Archeological Center 20th Century Immigrants conducted excavations of several shell middens (Castle Windy, Turtle Mound, and Seminole Rest) The Irish Channel neighborhood in New Orleans at Canaveral National Seashore, and this work has has been home to a number of ethnic groups in the provided radiocarbon dates and a large sample of past two centuries. This presentation investigates prehistoric ceramics. These new data will allow for formations of ‘transnational identities’ and social a unique opportunity to help refine the distinct boundaries among 19th and 20th century chronology of the St. Johns ceramics series. This immigrants in New Orleans and demonstrates how study will also provide new understanding of historical archaeology can be used to reveal these ceramic surface decoration variation over time and processes. Through the analysis of ceramic, glass, space at Mosquito Lagoon on the east coast of and personal artifacts from two Irish Channel sites central Florida. compared with similar sites in other parts of the country, I will demonstrate some of the daily Boyd, C. Clifford, Jr. (Radford University) [13] practices employed by first- and second-generation Opening Remarks immigrants to navigate the social and hegemonic Boyd, C. Clifford, Jr. (see Whyte, Thomas) structures of their day. Bradbury, Andrew (see Carr, Philip) Botwick, Brad (see Bonhage-Freund, Mary Theresa) Branch-Raymer, Leslie E. (see Bonhage-Freund, Mary Theresa) Boudreaux, Tony (East Carolina University, [email protected]), and Heidi Rosenwinkel Brennan, Tamira (Illinois State Archaeological (East Carolina University) Survey) [34] Panelist

37 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina

Brewer, David (Soltec International, Inc., Brilliant, Brooke (Archaeological Consultants of [email protected]) the Carolinas, [email protected]) [16] The Surruque of Canaveral [18] Not Another Cell Tower Survey! An Examination of Data Gained from Archaeological Surveys of Cell Being an overview of known historic, Tower Tracts ethnohistoric, and probable European encounters with the southernmost Timucuan confederacy The need for archaeological surveys of cell tower during the 16th and 17th centuries in the area of tracts in North Carolina has dramatically increased , and a summary of archaeological in the last year due to updated regulatory work carried out by the in guidelines and increased construction. This 1990 and 1995. increase resulted in a greater number of identified archaeological resources. This poster will examine Bridgman Sweeney, Kara (Brockington and the data produced by the over 200 cell tower Associates, [email protected]) surveys Archaeological Consultants of the [29] Multiple Scales of Interaction and Tradition in the Carolinas, Inc. has conducted throughout the Early Side-Notched Horizon Southeast in the past nine years. This research will explore how this data provides a greater A recent research project documented evidence for understanding of settlement patterns and social boundaries and intergroup interactions contributes to a predictive model of archaeological within the Early Side-Notched Horizon. These resource location. findings provide additional support for certain models of colonization, regionalization, and Brock, Daniel (see Yerka, Stephen J.) settlement for the Southeast. Distinct place- Brooks, Mark J. (see Moore, Christopher R.) oriented subregional traditions initiated during the late Paleoindian period continued into the Early Brooks, Mark J. (see Taylor, Barbara) Archaic, as descendent groups intensified their use Brown, James (Northwestern University, of certain resource-rich river drainages while [email protected]) revisiting other locations for the primary purpose of cementing social bonds at a regional scale. [30] Ideological Referents of the Spiro Spirit Lodge Large-scale sharing networks, facilitated by regular cross-drainage mobility, are reflected in the The principal mound at Spiro offers a rarely patterned variation within two classes of side- available perspective toward the interconnections notched tools made of Coastal Plain chert. between sacred object, imagery, and location. One context called the Spirit Lodge located in the core Briggs, Rachel (University Of Alabama, of the Craig Mound, is set on the floor of the fabled [email protected]) “hollow chamber.” Newly established as distinct from the Great Mortuary on which it stood, this [12] The Hominy Foodway of the Historic Native spirit/medicine lodge was established as a tomb Eastern Woodlands for a single individual. The objects located on its Made from boiled maize kernels that have been floor reference a ritual activity calling on the high exposed to an alkaline solution, hominy has been spirit to validate the office of chiefship. Ritual treated as one of many maize dishes within the objects have a recursive iconic relationship with arsenal of the Native cook. However, this paper each other. proposes that hominy was not a singular dish Bryant, Hamilton H., III (see Smith, Allison M.) among many, but was instead the life-sustaining staple foodway for Native groups in the Eastern Bryant, Laura A. (Gilcrease Museum, University of Woodlands, serving as the first step in a number of Tulsa, [email protected]) resulting foods. To do so, this research draws on the ethnohistory of the Eastern Woodlands [31] Figural Forms: The Styles and Dispersion of the throughout the historic period, detailing not only Mississippian Female Effigy Bottles the foodway, but also the social and culinary The Cairo Lowland, Cumberland, and Armorel practices that surrounded it. styles are three statistically significant styles of 38 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014

Mississippian period female effigy bottles. These Mound B may be one of the first documented styles are divided spatially and likely temporally cases. This research adds to the previously with the Cairo Lowland style appearing to link the recognized evidence of Cahokian contact and Cumberland and Armorel styles. The bottles’ influence at the . artists likely dispersed from the Cairo Lowland Butz, Samuel H. (see Jackson, H. Edwin) region to Arkansas and to the Cumberland River. In response to this move and the new regional Campbell, Jan (Prentice Thomas & Associates, Inc., styles and environment, the Cumberland and [email protected]), Prentice Thomas Armorel styles emerged. (Prentice Thomas & Associates, Inc.), Benjamin Aubuchon (Cultural Resource Manager, Tyndall *Buchanan, Meghan E. (Indiana University, Air Force Base), and Bret Kent (Prentice Thomas & Bloomington, [email protected]) Associates, Inc.) [31] Making Pots, Making War: Mississippian Plate [24] Location, Location, Location: The Potential Iconography in the Midcontinent Importance of 8BY9 and Davis Point in Weeden Island Mississippian ceramic practices changed in the Settlement Dynamics at Tyndall Air Force Base, Bay Midwest ca. A.D. 1250 as Ramey pots were no County, Florida longer produced and greater emphasis was placed Tyndall Air Force Base is a northwest/southeast- on serving vessels. One of the vessel forms that trending peninsula that extends for 18 miles along became more frequent during this time was long- the Gulf of Mexico and is between two and three rimmed plates, frequently decorated with nested miles wide. The small coastal stretch with minimal triangles and chevrons and interpreted as relief must have been an impressive panorama in representations of sun circles. With evidence for the Late Woodland era when people affiliated with regional violence, I argue that this plate established large villages iconography can be alternatively interpreted as and built four burial mounds across the peninsular avian imagery. Consumption of foods from these landscape, possibly a place of socio-political large serving vessels (and black drink from importance. Davis Point, a broad, curving expanse beakers) likely played an important role in on St. Andrews Bay hosts a village (8BY9) and ceremonies associated with war and peace. burial mound (8BY7), and may have been a Bunch, Ted E. (see LeCompte, Malcolm A.) “center” of Weeden Island settlement on the peninsula. Burke, Adam (see Austin, Robert J.) Campbell, Jan [9] Panelist Butler, Nicholas (see Zierden, Martha) Cannarozzi, Nicole R. (University of Florida, *Butz, Samuel H. (University of Mississippi, [email protected]), and Michal Kowalewski [email protected]) (Florida Museum of Natural History) [33] Excavations of Mound B: A Ridgetop Mound at the [17] Determining Seasonal Oyster Deposition from St. Carson Site, a Mississippian Mound Center in the Catherines Shell Ring using Monte Carlo Modeling of Northern Yazoo Basin Impressed Odostome (Boonea impressa) Population Excavations of the Carson Mounds site, a Demography Mississippian mound center, have yielded Odostomes are parasitic gastropods associated significant data about the Mississippianization of with oysters in the Atlantic and Gulf coasts. To the Lower Mississippi Valley. Mound B, which was determine season of oyster harvest, previous previously unexcavated and assumed to be a studies compared modal seasonal size classes of Woodland period double-conical mound, has modern populations to those from archaeological shown evidence of being an intricately constructed, deposits. Here, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov metric is and intentionally shaped Mississippian ridgetop used to compare size-frequency distributions of mound. Ridgetop mounds—long, narrow extant populations from St. Catherines Island, with a ridge running down the central Georgia to three samples of specimens from St. axis—are not common outside of Cahokia, and Catherines Shell Ring (2160-1770 cal B.C.). For all

39 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina samples, Monte Carlo models of odostome micromorphology, and GC-MS of fatty acids. demography indicate that oysters were harvested These data indicate intensive seasonal hickory nut seasonally, matching modern size classes occurring processing. November-May. These results suggest that ring Carmody, Stephen B. (see Meyers, Maureen) formation occurred primarily during winter and spring months. Carnes-McNaughton, Linda F. (Fort Bragg Cultural Resources Program, linda.f.carnes- Cannarozzi, Nicole R. (see Quitmyer, Irvy) [email protected]) Carlock, Bradley (see Peacock, Evan) [23] The French Connection: Elements and Artifacts Carlson, Justin Nels (University of Kentucky, from the QAR Shipwreck [email protected]) Not surprisingly, artifacts from the 1718 shipwreck [5] Caching, Mobility, and Hunter-Gatherer Social of Blackbeard’s Queen Anne’s Revenge, represent Dynamics in the Middle to Late Archaic Green River a complement of international sources: English, Valley, Kentucky German, Chinese, Caribbean, Italian, Spanish, Swedish, Dutch and French. Traveling the Atlantic Among mobile, immediate-return hunter- Ocean, between continents, islands and inter- gatherers, large task-specific tools are more likely coastal ports, the QAR loaded cargo, supplies and to be cached than transported. Portable tools with people, for use, sale, plunder or prize. As a ship continued use potential are more likely to be that saw its final voyage under a famous pirate’s dispersed through continued use. Assessing these black flag, artifacts found on this wreck provide patterns in the Green River Archaic context, information about former occupants, consumers, information including total number of features, and owners. Using a multi-evidential approach, we caches, and cache types were compiled from ten summarize the ship’s cultural components, archaeological sites. A high percentage of caches architecture, personal gear, furnishings, and galley contained heavy, ground-stone tools indicating goods, highlighting its French Connection. these items were used primarily on site. The lower percentage of flaked-stone caches suggests they Carnes-McNaughton, Linda F. [9] Panelist were more commonly dispersed by continued use. Carpenter, Erika (see Johnson, Jay K.) Archaic hunter-gatherers seem to have remained mobile, frequenting sites in a seasonal round. Carr, Philip (University of South Alabama, [email protected]), and Andrew Bradbury Carmody, Stephen B. (University of Tennessee, (Cultural Resource Analysts, Inc.) [email protected]), Sarah C. Sherwood (Sewanee: University of the South), Jon Russ [11] Flake Debris as Integral to Investigating the (Rhodes College), and Madison Fuller (Rhodes Organization of Lithic Technology College) Lithic analysis often aims to provide information [27] Multiple Data Sources in the Study of Plant regarding on-site activities and to subsequently Processing at the Michaels Shelter (40FR276), Sewanee, infer site function, mobility, and/or trade. Such Tennessee analyses usually employ terminology, such as The Michaels Shelter site, containing Early Archaic curated/expedient, developed for an organization through Late Woodland components, is part of a of technology (OT) approach, but rarely fully larger research project to study prehistoric plant employ OT. One result is a focus on formal tools use and domestication on the Southern and little consideration of flake debris. Here, we Cumberland Plateau. The Early Archaic discuss crucial information gained through component, which extends beyond the dripline, detailed analysis of flakes employing an OT consists of constructed rock surfaces and a highly approach. Combining flake and tool data using a organic matrix, rare in such porous, sand deposits. new OT model allows for robust inferences We used multiple data sources to reconstruct the concerning economic/social strategies. We use depositional history relying on traditional artifacts, data from an Early Archaic assemblage from macrobotanical analysis, soil/sediment Kentucky as an exemplar.

40 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014

Chamblee, John (see Hally, David) public interpretation methods that extend management, preservation, and engagement Chapman, Jeff (McClung Museum) [13] potentials that yield insight into important Discussant historical events in our Nation’s history. Three- Clifford, Walter A., IV (University of South dimensional survey allows critical assessment of Carolina, [email protected]) tunnel construction and conditions, and data are used to create virtual models and replicas for [1] Chickasaw Plant Use: An Investigation of Three display and educational purposes. Chickasaw Sites from the 17th and 18th Centuries Collins, Lori D. (see Doering, Travis F.) This paper reports on investigations of plant remains from three Chickasaw houses in use Collins, Lori D. (see Du Vernay, Jeffrey) during the 17th and 18th centuries. Botanical Collins, Lori D. (see Fernandez, Steven) remains from these houses were explored using ethnobotany and ethnohistory to investigate the Colombo, Leah (University of , incorporation of Old World crops into traditional [email protected]), and John Gifford subsistence regimes. I aim to demonstrate some of (University of ) the ways in which Chickasaw households and [26] Preliminary Results—Development of a Predictive communities negotiated identity, social Model to Locate Potential Submerged Prehistoric relationships, and the environment through shifts Archaeological Sites in Florida Bay, Everglades in subsistence strategies. I interpret these data as National Park being largely indicative of preferences toward continued traditional subsistence repertoires; This paper will present the preliminary results of a however, the data presented also shows a project developed by the National Park Service and willingness among the Chickasaw to incorporate the University of Miami’s Rosenstiel School of novel comestibles. Marine and Atmospheric Science to identify parameters necessary to build a predictive model Cobb, Charles [34] Panelist for submerged and inundated prehistoric sites in Cobb, Charles (see DePratter, Chester) Florida Bay, Everglades National Park. The paper will primarily discuss the results of the 2014 field Collins, Lori D. (University of South Florida, season, which included a sub-bottom profile and [email protected]), Travis F. Doering (University of vibracore survey in Florida Bay. In addition, the South Florida), Margo Schwadron (National Park potential effects of climate change and sea level rise Service), James McLeod (University of South on Florida Bay since the initial flooding will also be Florida), Jeffrey Du Vernay (University of South discussed. Florida), and Jorge Gonzalez (University of South Florida) Colvin, Matthew H. (University of Georgia, [email protected]) [26] LiDAR and 3D Documentation at the Ninety Six National Historic Site, South Carolina: Using Digital [18] Assessing Monumentality in the Okeechobee Basin, Preservation Strategies to Better Manage, Protect, and Florida and the Scope of LiDAR Imaging Interpret the Only Existing American Revolutionary Monumental earthworks at the greatest extent of War Tunnel the Southeastern periphery, the Okeechobee This paper shares results from a dangerous and region, have been the subject of discussion for challenging underground confined space decades. While recent research at archaeological project documenting a (8GL13) has brought forth invaluable data, other Revolutionary War Era tunnel system as part of sites in the region with massive circular collaborative work with the National Park Service. earthworks remain poorly understood and Using digital imaging, terrestrial laser scanning, inadequately contextualized. By analyzing LiDAR and aerial LiDAR combined with remote sensing images, in addition to data amassed from prior and GPS survey, researchers documented, excavations, I compile and discuss variation and prepared conditional analysis, and developed patterning among massive circular ditches in the

41 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina

Lake Okeechobee region. Aiming towards a more protocols for recognizing eroded sites as such comprehensive understanding of these massive when encountered; and the need to develop a labor endeavors should offer further insight into useful interpretive framework for understanding the emergence of monumentality in Southern these eroded, time-transgressive deposits. Despite Florida. these challenges even disturbed marine sites can answer questions surrounding early-to-mid Colvin, Matthew H. (see Golsch, Matthew) Holocene human behaviors. Colvin, Matthew H. (see Roberts Thompson, Cooper, Jessica (South Carolina Institute of Amanda D.) Archaeology and Anthropology, Compton, J. Matthew (Southeastern [email protected]) Zooarchaeological Research, [8] Temporal and Morphological Aspects of Triangular [email protected]) Bifaces [17] Archaeofaunal Remains from the Ravensford Site: The appearance of small triangular points in the A Regional and Ethnohistorical Perspective on Animal archaeological record is commonly accepted as Use in the Appalachian Summit evidence for the arrival of the bow and arrow. The Ravensford site is a large multi-component site These small triangular points appear in Southeast located in the Appalachian Summit Region of NC. around A.D. 700, during the Late Woodland and Excavations produced a large well-preserved continue through the Mississippian according to archaeofaunal assemblage dating primarily to the Sassaman and colleagues. A sizable sample of Early Pisgah, Early Qualla, and Late Qualla phases. triangular points from Woodland and Analysis indicates a pattern of animal use Mississippian contexts on the Savannah River Site consistent with contemporaneous sites and and other Coastal Plain sites are compared to ethnohistorical accounts of Cherokee subsistence determine if there is temporal significance to practices. Deer and were the most significant observed morphological differences in base width. animals utilized, but a wide variety of terrestrial Cooper, Leslie (Monticello, and aquatic fauna were harvested. Notably, a large [email protected]), and Jillian Galle number of toad remains are present. Toads are (Monticello) conclusively identified as a foodstuff based on a recently discovered historic account consistent [37] Yaughan and Curriboo: A New Look at Two with the archaeological record. Eighteenth-Century Low Country Plantations Compton, J. Matthew (see Pluckhahn, Thomas J.) A Save America’s Treasures grant allows researchers to perform fine-grained analysis using Connaway, John (see McLeod, Todd) data from excavations conducted at Yaughan and Conner, Hannah (see Applegate, Darlene) Curriboo plantations, located in the South Carolina Low Country. Some of the most extensively Cook Hale, Jessica (University of Georgia, excavated slave quarters at that time in South [email protected]), Michael Faught (SEARCH), and Carolina, they are unique both in terms of the Ervan Garrison (University of Georgia) phenomenal amount of colonoware recovered [5] A Nice Kettle of Shellfish from them as well as the presence of architectural evidence of a slave quarter building sequence from Often, submerged prehistoric sites are noted for trench wall to later post-wall construction. We use high quality of preservation, but these conditions correspondence analysis to explore the building are not always encountered where sites were sequence and examine the role of colonoware at submerged during marine transgression events. the sites. Our recent fieldwork results from Apalachee Bay, Florida highlight common issues encountered at submerged prehistoric sites: the difficulty in locating, and then relocating them in an open water context; the need to implement appropriate

42 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014

Cornelison, John (National Park Service, Paleoindian and Early Archaic occupation in the [email protected]), and Daniel P. Bigman West Tennessee River Valley. The Nuckolls Site (Georgia State University) collection came from surface collection and test excavations by private donors and a 1958 [14] New Understanding of the Historic Creek Town University of Tennessee excavation by Thomas Size and Layout at Ocmulgee Lewis and Madeline Kneberg, recovering a large This paper presents data useful for reconstructing assemblage of Late Paleoindian and Early Archaic the Historic Creek townscape located at Ocmulgee stone tools. The Sims and Smeltzer collections National Monument. First, we present a summary include hundreds of points from avocational of the distribution of ceramics recovered during surface collections from this same region. the 1930s. Next, we present results from Cranford, David (see Steponaitis, Vincas P.) compliance excavations conducted in an area gifted to the Park in 1991. Finally, we present Crites, Gary (McClung Museum, [email protected]), results from a recent geophysical survey conducted and Timothy E. Baumann (McClung Museum) two decades after the compliance project in an area [17] The Emergence and Distribution of Beans revealed to contain a high frequency of Historic (Phaseolus vulgaris) in the Upper Tennessee River Creek ceramics. Our data indicate that the town Valley was larger than previously believed, with clusters of residential buildings separated from each other This is a preliminary study of beans (Phaseolus by open space. vulgaris) recovered from late prehistoric and historic Native American sites in East Tennessee. Costa, January W. (Lincoln County Historical Beans are known to be the last domesticated plant Association, [email protected]) that was adopted by late prehistoric cultures in the [32] An Analysis of Ceramics from Holly Bend, North Eastern Woodlands. In the Southeast, the Carolina: A Comparative Study of Recovered Ceramics emergence of beans is not clearly understood to Locally Manufactured Wares in the Catawba Valley because no regional studies have been done and very few samples have been directly dated to Holly Bend was built around 1800, and has been establish a chronology. This problem is addressed the focus of archaeological investigations by Dr. J by analyzing the spatial and chronological Alan May for the past few years. A variety of distribution of beans recovered within and across imported wares used by the family have been sites from the Upper Tennessee River Valley. recovered. In addition, there have been locally manufactured wares in the assemblage. These Crowe, Fletcher S. (Retired, wares represent the well-known Catawba Valley [email protected]) stonewares, but also examples of earthenwares. [25] Why Fort Caroline Was Not Located near Current investigations in the Catawba Valley have Jacksonville led to the discovery of a local potter who was making lead glazed earthenwares with slip Fort Caroline, built by predominantly French decoration. I will be comparing some of the locally Huguenot colonists in 1564―1565, may be the first made wares to the earthenwares recovered. European fortified settlement in North America. It has been assumed for 150 years that the fort was Cottier, John W. (see Smith, Allison M.) located on or near the site of the Fort Caroline Craib, Alexander (University of Tennessee, National Memorial near Jacksonville, Florida, but [email protected]) intensive studies of documents in the original sixteenth-century French, Spanish and Latin by the [11] Late Paleoindian and Early Archaic Settlement in Fort Caroline Archeology Project (FCAP) the Western Tennessee River Valley challenges this view. In this presentation, FCAP This is a preliminary study of projectile points Project Historian Dr. Fletcher Crowe will present a from the Nuckolls Site (40HS60, 200) and their set of 42 Site Requirements for the fort, and will comparison with those in the Sims and Smeltzer show that the fort was not located near collections at the McClung Museum, to document Jacksonville.

43 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina

Cureton, Travis (see Johnson, Jay K.) habitation in East Tennessee during the Protohistoric period. Curry, Christopher (see Banschbach, Mary) Dalton-Carriger, Jessica (see Baumann, Timothy Cyr, Howard (University of Tennessee, E.) [email protected]), Scott Meeks (Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research), Rocco de Gregory Daniel, I. Randolph, Jr. (see Moore, Christopher (Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research), and R.) Hunter Johnson (Tennessee Valley Archaeological Daniels, James (University of California, San Research) Diego, [email protected]), and Paul Webb (TRC) [22] Life along the Yazoo River: Explanations into the [26] Using pXRF to Measure Chemical Variability of Timing and Length of Occupation at 22HO626, a Late Potsherds from the Hickory Log Site (9CK9) in Woodland and Early Mississippian Site in the Lower Cherokee County, Georgia Mississippi Valley Hickory Log (9CK9) is a multi-component 22HO626 is a multicomponent site located along an prehistoric and early historic period Native abandoned meander of the Yazoo River, American site on the north side of the Etowah Mississippi. Surface collected exotic materials and River in Cherokee County, Georgia. A sample of close proximity to the Poverty Point center, the ceramic assemblage from 9CK9 was analyzed Jaketown, suggested a Late Archaic age for with a pXRF spectrometer in order to determine if 22HO626. However, work by TVAR and the the elemental composition of the potsherds University of Tennessee’s ARL indicates covaries with either the stylistic attributes of the occupation during the Late Woodland and Early sherds or their presumed age based on typology. Mississippian. This multidisciplinary study, which The results of the study indicate changes in paste incorporates site level artifact, , and recipes through time suggesting more sedentary stratigraphic analyses with landscape-scale remote lifeways. Paste recipes also differ in association sensing investigations, provides an explanation for with vessel form and surface treatment suggesting the timing and duration of prehistoric occupation packaged manufacturing techniques. within the area and illustrates the importance of multi-scalar approaches in examinations of cultural Davis, Jera (University of Alabama, resources within dynamic environments. [email protected]) Cyr, Howard (see Hacker, Stephanie) [7] An Archaeogeophysical Approach to Population and Settlement through Time at Moundville Dalton-Carriger, Jessica (University of Tennessee, [email protected]), and Elliot Blair The 2010 magnetometer survey of Moundville (University of California, Berkeley) identified hundreds of domestic structures distributed across the 46-hectare collection area. [26] Searching for the Protohistoric Period in East Four excavation seasons have since correlated Tennessee: Answering Chronological Questions via pXRF and LA-ICP-MS Analyses different anomaly types with chronologically sensitive architectural styles. In this way the Native American inhabitants in the interior magnetometer data were transformed into a series Southeast did not experience direct and prolonged of interpretive maps that approximate the European contact until the late 1600s, however changing locations and numbers of domestic European trade goods still managed to filter their structures during the Early, Middle, and Late way into the area. While trade goods are present, Moundville phases. This paper uses these data to site chronology has not been clearly defined in generate population estimates for each time period. many areas. Both pXRF and LA-ICP-MS testing on The new estimates are then compared to previous 282 glass trade beads from East Tennessee and estimates for the site. surrounding states has revealed trends in their chemical composition which can be correlated to date ranges. This method of analysis allows us to answer questions about Native American

44 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014

Davis, R. P. Stephen, Jr. (University of North or communal space. The contents of the midden Carolina at Chapel Hill, [email protected]) and cultural features located in the plaza as well as contemporaneity with similar Swift Creek ring [13] Ayers Town and the Catawba Nation after the middens along the panhandle are considered. American Revolution Dennison, Meagan (University of Tennessee, In mid-1781, after a year’s exile from their ancestral [email protected]), and Mark Freeman homeland, Catawba families returned to the (University of Tennessee) Nation and established new towns along in Lancaster and York counties, South [18] DAGS - Digital Archive of Archaeological Dog Carolina. One of these towns—Ayers Town—was Burial and Metric Data of the Americas identified during phase I investigations for a The Digital Archive of Archaeological Dog Burial SCDOT bridge replacement and in 2010 and Metric Data of the Americas, or DAGS, is a archaeologists from UNC-Chapel Hill undertook a new, publically available database that houses data recovery project that sampled the entire site, information on archaeological Southeastern providing important new information about indigenous dogs, recorded from published community plan, architecture, subsistence, and literature. Burial data includes geographic location, material culture. This paper examines the associated temporal components, number of dogs archaeological record of Ayers Town and its and humans in each burial, as well as biological implications for understanding the Catawba descriptions of both humans and canines. The condition during the early Federal period. purpose of this database is to follow suit with other Day, Dominic J. (see Banschbach, Mary) recent archaeological digitization efforts. Integrating and digitizing data makes primary Deere, Bobi (University of Tulsa, bobi- research more efficient and exhaustive, and can [email protected]) lead to quicker and more holistic interpretations of [8] Southeastern Iconography: A Quantitative Study archaeological data. A new method for studying iconography is used, DePratter, Chester (South Carolina Institute of by quantifying themes and motifs of Spiro shell. Archaeology and Anthropology), Brad R. Lieb Interesting relationships between styles are found, (Chickasaw Nation), Charles Cobb (Florida which create a fresh perspective. Museum of Natural History), Steven D. Smith (South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and de Gregory, Rocco (see Cyr, Howard) Anthropology), and James B. Legg (South Carolina Dekle, Victoria (see Meyers, Maureen) Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology) Deming, Ashley M. (see Fulmer, Nate) [1] Historic Tribes of Mississippi and Alabama: Recent Developments in Chickasaw and Choctaw Archaeology DeMuth, R. Carl (see Anderson, David G.) In 1736, the French mounted two major expeditions Dengal, Craig (Southeast Archeological Center) against Chickasaw towns in what is now the State of Mississippi. Neither effort was able to breach the [24] Baker’s Landing (8BY29): A Swift Creek Mound and Ring Midden Complex on the Northwest Florida Chickasaw defenses, and the French suffered major Gulf Coast defeats in both cases. The places where these two battles took place have been the subject of great A burial mound and “circular enclosure” located interest for many decades, but neither has ever near Baker’s Landing on the eastern arm of St. been located precisely on the landscape. Using a Andrews Bay were first recorded by C. B. Moore in combination of archival sources and archaeology 1902. A reappraisal of this Middle Woodland site, these two battlefields have now been pinned to now located on Tyndall Air Force Base property, specific locations. Details of these two battles allow by Louisiana State University and the Southeast contrasting views of French and Chickasaw battle Archeological Center has found the circular tactics in the first half of the eighteenth century. enclosure to be a ring midden consisting of oyster shell and midden soils surrounding a central plaza

45 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina

Des Jean, Tom (U.S. Forest Service, Dillian, Carolyn (Coastal Carolina University, [email protected]), Randall D. Boedy [email protected]) (U.S. Forest Service), and Jessie Moore (National [17] New Methods for Understanding Anthropogenic Park Service) Change at the Little River Neck Shell Midden, South [11] Paleoindian Presence on the Upper Cumberland Carolina Plateau Shell middens capture the complexity of the This paper attempts to define what types of interactions between humans and their location or settlement pattern that Paleoindian surroundings. This paper presents ongoing groups might be following on the Upper research at a Middle Woodland shell midden on Cumberland Plateau (UCP). This study the Little River Neck, South Carolina. We are underscores the model that Maggard and investigating how human action affected the Stackelbeck (2008) suggested for Paleoindian environment, specifically looking at harvest occupation in this area of the UCP, in that the pressure as a selective force on coastal hard clam, earliest occupations here were more explorations Mercenaria mercenaria, and eastern oyster, than expressions of a larger occupation and Crassostrea virginica, populations, in that the settlement model. The evidence for the Paleoindian cumulative result of size selective fishing may have occupation comes in the form of projectile points changed bivalve population structures. This topic found by collectors all across the study area. The is explored not as overexploitation of a resource, distribution of Paleoindian artifacts across this but instead, to understand how humans may have region indicates limited use by nomadic hunters permanently altered the ecosystem. whose regional explorations are marked by the Doering, Travis F. (University of South Florida, occurrence of almost the entire suite of identifiable [email protected]), Lori D. Collins (University of Paleoindian projectile points found in the middle South Florida), Margo Schwadron (Southeast Southeast. Archeological Center), and Ken Wild (Virgin De Vore, William (University of Memphis, Islands National Park) [email protected]), and Keith Jacobi [26] 3D Documentation and Analysis of the Reef Bay (Alabama Museum of Natural History, University Valley Petroglyphs, St. John, U.S. Virgin Islands of Alabama) Prehistoric Indian petroglyphs are unique and [43] Post-Cranial Mutilations Associated with Late threatened archeological resources that are Archaic Decapitations in Prehistoric North Alabama significant indicators of ancient Native American In the eastern woodlands heads were taken as art, belief systems, and cultural landscapes. trophies as early as the Archaic period. Research Conditions of petroglyphs range from virtually on decapitation has failed to examine the pristine to highly-eroded, and nearly all are at risk peculiarities of the practice. We examined Late as they are inexorably being eroded by Archaic individuals from the middle Tennessee anthropogenic impacts and natural effects of Valley. Seventeen people were identified who had climate change, acid-rain, and waterborne been beheaded, with five showing additional post sediment erosion. This presentation details the cranial mutilation. Preliminary findings suggest systematic documentation of the Reef Bay Valley adult males were the most frequent to suffer extra petroglyphs using best available digital mutilations and that upper right elements were the technologies, and offers insight into the ideological most frequently removed. Data; however, varies by concepts of the island’s pre-Hispanic Taino Indian locale. Additional cases of decapitations with inhabitants gained from these new data. secondary mutilations are needed to refine our Doering, Travis F. (see Collins, Lori D.) understanding of this unique trophy taking practice. Doering, Travis F. (see Du Vernay, Jeffrey) Diaz-Granados, Carol (see Duncan, James) Doering, Travis F. (see Fernandez, Steven)

46 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014

Doherty, Raymond (University of Mississippi, Recent fieldwork produced the first topographic [email protected]), John F. Lieb (Office of map and stratigraphic profile of the mound and Archaeological Research, University of Alabama, subsurface tests established its context in the retired), and Brad R. Lieb (Chickasaw Nation) landscape and its alignment with the nearby monumental Shell Mound. Analysis of a large [1] Good Fare and Tribal Affairs: The George and assemblage of pots collected from the site in the Saleechie Colbert Site 1880s revealed atypical combinations of attributes The George and Saleechie (Shillichi’) Colbert site in from various types and time periods. Evidence northeastern Mississippi is an early 19th-century suggests that Palmetto Mound served to gather the Chickasaw occupation that has yielded extensive social history of the Weeden Island Culture along evidence of a well-travelled site, with a wide and the North Florida Gulf Coast. prolific scatter of period artifacts, including Driese, Steven (see Ballard, Joanne P.) pearlware, flintlock gun parts, wagon and harness hardware, Chickasaw pottery, trade beads, and in Duke, C. Trevor (University of South Florida, situ architectural foundation features. Historic [email protected]), Thomas J. Pluckhahn documentation indicates that Colbert’s home (University of South Florida), Victor D. Thompson served as the Chickasaw council house, where the (University of Georgia), and Lori O’Neal treaty of 1816 was concluded with Andrew (University of South Florida) Jackson. This paper compares the rich oral history [4] Temporal Trends in Invertebrate Faunal Remains of the site with the historic record, and reviews from Crystal River (8CI1) and Roberts Island (8CI41) recent research along with the latest archaeological findings. Crystal River and Roberts Island are closely-related Middle and Late Woodland mound complexes on Donnan, Ben (University of Arkansas, Florida’s west-central Gulf Coast. Fine (1/8 inch) [email protected]) screening of excavated material in the middens [18] A Geophysical Examination of a Terminal produced an extensive assemblage of invertebrate Woodland Embankment and Ditch at Toltec Mounds faunal remains. Combining this with the results of Site (3LN42), Scott, Arkansas extensive radiocarbon dating, we identify temporal trends in invertebrate faunal remains across four Toltec Mound Site near Little Rock, Arkansas phases spanning the interval from around A.D. 150 represents a major Terminal Woodland mound to 1050. Continuity is apparent, especially in the site, constructed by members of the Plum Bayou prevalence of oysters. However, there are shifts in Culture between A.D. 700–1000. A semicircular the prevalence of other species indicative of shifts earthen embankment and ditch surround the site. in dietary preferences and natural and This project looks to improve our understanding of anthropogenic changes to the environment. how these features were constructed and to assess their current condition. Geophysical surveys using Dumas, Ashley (University of West Alabama, Ground Penetrating Radar, Gradiometry and [email protected]) Resistivity accomplished this goal. Results reveal evidence for remnants of leveled portions of [1] Choctaw Pottery from Fort Tombecbe, 1736 to 1763 embankment and ditch as well as two separate The French established Fort Tombecbe in 1736, in levels of construction in more intact areas of the part, to secure their relationship with the eastern site. Choctaw. Over the following twenty-seven years, Donop, Mark C. (University of Florida, thousands of visited the fort to trade, [email protected]) and, by 1763, a large town was established nearby. Pottery recently excavated from French [24] An Introduction to the Weeden Island Palmetto components at the fort offers insights into the Mound (8LV2) on Hog Island characteristics of the Choctaw from this narrow interval of time, at a critical point in the history of Palmetto Mound in Levy County, Florida is an the tribe. This study is also important because it important Weeden Island mortuary facility that adds to the limited data set of Choctaw pottery. contained hundreds of burials and ceramic vessels.

47 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina

Dunbar, James S. (Aucilla Research Institute, the Civil War. Excavation revealed evidence of a [email protected]) hearth and associated artifacts. Lithic material supported longstanding Native American [19] The South-Eastern Warm Thermal Enclave, presence. We continue to develop an Perturbations of the Late Pleistocene understanding of the early inhabitants of the For decades late Pleistocene climate events prior to region while contributing to the protection of the Younger Dryas (Heinrich 0 ~12.9 ka cal B.P.) Native American and historic cultural resources in were ignored by archaeologists because the Clovis the Forest. First paradigm implicitly supposed nothing was Durham, Ellis (see Parish, Ryan) earlier. Since 2005 attitudes have changed and the importance of understanding the effects of major Du Vernay, Jeffrey (University of South Florida, climate shifts is now important to archaeology. [email protected]), Lori D. Collins This presentation will focus on the timing of late (University of South Florida), Travis F. Doering Pleistocene climate events and the subsequent (University of South Florida), and Joseph Gamble expressions of habitat change in the Coastal (Colorado Mountain College) Southeast. Landscapes since Marine Isotope Stage [26] The 3D Documentation and Visualization of the 3 will be considered as will the cultural expressions Lake Jackson (8Le1) Copper Plates that, potentially at least, once occupied the South- Eastern Warm Thermal Enclave. The Mississippian Period Lake Jackson site of Florida is widely known for its SECC-themed Dunbar, James S. (see Austin, Robert J.) copper repoussé plates. The documentation of Duncan, James (Missouri Humanities Council, these artifacts has been limited and largely [email protected]), and Carol Diaz- restricted to standard photography and subjective Granados (Washington University, St. Louis) line drawings, despite being a major foci of research. Here, we summarize our documentation [21] Sun and Morning Star/Father and Son: Co- and visualization of these plates using Reflectance occurrences in Missouri Rock Art Transformation Imaging, Close-range 3D scanning, During an NSF sponsored statewide survey of and 3D modeling software applications. Although Missouri rock art in the 1980s and early 90s, we areas of corrosion at times proved to be an observed that certain motifs appeared in obstacle, these methods permitted for the association with other symbols forming distinct co- displaying and rendering of plate imagery in new, occurrences. This was particularly evident in the improved, and diverse ways, providing an southeast quadrant of Missouri. We have proposed opportunity to enhance plate interpretations. an interpretation of these motif groupings using Du Vernay, Jeffrey (see Collins, Lori D.) Siouan oral traditions. We apply this approach to several rock art sites with emphasis on the cross-in- Dye, David (University of Memphis, circle and the bilobed arrow (hawk). We will argue [email protected]) that this co-occurrence represents two definite [30] Lightning Boy Face Mask Gorgets and Thunder characters in Western Mississippian cosmology. Boy War Clubs: The Ritual Organization of Lower Dunn, Kathryn (Berea College, [email protected]) Mississippi Valley Warfare [37] Establishing the Past Lives of Appalachia in the Mississippi warfare, while played out in a violent Berea College Forest geopolitical world, at the same time was grounded in the solicitation of creation-era preternaturals. The Berea College Forest consists of over 8,000 Foremost among these are the Twins, symbolized acres of multi-use landscape. To date, little in Mississippian ritual paraphernalia as sacred archaeological research has been conducted. Our bundle elements. In this paper I argue that summer research investigated the potential for Lightning Boy and Thunder Boy were materialized resources in one section of the Forest. Documents in Mississippian cosmology. Both Lightning Boy indicated our site was associated with a freed and Thunder Boy were crucial for the organization slave, who purchased large tracts of land prior to and implementation of Mississippian warfare. The

48 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014 surviving material culture in the form of face mask Ensor, Blaine (Historic Properties Consultants, gorgets and the representational imagery of [email protected]) ceramic vessels clearly link nineteenth century [19] Development of a New Paradigm for Early foundational myths with the seventeenth century Settlement of the Americas: Data from the Gulf Coastal archaeological record. Plain and Beyond Ellebracht, Lareyne (see Meyers, Patrisha) Examination and analysis of surface collections Ellis, Sarah (Southeast Archeological Center) from two upland lithic quarry sites on the Gulf Coastal Plain of Alabama and other sites across [24] Trafficking Rock: A Comparative Analysis of Swift North America suggest that a previously Creek and Weeden Island Lithic Procurement and undescribed core and flake technology Production Habits exists. This technology strongly resembles Old Situated within the Tyndall Air Force Base World Levallois core technology. Aspects of this complex, Harrison Ring Midden (8BY1359), a Swift technology are discussed and compared with Creek site, and Hare Hammock Ring Midden North American Late Pleistocene/Holocene and (8BY1347), a Weeden Island site, yielded a lithic Old World Pleistocene flaked stone technologies. assemblage varying considerably in raw material. Emerging data calls for new perspectives when The adjacent sites rest on a three-mile wide Gulf searching for potential pre-Clovis sites and use of a Coastal Lowland peninsula in Bay County, Florida global approach when conducting stone tool composed of Pleistocene/Holocene epoch analysis and developing lithic classification Undifferentiated Quaternary Sediments. This local systems. source suggests all raw materials were imported, Ernenwein, Eileen (see Menzer, Jeremy) as unconsolidated deposits are poor for lithic production. A comparative lithic analysis was *Ervin, Kelly (Auburn University, conducted to better understand the transition from [email protected]) Swift Creek to Weeden Island cultural traditions [10] Synthesizing the Sociospatial Scale: Applying and subsequent evolution of trade networks. Spatial Statistics to Identify Patterns in the Historic Endonino, Jon C. (Eastern Kentucky University, Creek Town [email protected]) Geographic analyses in archaeological research [5] Recent Investigations at the Tomoka Mound and sample space to understand past human activity Midden Complex: New Insights into Mound and behavior. The internal distribution patterns of Chronology and Function archaeological features are observed in a theoretically social, political, and economic way by The Tomoka Mound and Midden Complex measuring geographic distance. An intra-site (8VO81) in northeast Florida represents the only spatial analysis of a Historic Creek town tests known extant Late Archaic site possessing multiple variables including the distance between structures mounds, both mortuary and non-mortuary. This and the distance from structures to their mean paper presents the results of Stage I of the Tomoka center. Results of the Mean Center, Average Archaeology Project (TAP) and address two Nearest Neighbor, and Standard Distance statistics specific issues. First, how many mounds are there? demonstrate significantly clustered groups Second, how old are the mounds? These questions dispersing away from the community mean center. seem pedestrian, but the answers provide To explain these spatial patterns, causational foundational data that set the stage for addressing factors promoted during the eighteenth-century by the social and environmental conditions attending Euro-American cultural diffusion are examined. the emergence and cessation of mortuary monument construction along the northeast Estabrook, Richard W. (see Austin, Robert J.) Atlantic coast of Florida during the Late Archaic *Eubanks, Paul N. (University of Alabama, Mount Taylor period. [email protected]) Endonino, Jon C. (see Austin, Robert J.)

49 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina

[40] A Day in the Lives of the Caddo Salt Makers at kiln. Magnetometry, ground-penetrating radar Drake’s Salt Works (GPR), and magnetic susceptibility were employed in the investigations. The investigations were Following European contact, salt became one of the conducted along a series of four transects across Southeast’s most important commodities. Using the portion of the site where the kiln was suspected the historic record and archaeological data from to have been. Magnetometry proved the most recent excavations, this paper provides a effective and located a significant magnetic reconstruction of the salt making process at anomaly consistent with the dimensions of a kiln. Drake’s Salt Works. This process began by filtering Subsequent excavation in 2014 confirmed that salt-impregnated soil using water from nearby preserved portions of the base of the kiln had been streams and boiling the resulting liquid brine in a found. thin-walled, standardized bowl. The salt bowls appear to have been made on site using clay Ferguson, Terry A. (see Steen, Carl) deposits found beneath the salt flats. Once the Fernandez, Steven (University of South Florida, liquid brine had evaporated leaving behind the [email protected]), Lori D. Collins (University solid salt, the salt cakes were removed and of South Florida), Travis F. Doering prepared for trade or short-term storage. ([email protected]), and Margo Schwadron Eubanks, Paul N. (see Lawhon, Taylor) (National Park Service) Falls, Eva (East Carolina University, [16] Terrestrial and Airborne LiDAR Applications for [email protected]) Shell Mound and Midden Documentation: The Canaveral National Seashore Examples [38] Assigning Site Function: An Archaeological Exploration of a Settlement at Dixie Plantation, New technologies such as terrestrial laser scanning Hollywood, South Carolina and 3D modeling, merged with aerial LiDAR, remote sensing, and Geographic Information The College of Charleston’s Dixie Plantation in Systems are improving our ability to find, see, and Hollywood, SC was formerly an 18th and 19th- understand terrain features such as archaeological century plantation. A ca. 1799 and a ca. 1807 plat mounds and middens. Working as part of a team map of the area indicate the plantation once to identify Native American Graves Protection and consisted of a main house, an avenue of oaks, and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) sites in the Cape an unidentified settlement. There are no intact Canaveral National Seashore area, we are using architectural remains of the indicated settlement, newly available digital terrain modeling and but in the fall of 2012, an archaeological survey of visualization techniques to improve management the area was completed. Due to high percentage of and planning for these vulnerable sites, and are kitchen artifacts at the site, the evidence suggests affording better understanding to assist in the settlement had a residential component. This developing ways to best protect these sensitive paper will discuss the challenges of assigning site locations. function for this settlement. Fitts, Mary Elizabeth (University of North Faught, Michael (see Cook Hale, Jessica) Carolina at Chapel Hill, [email protected]) Feathers, James K. (see Moore, Christopher R.) [15] “They scarcely plant any thing fit for the support of Ferguson, Terry A. (Wofford College, human life:” Intergenerational Stress and Catawba [email protected]), and Carl Steen Foodways (Diachronic Research Foundation) Recent scholarship regarding the subsistence of [18] In Search of the Lost Kiln: A Geophysical colonial period Cherokee communities suggests Reconnaissance at the B.F. Landrum Pottery that uncertainties of settlement duration and labor (38AK496) availability associated with increased raiding, disease, and commercial hunting affected farming In December of 2013 a geophysical reconnaissance and foraging strategies, with households was conducted at the B.F. Landrum Pottery increasingly focusing their efforts on resources that (38AK496) to locate preserved remains of the site’s

50 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014 required lower acquisition and processing costs. For over 40 years, SCIAA’s Maritime Research Macrobotanical data from two Catawba Indian Division has championed efforts to preserve and towns inhabited during the 1750s are consistent protect South Carolina’s maritime archaeological with these findings, but also suggest that heritage through research, management, public contemporaneous variation between communities education and outreach. The Hobby Diver License can have interpretative significance. In this program is a unique partnership between comparison, variation in stress-related practices researchers and divers that combines management appears to be associated with the spatial extent of of underwater sites and submerged cultural community relocation over the preceding 50-year material through licensing with a robust public period. education and outreach component. In addition to outlining the MRD’s mission and responsibilities, Fontana, Marisa (see Wesson, Cameron) this paper details a number of initiatives in recent Franklin, Jay (East Tennessee State University, years, including the development of interpretive [email protected]), Maureen Hays (College of trails, field training programs and workshops, Charleston), Frédéric Surmely (Ministère de la public presentations, volunteer opportunities, and Culture DRAC Auvergne/SRA), Lucinda a growing social media presence. Langston (Bureau of Land Management), and Funk, Chan (Stell Environmental/Fort Jackson, Travis Bow (Pickett State Park) [email protected]), and Jason Moser (South [5] Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Archaeology at Carolina Army National Guard) Rock Creek Mortar Shelter, Upper Cumberland Plateau, [37] Eligibility Intervals on Fort Jackson, South Tennessee Carolina Rock Creek Mortar Shelter (40Pt209), in Pickett The U.S. Army Garrison, Fort Jackson, South State Forest on the Upper Cumberland Plateau of Carolina and the South Carolina Army National Tennessee, possesses a more or less continuous Guard review twenty five years of investigations of 11,000+ year occupation history. We focus here on site significance and National Register eligibility the late Pleistocene and early Holocene determinations for late 19th and early 20th-century components paying particular attention to unifacial sites. and blade tool technology and use-wear analysis. A suite of radiocarbon dates places initial Funk, Chan (see Moser, Jason D.) occupation at 11,500 years ago. However, we have Funk, Chan [9] Panelist not yet encountered culturally sterile deposits and believe the site may be older still. We present our Funkhouser, J. Lynn (University of Alabama, current understanding of the site based in our [email protected]) testing program during winter 2013/14. [7] Death Beyond the Great Wall: Corporate Kin Franklin, Jay (see Menzer, Jeremy) Groups and Segregated Space at Moundville Freeman, Mark (see Dennison, Meagan) This presentation compares and contrasts cemeteries found around Mounds P and G at Frisch, Jonathan (see Peacock, Evan) Moundville. Large, free-standing, screens were Fritz, Gayle (Washington University, St. Louis) erected near both mounds and may have been [34] Panelist used to deliberately block physical and visual access to the plaza. These screens also segregate the Fuller, Madison (see Carmody, Stephen B.) primary mortuary populations found near the two Fulmer, Nate (South Carolina Institute of mounds, possibly by hierarchical status. Despite Archeology and Anthropology, [email protected]), these similarities, the demographic composition of and Ashley M. Deming (South Carolina Institute the two areas is quite different as is what was of Archaeology and Anthropology) included as mortuary accoutrements. The composite structure of the near mound cemeteries [23] SCIAA Maritime Research Division: Preserving may be ultimately attributed to differences and and Protecting Maritime Heritage in the Palmetto State

51 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina similarities in the corporate kin groups that created technologies to increase the quality and them. comparability of archaeological data, to promote collaboration and data sharing among diverse Gabitov, Rinat (see Peacock, Evan) archaeologists, to encourage and comparative Gage, Matthew (University of Alabama, analysis and synthesis, and ultimately to advance [email protected]) our understanding of early modern slave societies using archaeological data. In this paper we sketch [12] The Coosa River Basin Archaeological Survey the specific strategies that DRC collaborators are Revisited developing to achieve these goals and offer a Our understanding of the archaeology of the Coosa critical assessment of our progress to date. River Basin in Alabama was significantly advanced Galle, Jillian (see Cooper, Leslie) by the efforts of Vernon James Knight, Jr. In the 1980s, Knight was part of an effort to investigate Galloway, Patricia (University of Texas at Austin) broad swathes of East Alabama that resulted in the [10] Discussant compilation of multiple survey and excavation Gamble, Joseph (see Du Vernay, Jeffrey) efforts that spanned more than 35 years of work. Following in his footsteps, the University of Garrison, Ervan (see Cook Hale, Jessica) Alabama, Office of Archaeological Research has Gidusko, Kevin (see Meyers, Patrisha) again entered the Coosa drainage armed with a combination of old and new field methodologies Gifford, Erica (see Gifford, Matthew) and data to survey and document the shoreline of Alabama Power Company’s reservoirs. Gifford, John (see Colombo, Leah) Gaikwad, Nilesh (see Powis, Terry) Gifford, Matthew (Panamerican Consultants, Inc., [email protected]), and Erica Gaillard, Meg (South Carolina Department of Gifford (Panamerican Consultants, Inc.) Natural Resources, [email protected]) [23] A Bankline Survey of the Low Country Rice [42] The SCDNR Heritage Trust Program: 40 Years of Plantations Landscape Preservation As part of the Savannah Harbor Expansion Project, In 1974, the South Carolina Department of Natural the Savannah District will construct a number of Resources’ Heritage Trust Program was created as mitigation features to compensate for predicted the first such program in the nation to help protect adverse environmental impacts. The plan is multi- natural and cultural sites. As of 2014, 74 properties component and includes mitigation features that totaling 88,000 acres have been protected as are located throughout the Savannah River heritage preserves. Seventeen of these properties estuary. Panamerican conducted both submerged were acquired to protect cultural or archaeological and terrestrial investigations within the estuary. sites. During the next ten years, there will be a This paper will present the findings from the low focus on cultural heritage preserve public water bankline survey that recorded a total of 116 education. Projects will include on-site signage, sites. Associated with the rice plantation landscape, trail system enhancement, interactive cultural the majority of the sites represent rice trunks, heritage preserve web pages, and innovative wharfs, and possible mill sites, while several alternatives to provide access for ADA compliance. represent watercraft in the form of flats or barges. Gaillard, Meg (see Shofner, Erika) Giles, Bretton (Center for the Environmental Management of Military Lands, Galle, Jillian (Monticello, [email protected]), [email protected]) and Fraser Neiman (Monticello) [36] Hopewell Caches as Communicative Acts and [2] Introducing the DAACS Research Consortium Mnemonically-Charged Gifts The DAACS Research Consortium is a novel and I assess how votive caches may have served as ambitious experiment in the use of web communicative acts that were employed to incite

52 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014 the remembrance of (and return gifts from) and its advantages are discussed in relation to important nonhuman persons. I begin by recently established accuracy and precision discussing the way gifts are often used to cultivate standards. remembrance. I also note how some Native Girard, Jeffrey (Northwestern State University of Americans believed that a spirit dwelled in objects Louisiana, [email protected]) and that when destroyed these “spirit articles” could be used by the dead and nonhuman persons. [40] Alluvial Geoarchaeology in the Lower Red River I then explore the significance of these beliefs in a Floodplain, Northwest Louisiana case study that compares Hopewell caches to the mnemonically-charged gifts exchanged as part of The lower Red River floodplain is a highly early historic diplomacy in the Eastern Woodlands. dynamic aggrading geomorphological system characterized by high sediment load, recurring Gill, Matthew (Pennsylvanian State University, flooding, frequent channel shifts, rapid alluvial [email protected]) deposition, bank caving, and a distinct process of channel blockage known as rafting. The active [35] Using GIS to Assess the Effectiveness of nature of the landscape has had profound Archaeological Surveys Conducted at Avon Park Air implications for human settlement and land use Force Range strategies. Differential surface exposure and burial Archaeologists have conducted surveys at Avon of sites pose challenges for archaeological research. Park Air Force Range in central Florida for over 30 An ongoing study in northwest Louisiana involves years using a wide range of survey methodologies. surface reconnaissance, geological mapping, and This study will use GIS analysis to assess the study of historic maps to further understanding of results of these surveys and the effectiveness of the formation and dissolution of late prehistoric archaeological probability models that have driven dispersed Caddo floodplain villages. much of their design. Many earlier surveys used Glass, Gary (see Younger-Mertz, Stewart) methods which, though standard at the time, would not be considered sufficient by the Florida Glickman, Jessica (University of Rhode Island, SHPO today. This paper will demonstrate whether [email protected]) there is sufficient evidence to show that the earlier surveys were significantly less effective and [37] Slave Ships in the Archaeological and Historic present recommendations for how to conduct Record future surveys. The material culture found in the archaeological Gilmore, Zackary (University of Florida, record that could identify a ship as having [email protected]) participated in the slave trade will be examined. Using all the evidence available related to the ships [8] Radiocarbon Dating of Spanish Moss from Orange themselves, new tools and models can be and Stallings Fiber-Tempered Pottery: Method and developed to help identify ships that participated Chronological Implications in the slave trade in the underwater archaeological A recent emphasis on “chronometric hygiene” has record. exposed the potential interpretive pitfalls of Golsch, Matthew (University of Denver, chronological assumptions based on dated and (by [email protected]), Brandon T. Ritchison today’s standards) imprecise radiocarbon (University of Georgia), Matthew H. Colvin databases. Regarding the Late Archaic Southeast, (University of Georgia), Bryan Tucker (Georgia one of the most important chronological challenges Department of Natural Resources), and Victor D. is temporally situating the development and Thompson (University of Georgia) spread of the region’s earliest pottery technology. Here, a method is outlined for directly dating [26] Utilizing Complementary Techniques to charred Spanish moss from the fabric of fiber- Understand Formation Processes at the Ossabaw Island tempered pottery. The method’s viability is Shell Ring (9CH203) demonstrated with six pairs of assays from Orange Using ground-penetrating radar, magnetometry, and Stallings vessels from Florida and Georgia, resistivity, probing, coring, and limited shovel

53 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina testing, we mapped the internal structure of the The University of Alabama, Office of Ossabaw Island Shell Ring to lend further insight Archaeological Research in association with the into its formation processes. Based on this research, University of Alabama Museum of Natural the ring is comprised of deep, mounded, History, conducted an archaeological and remote discontinuous areas of higher shell density sensing investigation at site 1Pe280, the Ancestral throughout the ring, indicating a possible initial Weissinger Home Site and cemetery. Remote gradual accumulation of shell in specific areas, sensing, excavations, and dendrochronology were followed by contiguous ring-shaped construction. utilized to identify features associated with the These data suggests a more dynamic history than early nineteenth to early twentieth century home can be explained by habitation or ceremonial based and cemetery. The paper discusses the construction models alone, and requires a more architectural and historical significance of this dynamic perspective regarding the nature of central Alabama plantation home with an activities at the site. examination of associated artifacts and remote sensing data. Golsch, Matthew (see Roberts Thompson, Amanda D.) Gougeon, Ramie A. (see Harding, Gregg E.) Golsch, Matthew (see Tucker, Bryan) Green, Lillian (Georgia State University, [email protected]) Gonzalez, Jorge (see Collins, Lori D.) [14] Mossy Oak Revisited Goodwin, R. Christopher (see Pevny, Charlotte D.) The Early Mississippian period in central Georgia was a time of great change with emerging political Goodyear, Albert C. (South Carolina Institute of centralization and social ranking. This thesis aims Archaeology and Anthropology, to better understand Macon Plateau’s relationship [email protected]), and Douglas Sain with outlying areas. To accomplish this objective (University of Tennessee) the ceramic assemblage site from the site of Mossy [29] PreClovis Archaeology and Geochronology at the Oak (11Bi17) is revisited and reanalyzed using Topper Site spatial analysis and detailed investigations of Vining Simple Stamped pottery. Rather than taking Topper is a chert quarry on the Savannah River a top-down, elite-focused approach, this thesis with an extraordinarily long record of human explores the impact of horizontal relationships usage. There is a widespread Clovis occupation between groups present at the inception of social present allowing secure recognition of the 13,000 institutions and social inequality at the dawn of the KA stratigraphic horizon. Beneath that a preClovis Early Mississippian. occupation has been revealed that is controversial due to the non-bifacial technology and ancient Greene, Lance (Georgia Southern University, dating. The preClovis stratigraphy is contained [email protected]) within two alluvial deposits from the Pleistocene [13] Archaeology and Community Reconstruction of Savannah River. They are dated before 15KA back Mid-19th Century Cherokee Farmsteads Along Valley to 50KA or more. The lithic assemblages are the River, North Carolina same in both units characterized by bipolar core and flake technology with an emphasis on The mountainous region of western North microlithic tools. Carolina was home to several communities of traditional Cherokees at the time of the Removal in Goodyear, Albert C. (see Anderson, Derek T.) 1838. Within this region, the Valley River area was Gordon, Falicia (University of Alabama, home to several Cherokee communities known as [email protected]), and Brandon the Valley Towns. The locations of Cherokee Thompson (University of Alabama) farmsteads within these communities are well documented historically. Using primary [26] Archeological and Remote Sensing Investigations documents, several of these farmstead sites have at the Weissinger Ancestral Plantation Home Site been identified. The modern landscape shows

54 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014 signs of these sites, including roadbeds and other Hacker, Stephanie (University Of Tennessee, feature depressions. Archaeological testing of [email protected]), and Howard Cyr several sites provides information about the (University of Tennessee) Cherokees who lived there, prior to and after the [27] An Integrative Archaeological and Removal in 1838. Geomorphological Approach to Understanding Site Greenlee, Diana (Poverty Point Station Distributions and Prehistoric Settlement Patterns along Archaeology Program, [email protected]) the Little River, East Tennessee [5] An “F” in Mound Construction at Poverty Point Research at the University of Tennessee’s East Tennessee Research and Education Center, Blount C. B. Moore’s exploration of Poverty Point in 1913 County, Tennessee, has uncovered a number of identified six earthen mounds on the property. archaeological sites ranging in age from the Early Since then, archaeologists have concluded that five Archaic to Mississippian. Located at the confluence of those earthworks are indeed mounds, while one of Ellejoy Creek and the Little River, the area was is a high point on the innermost of the six C- part of a prehistoric trail system through the shaped earthen ridges. One hundred years after C. Smoky Mountains. Research at UT’s ARL B. Moore’s work, in August 2013, we examined a integrates geomorphologic and archaeological suspicious rise on the wooded landscape at approaches to understand landscape development Poverty Point State Historic Site, confirming that it and its effects on prehistoric settlement, temporal is an artificially constructed earthwork. This sixth and spatial site distributions, and site preservation mound, Mound F, is described and the results of in the area. These studies offer new insight into initial investigations into its construction history human-environmental interactions and landscape and structure are presented. evolution in the intermountain Southeast. Grivetti, Louis (see Powis, Terry) Hacker, Stephanie (see Hollenbach, Kandace) Grunden, Ramona (see Norris, Sean) Hadden, Carla (University of Georgia, Gunter, Madeleine (College of William and Mary, [email protected]) [email protected]) [4] Continuity and Change in Woodland Coastal [3] Persistent Places of the Mississippian Shatter Zone: Subsistence: A Case Study from the Florida Gulf Coast A Geoarchaeological Perspective Geological records suggest that the northern Gulf Ethridge’s "Mississippian Shatter Zone" (MSZ) has Coast was characterized by physical instability emerged as an important conceptual framework during the Woodland period. This paper utilizes for understanding the complex, post-contact zooarchaeological data from two coastal sites, the transformation of Southeastern Native societies. Harrison and Hare Hammock Ring Middens, to Critiqued for confirming the “trope of the examine aspects of continuity and change in declining Indian,” Ethridge argues that the cultural coastal adaptations in this region. Although we disruption characteristic of the MSZ produced and observed changes in the relative abundances and reproduced social and cultural forms. As a means evenness of the species recovered through time, we of examining cultural persistence and reproduction argue that the basic properties of a core within and across the MSZ, this paper pairs subsistence/settlement strategy persisted from ca. geoarchaeological methods with Schlanger’s (1992) A.D. 400 to 1200 on the north-central coast of concept of “persistent places”—locales made Florida, despite frequent disturbances. These data meaningful through their use and reuse—to demonstrate the resilience of coastal communities understand how multi-component sites across and coastal ecosystems. Virginia’s southern Piedmont articulated within Hadley, Scott P., Jr. (University of Memphis, the broader historical trajectory of the [email protected]) Mississippian World. [26] Large-Scale Geophysical Survey at the Denmark Site (40MD85), a Middle Mississippi Town in West Tennessee

55 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina

The Denmark Site (40MD85) is a Middle Hammerstedt, Scott W. (University of Oklahoma, Mississippi mound center located southwest of [email protected]), and Sheila Bobalik Savage Jackson, TN in Madison County. Until recently, the (University of Oklahoma) three-mound group has undergone limited [12] Symbolic Uses of Color and Directionality in the archaeological investigations. Originally posited to Arkansas River Drainage of Eastern Oklahoma be a vacant ceremonial center, large-scale magnetometry survey has provided evidence for a Color and directional symbolism were important previously unknown town-scale settlement. components of the ritual beliefs and practices of Targeted excavations further support Southeastern and Plains prehistoric societies. This interpretations of structures and features derived paper examines the use of color and directionality from the magnetometry data. Research at Denmark at a number of Spiroan mound sites in the and the nearby Ames site have helped to better Arkansas Valley in eastern Oklahoma. Artifacts, understand Middle Mississippi settlements in the mound construction, and structure orientation will hinterlands of West Tennessee. be discussed. We then draw on ethnohistoric descriptions to illustrate the role of color and Haley, Bryan (see Johnson, Jay K.) directionality in Spiroan ritual life. Hall, Kristen Cecilia Douglass (University of Hammerstedt, Scott W. (see Livingood, Patrick) Florida, [email protected]) Hammerstedt, Scott W. (see Younger-Mertz, [22] Suwannee Valley Redefined: A Feasting Pottery Stewart) Assemblage from Parnell Mound Harding, Gregg E. (Florida Public Archaeology The of North Florida has Network, University of , been recognized and defined only recently. [email protected]), and Ramie A. Previous definitions of Suwannee Valley pottery Gougeon (University of West Florida) typology made use of small assemblages from multiple component sites. A large 12th or 13th [17] Treading Lightly: An Approach to the Exploration century pottery assemblage from a pit (Feature 1) and Documentation of Florida Cave Sites and associated test units at Parnell Mound (8CO326) enable the Suwannee Valley series to be Archaeological investigations of the prehistoric refined. Results of analysis provide a guideline for and historic uses of cave sites and rock shelters more consistent identification of Suwannee Valley have a long history in many regions of the pottery and also offer insight into the types of Southeast. However, in spite of the presence of vessels used in feasting, with many large vessels in such sites in Florida’s karst formations, few association with a minimum of 88 deer. sustained research projects have been undertaken to date. This paper presents the findings from a test Hally, David (University of Georgia, program to investigate and record several cave [email protected]), and John Chamblee (University sites in Jackson County, Florida. We wish to of Georgia) highlight our attempts to collect data without collecting artifacts, particularly given the [44] The Spatial and Temporal Distribution of sometimes sensitive nature of some cultural Mississippian Polities in the Nuclear Southeast materials deposited in caves. Analysis of Mississippian mound sites in north Harke, Ryan (Florida Public Archaeology Georgia has succeeded in identifying the spatial Network, [email protected]), and Sarah Miller size, geographical spacing, and average duration of (Florida Public Archaeology Network) Mississippian polities in that region. In this paper, we investigate whether similar spatial and [42] Shells of Florida’s Historic Cemeteries: What Can temporal patterns can be found in a larger region We Learn? encompassing Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, and Tennessee. This analysis is based on a sample of Various species of marine shell are present at more than 420 sites that have at least one historic cemeteries throughout Florida, as objects identifiable Mississippian mound. of soul-embodiment, ceremony, pilgrimage, and more. However, the most commonly used species

56 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014 are often not local to the cemetery in which they what this communicates about colonial Chickasaw reside, raising numerous questions. Are such shells relationships with their environments. being traded from other regions of Florida and Hawsey, Kareen L. (University of Alabama, elsewhere? Do individuals travel to purchase [email protected]) and/or collect shells from far-off places? A case study at San Sebastian Cemetery (St. Augustine, [7] Vessel Morphology in the West Jefferson Phase: A FL) highlights varying behaviors regarding both Functional Analysis of Pottery in the Black Warrior the selection and procurement of shells, and their Valley of Alabama placement upon grave-markers. In the eleventh century, both indigenous hunter- Harris, Norma [9] Panelist gatherers and the earliest Mississippian agriculturalists occupied the Black Warrior Basin of Harris, Scott (College of Charleston, west-central and central Alabama. Archaeological [email protected]) evidence suggests that many of the former [29] Geological Evolution and Paleolandscapes of the adopted, among other Mississippian traits, shell- SE-U.S. Continental Shelf tempered vessel forms known as “standard Mississippian jars.” This paper uses a functional This paper studies the terrestrial and near-coastal analysis of late Woodland West Jefferson phase landscape and coastal history of the now- pottery to address how, or if, ceramic technologies submerged continental shelf between North reflect the adoption and intensification of maize Carolina and Florida. Starting 80 ka near the agriculture by hunter-gatherers. Specifically, it modern shoreline, the history of the shelf is examines whether West Jefferson cooking vessels presented with respect to the marine transgression reflect traditional nut-processing technology or if and the preservation potential of likely regions for they instead indicate the adoption of Mississippian human occupation throughout the late Quaternary. maize-processing technology. The current study identified potential areas of human habitation using empirical landscape Hays, Maureen (see Adams, Olivia) models focused around coastal, estuarine, and Hays, Maureen (see Franklin, Jay) fluvial systems, and the food and lithic resources available in each area. Special focus is applied to Hays, Maureen (see Pyszka, Kimberly) areas around shelf-edge promontories, shelf incisions, and transgressive fluvial pathways. Heath, Barbara (University of Tennessee, [email protected]) Harris, Stephen (see Johnson, Jay K.) [13] Global Trade, Regional Patterns, and Local Harte, Marybeth T. (University of South Carolina, Meaning: Cowrie Shells in Colonial Virginia [email protected]) Throughout much of his career, Gerald Schroedl [1] Anthropogenic Ecological Impacts of the Colonial has examined the effects of British colonialism in Chickasaw through a Study of Faunal Remains the southeast and Caribbean. In this paper I venture farther north to Virginia to consider the Developments made during the colonial time meaning of spatial patterning in the distribution of period (A.D. 1650-1750) initiated drastic change to cowrie shells (Monetaria moneta and Monetaria the Chickasaw social order. This paper investigates annulus) found in colonial contexts. Themes of this how a new economic market and mixing cultural paper reflect and engage with his scholarly influences began to impact the way the Chickasaw interests in multicultural communities, ethnic interacted with their environments. A diachronic identity, and trade, while its methods and scope analysis of five faunal assemblages from were inspired by the value he places on Chickasaw sites near Tupelo, Mississippi are used collaboration. to assess changing anthropogenic impacts on their local ecology. The data presented will seek to Hemmings, C. Andrew (see Adovasio, James) answer questions on how larger colonial processes shaped ecological decision making (including Henderson, Cecilia (University of Southern landscape management and prey preference) and Mississippi, [email protected]),

57 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina and H. Edwin Jackson (University of Southern An analysis of paddle design matches of Swift Mississippi) Creek complicated stamped pottery from several sites along the Florida Gulf Coast indicates a more [33] Coles Creek Mounds in the Lower Yazoo Basin: complex pattern of interaction than previously Mississippi Mounds Trail Investigations at the Carter realized and raises new questions about the Site and Aden temporal and cultural relationships between and In 2013, as part of the Mississippi Mounds Trail among these Woodland sites. project, the University of Southern Mississippi Hodge, Shannon Chappell (Middle Tennessee tested the two mounds at the Carter site, a Coles State University, [email protected]) Creek period mound center located along Deer Creek. While there is good evidence for an early to [43] Lions and Tigers and Burials: Bioarchaeology of the middle Coles Creek occupation of the site, the Nashville Zoo Cemetery mounds, based on ceramics and radiocarbon Improvements to the entrance complex of the dating, were built during the early part of the Nashville Zoo in early 2014 necessitated removal of Crippen Point phase (ca. A.D. 1000–1100). nineteen historic graves from an undocumented Constructional features, mound function, and the 19th century cemetery. The Nashville Zoo sits on ceramic assemblage are discussed. Also discussed the former property of the Grassmere Plantation, are preliminary results of the 2014 investigations at established in 1786 from a Revolutionary War land Aden, located 35 km to the south. grant. These remains were thought to represent the Henderson, Kate (see Peacock, Evan) community of enslaved African Americans from that plantation. Skeletal and mtDNA analyses were Hensler, Rachel (University of Kentucky, conducted to establish the likely ancestry of these [email protected]) individuals, and paleopathological analyses [6] Ceramic Variability in the Ocmulgee River Big Bend explored the health and nutrition of this Region, Post 1540 population. This paper focuses on three sites, two in the Big Hollenbach, Kandace (University of Tennessee, Region of the Ocmulgee River valley, 9Tf115 [email protected]), Jessica Vavrasek (State University ( Bluff) and 9Cf17 (Sand Ridge), and one of New York at Albany), Jessie Johanson coastal Altamaha site. Coffee Bluff represents a late (University of Tennessee), Stephanie Hacker Lamar occupation, while Sand Ridge represents an (University of Tennessee), Keith Little (Tennessee Altamaha occupation, generally found on coastal Valley Archaeological Research), and Hunter Georgia. A stylistic attribute analysis, along with Johnson (Tennessee Valley Archaeological temper characterization, show that Sand Ridge is Research) quite different from the interior and coastal site, [1] Historic Choctaw Foodways at Two Sites in Kemper each of which is roughly contemporary. These County, Mississippi differences show how the Altamaha potting tradition, and likely social traditions, changed as As part of a large data recovery project on two this group moved from the coast into the interior of eighteenth-century Choctaw sites (22KE630 and Georgia. 22KE718) in Kemper County, Mississippi, plant and animal remains have been analyzed from Herbert, Joseph M. (see Steponaitis, Laurie several hundred floatation samples. These derive Cameron) from a variety of contexts – from postholes to Herron, Tammy [9] Panelist smudge pits to larger pit features. This extensive assemblage documents the maintenance of Hill, Lou (Tallahassee, Florida) traditional foodways, dominated by corn, hickory [24] Less is Moore: An Analysis of the Artifactual nuts, and deer, alongside the adoption of Material from Four Woodland Burial Mounds at the domesticated Old World foods, particularly pigs Tucker and Bird Hammock Sites on the Florida North and peaches. These data allow us to see some of Central Gulf Coast the daily activities this Choctaw community

58 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014 performed as they negotiated a rapidly changing [36] Preliminary Work Conducted at Walker-Noe sociopolitical world. Walker-Noe (15GD56) is a multicomponent site Horn, Sally P. (see Ballard, Joanne P.) located in Garrard County, Kentucky. Previous work conducted on the site has been limited to the Horton, Elizabeth (Arkansas Archeological excavation of a previously unknown late Early Survey, [email protected]) Woodland to Middle Woodland burial mound but [31] Weaving for the World Beyond: Iconographic and site visits have revealed a high density of artifacts Decorative Fabrics from Craig Mound at Spiro over a wide area indicating much more work needs to be done. Based on this information some This paper addresses significant findings from preliminary work has been conducted on the site ongoing research into perishable components of including several geophysical surveys and coring the late 15th century deposit Brown defined as the of some of the geophysical anomalies detected. The “Spirit Lodge” in Craig Mound. Here, I discuss results are presented in this paper. identification of a special use basket form, the petaca, and its role as a and compare Hunt, Elizabeth (University of Southern motifs from decorative baskets and textiles with Mississippi, [email protected]) artistic motifs in other media, including engraved [10] Changes in Choctaw Ceramics: A Proposed Project shell, as well as selected decorative basketry from Examining the Effects of European Colonization on the the broader Southeast. These data yield new Choctaw insights in the role of textiles and basketry in the sacred and ceremonial activities at Spiro and The Choctaw were the second largest native group potentially the broader Pre-Columbian Southeast. in the Southeast having contact with Europeans in the 18th century. The Choctaw experienced great Horton, Elizabeth (see Meyers, Maureen) changes in every aspect of their daily lives as a Howell, Cameron (University of South Carolina, consequence of European encroachment. A [email protected]) proposed examination of two chronologically different Choctaw ceramic assemblages from sites [41] Dynamics of the Mississippian Period Fission- 22KE630 and 22KE718 in east-central Mississippi Fusion Process: A Case Study from Eastern Tennessee will be used to examine the effects of European Conceptualizing the ability of segmented societies colonization on contact period Choctaw. This to both retain core cultural elements and innovate analysis will include examining change through new aspects while they split apart and coalesce is time in temper, decorative, style, vessel forms, and one key to understanding how human groups surface finish and what this may have suggested inhabit the landscape. This Fission-Fusion process about how the Choctaw responded to European has been used to understand Neolithic colonization. communities all over the world, however outside Idol, Bruce (see Webb, Paul) of the seminal works of Blitz and Lorenz, its application to the Mississippian Period in the Idol, Coy J. (East Carolina University, Southeast has been limited. Using their works as a [email protected]) guide, questions generated from conventional [37] Investigations into the Oldest Standing Structure analyses of archaeological remains found in in North Carolina Townsend, Tennessee can be addressed and contributions made to improve the model’s Dendrochronology has a returned a felling date of regional applicability. 1718/1719 for parts of the Lane House, Edenton, North Carolina. This makes the house the oldest Hoyle, Alesia (see Wright, Katherine) standing structure in North Carolina. At the time it Hudgins, Carter Lee (Clemson University) [38] was built it would have been one of only 20 houses Discussant in Queen Anna’s Creek. Given the propensity of early Americans to move structures around, the Hummel, Rebecca L. (University of Kentucky, Lane House does not sit on its original location. [email protected]) Using the artifacts recovered from excavations

59 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina under the house and in the yard areas a terminus (University of Southern Mississippi), and Samuel post quam will be established to determine when H. Butz (University of Mississippi) the house arrived at its current location. [4] Subsistence and Seasonality Trends in the Grand Isenbarger, Nicole (Archaeological Research Bay Estuary, Mississippi Collective, Inc., [email protected]) Grand Bay, a large estuary straddling the [20] People, Pots and Palisades: Looking at 17th Mississippi-Alabama border, provides abundant Century Cultural Interactions through Local Pottery evidence for prehistoric marsh utilization in the along the Ashley River form of numerous oyster shell middens. Investigations in 2010 of three shell middens Since 1968, archaeological research at Charles located in Grand Bay, produced data with which to Towne Landing State Historic Site has provided us examine Woodland and Mississippian subsistence with a better understanding of the early Colonial and seasonality patterns. Vertebrate remains history of South Carolina. The Colonoware that has including otoliths were analyzed and indicate that been recovered from the 1670-1730 contexts at the sites served as residential locations during the Miller site are some of the earliest known examples Woodland time span, but were used as of this important pottery. By incorporating my procurement stations focused on a narrower range analyses of the Lord Ashley site (1674-1685) of taxa beginning in the Mississippian period, a Colonoware with the Miller site, this expanded shift presumed to relate to broader changes in dataset can offer new insights regarding early regional settlement organization at that time. cultural and social interactions between African, European, and Native peoples in 1670s Carolina. Jacobi, Keith (see De Vore, William) Iverson, Richard L. (Florida State University, James, Larry (Brockington and Associates, [email protected]) [email protected]) [31] A New Approach for Interpreting Prehistoric [20] Grace Under Fire: The Archaeological Investigation Eastern North American Shamanic Cult Iconography at St. George Parish Church and Cemetery A new iconographic interpretation approach is The ruins of St George’s Parish Church (1719- based upon a method for organizing objects into 1830s) are just one of many unique historic relics contextual sets across archaeological periods, and preserved today at Colonial Dorchester State new nomenclature that defines iconographic Historic Site, located in Summerville, SC. A information representation. The corpus of surviving bell tower is a stark reminder of the 18th- prehistoric eastern North American portable century Anglican community church that endured objects is repeatedly search to form contextual sets, years of prosperity, war, fire, and abandonment. where the iconography of each object represents Between 2012-3, a look inside the sacred grounds the same Shamanic Cult ritual action. Ideosculpts of this site presented researchers a view into this and ideographs, together with an object as a enigmatic past. In addition, it allowed for a further gestalt, contain Shamanic Cult information that can comprehension of how the spatial arrangement, be read to reveal ideological meaning. This architecture, and material remains of St George approach is illustrated by interpretations of Red- church and cemetery fit within the larger shouldered Hawk and Common Night Hawk community of Dorchester. Coessences operated by Late Archaic through James, Stephen (Panamerican Consultants, Inc., Mississippian shamans. [email protected]) Ivester, Andrew H. (see Moore, Christopher R.) [23] The Undine, A Tea Clipper in the Savannah River Jackson, H. Edwin (see Henderson, Cecilia) The Savannah District is proposing to expand the Jackson, H. Edwin (see Kowalski, Jessica) Savannah Harbor navigation channel. Diving investigations identified the remains of the Undine, Jackson, H. Edwin (University of Southern a historically significant tea clipper built in Mississippi, [email protected]), Susan L. Scott Sutherland, England by the shipbuilder William

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Pile. In a class with other famous Clippers like the Johnson, Hunter (see Cyr, Howard) Flying Cloud and the Cutty Sark, the Undine Johnson, Hunter (see Hollenbach, Kandace) represents the evolution apex of the sailing merchantman, and is in the class of the most Johnson, Hunter (see Little, Keith) significant clippers, those built specifically for the China Tea or Opium trade that encompassed Johnson, Jay K. (University of Mississippi, global trade routes and economies. This paper will [email protected]), Bryan Haley (Tulane explore the history of the vessel from construction University), Stephen Harris (New South to sinking. Associates), Erika Carpenter (University of Mississippi), and Travis Cureton (University of Jefferies, Richard W. (see Moore, Christopher R.) Mississippi) Jennings, Matthew (Middle Georgia State College, [33] Mississippi Mounds Trail Research in the Upper [email protected]) Yazoo Basin [14] Displaying Ocmulgee The late prehistory Yazoo Basin north of the Greenwood-Greenville line has received relatively As soon as Civil Works Administration works and little attention and we are only now starting to professional archaeologists began to pull understand the ways in which this region differs Ocmulgee’s treasures from the earth, boosters and from elsewhere in the Mississippian world. Our scientists alike saw the need to put these objects on test excavations of seven mounds in conjunction display and use them to draw visitors to a region with field school excavations at three other mound threatened by the decline of the cotton economy. sites allow us to begin to outline the cultural Moreover, they evinced a desire not just to show dynamics of the region. off the artifacts themselves, but to demonstrate the power of archaeology to explain the past, and to Johnson, Jay K. [10] Discussant demonstrate advances in the science of archaeology. Jones, David (South Carolina State Parks, [email protected]) Jennings, Thomas (see Smallwood, Ashley M.) [20] Spanish Mount Stabilization Johanson, Jessie (University of Tennessee, [email protected]), and Andrew Agha (South Spanish Mount is a Late Archaic shell mound Carolina States Parks) located along Scott Creek in Edisto Beach State Park. In 2001, we began monitoring the amount of [3] Plant Remains as an Indicator of Social erosion occurring at the site, and working towards Relationships at the Lord Ashley Plantation (38DR83a) ways that the site could be stabilized. In 2005, we began construction of seawall in efforts to halt the The Lord Ashley site (38DR83a) is the location of erosion process. This paper will discuss the one of the earliest plantations in South Carolina. methods used to measure the erosion, and detail The plantation was an economic enterprise, but it the process of the seawall construction. We will was also a social venture—a place of cultural then discuss the successes, failures, and the lessons contact between both free and indentured learned. EuroAmericans, enslaved Africans, and Native American peoples. The plant remains emphasize Jones, Douglas S. (Florida Museum of Natural how the diverse groups of people at the plantation History, [email protected]), Irvy R. Quitmyer created new foodway traditions, as well as how (Florida Museum of Natural History), and Margo these groups used plants to maintain their well- Schwadron (National Park Service) being. The recovered plant remains help us to untangle complex social interactions, as well as to [16] Season of Harvest and Paleoclimate Archives in the understand how people used plants to strengthen Shells of the Variable Coquina Clam (Donax variabilis) their new existence. This research documents the ratio of oxygen Johanson, Jessie (see Hollenbach, Kandace) isotopes (18O/16O) in modern and zooarchaeological coquina shells as a proxy for sea Johnson, Heathley (see Norris, Sean)

61 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina surface temperature (SST) along Florida’s east curriculums on Georgia’s history, and utilize other coast. Derived SST estimates of living shells developmental skills. generally approximate observed SST. The proxy Kansa, Eric C. (see Anderson, David G.) data show that zooarchaeological clams from Fiddle Crab (A.D. 330–470) were collected during Kansa, Sarah W. (see Anderson, David G.) the late spring, while a summer-autumn harvest is indicated for Castle Windy (A.D. 1190–1420) and Kassabaum, Megan (University of Pennsylvania, Turtle Mound (A.D. 1280–1640). Shells from the [email protected]) Lost Frenchman site (A.D. 1550–1810) represent a [33] Preliminary Investigations at the Smith Creek late autumn harvest period. Mounds, Wilkinson County, Mississippi Jones, Eric (Wake Forest University, The Smith Creek site consists of three mounds [email protected]), and Pierce Wright (Wake surrounding a plaza. As part of the Mississippi Forest University) Mound Trail project, excavations were conducted [27] Examining Intrasite Settlement Patterns in the on Mounds A and C and along the edge of the Upper Yadkin River Valley, A.D. 1200 to 1600 plaza during the summer of 2012. This paper reports on both these excavations and those Our understanding of the internal arrangement of conducted on Mound B during the 1960s by the Late Precontact (A.D. 1200–1600) settlements in the Junior Archaeological Society of Baton Rouge, upper Yadkin River Valley has been hampered by Louisiana. Overall, these investigations show that poor postmold preservation at many locations. the site landscape was heavily utilized, both on Subsequently, we know less about structures and and off the mounds, during the Hamilton Ridge the spatial patterning of activities within through Anna phases of the Coles Creek and settlements compared to other areas of the Plaquemine periods. Piedmont. Excavations at the Redtail site (31Yd173) have uncovered over 200 postmolds and nearly a Kassabaum, Megan (see Steponaitis, Vincas P.) dozen features. This research examines several Kassabaum, Megan [28] Panelist characteristics of these postmolds and features, their spatial arrangement, and related artifact Keeton, Glen (American Museum of Natural distributions. Results suggest the existence of History, [email protected]), Nicholas Triozzi multiple types of structures and spatially distinct (American Museum of Natural History), Thomas areas for particular activities. Blaber (American Museum of Natural History), and Matthew P. Napolitano (American Museum Joseph, Nicholas S. (New South Associates/The of Natural History) Society for Georgia Archaeology, [email protected]) [39] When z Becomes x: Excavating Three Late Mississippian Ossuaries from the Bottom Up [42] Archaeology on Wheels: The Society for Georgia Archaeology’s ArchaeoBus Program Erosion is a well-documented threat to archaeological resources on St. Catherines Island, The ArchaeoBus is Georgia’s mobile archaeological Georgia. At the late prehistoric/early historic site classroom designed for the purpose of educating Fallen Tree, an oak tree eroded into a tidal creek. children about the importance of archaeology and Three Irene period ossuaries containing an . This portable program allows unknown number of individuals were found students and teachers a glimpse into various within the tree’s roots. Human remains, features, aspects of archaeology and historic preservation and artifacts were inundated twice daily by that otherwise might not be part of their traditional destructive high tides, shifting our priority to an curriculum. The activities and exhibits in the expedited, controlled excavation of the roots. We ArchaeoBus program are designed to make these adopted an unconventional “bottom-up” approach concepts fun, educational, and simple. This to stratigraphic excavation to mitigate this unique provides a healthy balance of fun with education set of circumstances, allowing us to recover as that creates an organic learning experience. The much information as possible. ArchaeoBus program is tailored to fit school

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Keith, Scot (New South Associates, artifacts have been raised from the site thus far, [email protected]) and a team of three full-time conservators are responsible for overseeing the collection. While [35] Examining Middle Woodland Swift Creek early efforts were focused on a smaller assemblage, Interaction Using Least Cost Path Analysis a full recovery necessitated that the QAR In this presentation, I explore the spatial Conservation Lab transition into a large scale distribution and connectedness of Swift Creek sites operation, both in terms of artifact counts and the via Least Cost Path analysis. Based on previous size and complexity of the objects. This paper will studies, makers and users of SC pottery formed an reflect on the QAR Lab’s beginnings, discuss interaction network that operated at local, regional, current projects, and present plans to move and interregional levels. LCP analysis attempts to forward. identify the geographical path(s) of least resistance Kimball, Larry (Appalachian State University, between two or more locations typically based on [email protected]) environmental cost factors such as slope and distance. This preliminary study examines the [13] War Points? locations of known SC sites, the relationship(s) This study evaluates the question of whether Late among SC earthwork and non-earthwork sites, and Woodland, Mississippian, and Overhill arrow the relationship(s) among those sites that have point morphologies vary for mortuary versus yielded identical SC pottery designs. habitation contexts. Cluster analyses of continuous Kelly, John (Washington University, attributes for size and shape were undertaken on [email protected]) 323 arrow points from relevant Late Woodland- Overhill contexts in East Tennessee. It is [21] The Historical Context of the Central Pole and the demonstrated that Hamilton Incurvate arrow Ceremonial Celt in PreMississippian Societies on the points were a distinct morphology associated with Northern Margins of the Greater Southeast Hamilton burials—other morphologies were This paper examines the pre-Mississippian (Late discarded at the habitation sites. A similar pattern Woodland and Emergent Mississippian) landscape holds for Dallas and Overhill arrow points. This of the midcontinet in terms of the symbolic context pattern raises the question about different intended of the central pole and the ontology of the functions for arrow point forms, including warfare, ceremonial celt. The aforementioned elements are mortuary ritual, and hunting. intertwined in their emergence and their King, Adam (South Carolina Institute of expression within classic Mississippian societies Archaeology and Anthropology, [email protected]) such as Cahokia as well as their existence among indigenous communities today. This [30] Vestiges of First Man at Etowah interrelationship incorporates the former element’s expression in the organization of Emergent The coming of the Rogan Plates to Etowah brought Mississippian communities and the latter is the artistic themes, beliefs and ritual practices from the physical instrument employed in the death and Central Mississippi Valley to the Etowah site. resurrection of the central pole as the sacred tree. Aspects of those ideas and practices were integrated into local northern Georgia traditions as Kennett, James P. (see LeCompte, Malcolm A.) evidenced by the mortuary record of Etowah’s Mound C. In this paper I argue that various aspects Kent, Bret (see Campbell, Jan) of regalia buried in Mound C with Etowah’s Kenyon, Kimberly (North Carolina Department of honored dead are symbols intimately associated Cultural Resources, [email protected]) with First Man and his role in creation. [23] Conserving Blackbeard’s Queen Anne’s Revenge: King, Adam [14] Discussant Past, Present, and Future King, Adam (see Bigman, Daniel P.) Conservation of material from Blackbeard’s Queen King, Adam (see Powis, Terry) Anne’s Revenge (QAR) has been ongoing since the shipwreck was located in 1996. Nearly 300,000

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Knight, Vernon James, Jr. (University of Alabama, thousands of concretions—preservative coverings [email protected]), and Julie G. Markin around objects in the wreckage formed from metal (Washington College) oxidation and accumulation of sedimentation and living organisms over time. In the attempt to view [36] Reanalysis of Pottery from the Anneewakee Creek concretion content non-destructively, traditional Mound, Georgia 2D x-ray film imaging has been used, but I apply a Anneewakee Creek is the only recorded Napier new, portable digital 3D x-ray imaging system to mound site in northern Georgia, and thanks to the several concretions to reveal more details about efforts of Roy Dickens, Jr., one of a limited number artifacts such as fragments of a surveyor’s chain, a of excavated Late Woodland platform mounds. silver coin, a boltrope, and a crimped musket Reanalysis of the ceramics recovered during barrel. Dickens’s 1972 excavations provides a clearer Krause, Richard A. (Tennessee Valley picture of the occupation history of the site and the Archaeological Research, [email protected]) timing of mound construction. More importantly, the assemblage forces a review of Napier [10] The Metricization of Choctaw Pottery Vessel Forms Complicated Stamped modes, at least in this area, The variable morphologies of Choctaw pottery and offer new insights into solving the “problem” vessels from sites 22KE630 and 22KE718 in of Late Woodland settlement in Northwest Georgia Mississippi are difficult to consistently describe created by relying upon conventional ceramic using Euro-American common language typologies. categories. I have therefore developed a system of Kowalewski, Michal (see Cannarozzi, Nicole R.) morphological landmarks that when metricized will produce precise statements of morphology. It Kowalski, Jessica (University of Alabama, is based upon the topological principle that all [email protected]), and H. Edwin Jackson containers have a greater exterior than interior (University of Southern Mississippi) surface and that all the vessels I have examined are [33] On the Mound Trail: Mississippian Polities in the radially symmetrical and have top-to-bottom Lower Yazoo Basin asymmetry. When these landmarks are metricized and the metricized forms are expressed as ratios I The Lower Yazoo Basin of the Lower Mississippi can, despite considerable variability, generate Valley is home to a dense concentration of mound precise statements of size and shape. centers. Recent work at some of these centers as part of the Mississippi Mound Trail project has Krigbaum, John (University of Florida, provided information on the timing of mound [email protected]), and Neill J. Wallis (Florida construction and site occupations. Preliminary Museum of Natural History) interpretations suggest that mound construction [4] Isotopic Evidence for Weeden Island Subsistence and peaked in the region during the 15th century and Mobility at Hughes Island Mound (8DI45) and the regional pattern of settlement consisted of large Palmetto Mound (8LV2) and closely spaced mound centers forming no clear site-size hierarchies suggestive of complex chiefly This research explores the Weeden Island polities. These data will be discussed in light of phenomenon as it relates to human subsistence recent thinking on the nature of Mississippi and mobility for two Middle Woodland skeletal political organization. populations, Hughes Island Mound and Palmetto Mound (Hog Island), both situated along the Gulf Kozlowski, Ryan (Davidson College, Coast of northern Florida. Both sites are coastal [email protected]) maritime in ecological context and have received [23] Examining Artifacts from the Queen Anne’s recent attention focused on myriad aspects of Revenge with Digitome® Volumetric Radiography material culture and associated subsistence remains. In this paper, we review new isotopic The Queen Anne’s Revenge, flagship of Blackbeard data from tooth enamel and bone to clarify intrasite the pirate, sunk in Beaufort Inlet in 1718. Since its and intersite trends in diet and provenience, and rediscovery in 1996, conservators have recovered

64 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014 we compare these data with other contemporary [10] Remembering a Celebrated Past: Ceramic and sites in the region. Culinary Continuity among the Post-Removal Choctaw Lacquement, Cameron (University of Alabama, Maintaining certain traditional objects that [email protected]) referenced a shared memory and history attests to the resilience of Native American groups. For the [7] Engineering Late Prehistoric Plazas: Physical post-removal Choctaw, they continually Modifications at Moundville demonstrated their identities in the objects they Plazas have been used in the prehistoric and possessed and commemorated. I argue when the historic Southeast for thousands of years with a Choctaw were forcefully removed to Oklahoma in variety of possible functions. These areas are 1831, they continued to produce and use mostly commonly found on flat ground indigenous-made ceramics because they demarcated by earthen mounds or other forms of represented ancestral memories to their Mississippi architecture and typically lack substantial evidence homeland that figured significantly in individual of domestic debris. Another characteristic that and communal awareness. I focus on Choctaw- should also be considered when examining plazas made ceramics at 34MC399 and 34MC544 as at late prehistoric mound centers is the physical objects that represented the Choctaw’s claim to the modification to the plaza terrain. After a brief past as living pieces of their prevailing identity. synopsis of late prehistoric sites with modifications Lane, Chad S. (see Ballard, Joanne P.) to the plaza, this paper examines soil alterations used to construct the level landscape at Langston, Lucinda (see Franklin, Jay) Moundville. Larsen, Clark Spencer (see Thomas, David Hurst) Lacquement, Cameron (see Regnier, Amanda) Law, Zada (Middle Tennessee State University, LaDu, Daniel A. (University of Alabama, [email protected]) [email protected]) [35] Triangulating Scholarship, Primary Sources, and [36] The View from Mazique (22Ad502): Rethinking Geospatial Visualization to Map the African American the Coles Creek/Plaquemine Cultural Transition from Landscape of the Civil War the Perspective of the Natchez Bluffs Region of the Using the most current Civil War historiography to Lower Mississippi Valley identify primary source documents, a research Around A.D. 1200, in the wake of the team specializing in archaeology, public history, Mississippian florescence, the late Woodland Coles and archival science recently completed mapping Creek culture underwent a major reorganization of the Civil War geography of African Americans in lifeways. Through the selective adoption of new Tennessee. Conceived as a “reconnaissance” to forms of socio-political organization, settlement, evaluate the feasibility of identifying the location of and subsistence, Coles Creek developed into “contraband camps,” this digital humanities . Current perceptions of this project has yielded richer results than anticipated transition rely heavily on studies conducted in the including detailed spatial data that can be used to Lower Yazoo and Tensas basins, and have inform archaeological inquiries. While focused on produced conflicting interpretations regarding the Civil War, this presentation will interest those Plaquemine origins. Drawing on the results of who use geospatial techniques and ephemeral excavations conducted during 2012 and 2013, this source material to identify the locations of paper examines how this important transition archaeological sites. manifested at the Mazique site and reconsiders Lawhon, Taylor (University of Alabama, Plaquemine culture from the vantage of the [email protected]), Karl Bennett Natchez Bluffs. (Panamerican Consultants), and Paul N. Eubanks Lambert, Shawn Patrick (University of Oklahoma, (University of Alabama) [email protected]) [40] Preliminary Interpretations from Two Potential Habitation Zones at Drake’s Salt Works

65 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina

The Caddo salt makers at the Drake’s Salt Works In-situ preservation of buried terminal Pleistocene near the modern-day town of Natchitoches, cultural strata on the Coastal Plain is controlled by Louisiana played a critical role in the salt trade a narrow set of sedimentary environments that during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. favor sufficient sediment to isolate Pleistocene This paper discusses the preliminary findings from artifacts from those subsequent. Geomorphic recent excavations conducted at this site in fall of mapping, coupled with luminescence and 2013 and spring of 2014. These excavations radiocarbon dating, effectively identifies places explored two potential habitation zones associated that hold potential for stratigraphic isolation of the with two of the site’s salt licks. The results of these earliest Americans. This paper provides examples excavations suggest that the Caddo were making of those terminal Pleistocene landforms (primarily salt on a seasonal or opportunistic basis and that eolian dunes, colluvial footslopes/toeslopes, and they did not have a permanent, year-round less commonly floodplains/terraces), techniques settlement dedicated to salt making. used to identify them, and their preservation and spatial distribution in the modern landscape. LeCompte, Malcolm A. (Elizabeth City State University, [email protected]), *Lennen, Joel P. (University of Illinois, James P. Kennett (University of California, Santa [email protected]) Barbara), Ted E. Bunch (Northern [22] Movement and Performance at the Canebrake Site University), Allen West (GeoScience Consulting), and Wendy S. Wolbach (DePaul University) Located at the confluence of Calebee Creek and the Tallapoosa River in Macon County, Alabama, the [19] Clovis and the Younger Dryas Cosmic Impact at Canebrake Site was a nexus for the movements and 12.8 ka B.P. performances of diverse peoples, things, and their A cosmic impact at ≈12.8 ka is hypothesized to affects over several generations spanning the Late have deposited a widespread layer (YDB) Woodland/Early Mississippian. These influxes containing peak abundances in impact spherules, greatly influenced the physical space and history of high-temperature meltglass, and nanodiamonds the site that changed and accumulated over time as and to have contributed to Younger Dryas climate structures were built, ceramics were produced change. Deleterious effects on Southeastern and/or consumed, and a wall surrounding this humans after 12.8 ka are suggested by: (1) fewer area was constructed and later disassembled. A Paleoindian projectile points; (2) near-to-total diachronic analysis of these performances will help abandonment of eleven Paleoindian quarries; and to provide insight into the experiences of the (3) a decline in total cultural radiocarbon dates. everyday lives of Canebrake’s inhabitants. These results suggest a significant human Leone, Karen L. (Gray & Pape, Inc., population decline/reorganization across the [email protected]) Northern Hemisphere, including the Southeast. Bayesian analysis demonstrates that the YDB layer [4] Paleoethnobotany of the Woodland Gulf Coast for 25 sites on four continents is effectively isochronous at ≈12.8 ka. This paper presents paleoethnobotanical data from select Woodland sites in Alabama. A comparative Ledbetter, Jerald (see Smallwood, Ashley M.) analysis highlights similarities and differences between coastal sites and those located in interior Legg, James B. (see DePratter, Chester) riverine settings. Legg, James B. (see Smith, Steven D.) Lewis, C. Thomas, III (Edwards-Pitman Leigh, David (University of Georgia, Environmental, [email protected]) [email protected]), and Bradley Suther [6] Archaeological Testing of Eight Late Lamar Culture, (Kennesaw State University) Wolfskin Phase, Sites in the Upper Oconee River Basin, [19] Landforms Favoring Buried Pre-Clovis and Georgia Paleoindian Sites on the Atlantic Coastal Plain In this talk, the first of two related papers, results of a 15 mile survey and testing of eight Late Lamar

66 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014 culture, Wolfskin phase, sites are described. The refinements in at least some of the previously survey resulted in the discovery of 22 late proffered hypotheses. prehistoric sites, eight of which were the subject of Little, Keith (see Hollenbach, Kandace) Phase II investigations. Testing was focused on investigating issues of site layout and exploring the Little, Maran E. (University of Georgia, notion of using various ceramic attributes as a way [email protected]) to chronologically order Wolfskin phase sites. [4] Faunal Analysis from Strange’s Ring Midden Li, Zheng-Hua (see Ballard, Joanne P.) (8By1355), Bay County, Florida Lieb, Brad R. (Chickasaw Nation, Strange’s Ring Midden (8By1355) is a Middle [email protected]), and Kimberly A. Woodland Period site located on the Gulf coast of Wescott (University of South Carolina) northwest Florida. The Southeast Archeological Center’s excavations at these sites have determined [1] Chickasaw Ceramics and Community Organization them to be occupied during the Weeden Island at Chokkilissa’-Old Town, 1675-1800 period. Faunal data from the ring midden and Chokkilissa’-Old Town is a late 17th through 18th- surrounding sites is consistent with earlier findings century Chickasaw site district at Tupelo, from other sites in the area dated from the same Mississippi. Variability in ceramic and other period. The analysis includes remains found artifact class assemblages primarily from midden during the author’s thesis research. pits is analyzed to inform on chronology, Livingood, Patrick (University of Oklahoma, technology, and changing lifeways. LiDAR data [email protected]), Amanda Regnier (Oklahoma will be used for the first time on these sites to Archeological Survey), and Scott W. Hammerstedt characterize and model site and feature locations (Oklahoma Archeological Survey) excavated between 1935 and 2013 and model community organization. By synthesizing data [40] 2013 and 2014 Excavations of Spiro Lower Terrace from domestic refuse, mortuary, and architectural Structures contexts, this study provides initial insights into Chickasaw house group and community spatial Geophysical survey at Spiro provided evidence for organization through the tumultuous 18th century. dozens of contemporaneous structures near Craig mound at Spiro. Over the last year, four of those Lieb, Brad R. (see DePratter, Chester) structures were excavated. This paper will discuss the results of those excavations and discuss Lieb, Brad R. (see Doherty, Raymond) whether the evidence supports Jim Brown’s recent Lieb, John F. (see Doherty, Raymond) interpretation of an early 15th century ‘Event’ at Spiro. Little, Keith (Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research, [email protected]), and Hunter Love, Sarah (Georgia State University, Johnson (Tennessee Valley Archaeological [email protected]), and Daniel P. Bigman Research) (Georgia State University) [1] An Archaeological Assessment of Choctaw Origins [14] Late Archaic Occupations at Ocmulgee In the 1990s, Patricia Galloway presented a model While much research has been conducted over the pertaining to the genesis of Choctaw societies past two decades on the Late Archaic, the role of based on her assessments of both historical central Georgia has remained absent from the documentation and archaeological data. literature. This paper aims to fill that gap by Subsequent archaeological investigations, analyzing ceramics from Ocmulgee National including recent excavations at sites in the Monument. We recorded rim forms, decorative Choctaw Homeland of east-central Mississippi, technique, sooting, and the presence of steatite have yielded important data for evaluating certain vessels. Our results indicate that Ocmulgee aspects of the Choctaw origins model. While contains two temporally distinct Late Archaic broader questions of Choctaw genesis are by no components. While both assemblages appear to means resolved, our findings provide reasons for belong to Group 1 of the Stallings Island series,

67 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina only one contains evidence of sooting and steatite [41] Negative Painted Pottery from East Tennessee vessels. Our results help inform larger issues such Negative painted pottery (NPP) is a rare as trade and alliance building. prehistoric ceramic type that is decorated with a Love, Sarah (see Banschbach, Mary) resist painting technique, which creates a lighter- colored design outlined by a black pigment. NPP Lowery, Darrin (Smithsonian Institution, designs include rectilinear/curvilinear patterns [email protected]), and Dennis Stanford and Southeastern Ceremonial Complex motifs. (Smithsonian Institution) NPP is most common in the Upper South, is [19] 42,000 Years of Delmarva’s Upland associated with the Middle Mississippian period, Geoarchaeological Record and is thought to be a ritual ware used in special ceremonies and/or placed in burials. This pottery Buried landsurface deposits on the Delmarva type has been recorded at several prehistoric Peninsula have revealed regional data for five cultural centers in the midcontinent, including distinct periods encompassing ~20,000, ~24,000, major sites in the Upper Tennessee River Valley, ~30,000, ~35,000, and ~42,000 years B.P. Plant- which is the focus of this paper. macro remains, phytoliths, and pollen records for these intervals have been established. One locality MacDonald, Kevin (see Rooney, Clete) containing multiple deeply-buried stratified Maclennan, Elizabeth (see Ballard, Joanne P.) paleosols has recently produced in situ archaeological remains within the youngest buried Madden, Mary A. (Mississippi State University/ surface dated to 17,133 ± 88 c14 years B.P. (20,525 ± The Ottery Group, [email protected]) 341 calB.P.). The antiquity of some previously [15] Port Power: Tracking the Shift in Prominence from reported early in situ archaeological assemblages is Gloucester to Yorktown during the 18th Century often confused by mixed accumulations of vitrified charcoal associated with merged and/or welded Gloucester Point is a small land mass in Tidewater OIS-3 through OIS-2 age paleosols. Virginia that extends into the York River. York River shipping and commerce played an important Lowary, Darrin (see Stanford, Dennis) role in Gloucester Town’s development into a Lulewicz, Jacob (see Rowe, Abigail) successful port and trading center during the 17th and 18th centuries. Situated directly across the Lydecker, Andrew (Panamerican Consultants, Inc., river, Yorktown eventually overshadowed [email protected]) Gloucester and became the prominent port center [23] Archaeology of Confederate Obstructions in the on the York River during the second half of the Savannah River 18th century. It is the purpose of this paper to investigate the shift in power from Gloucester The USACE, Savannah District is proposing to Town to Yorktown and whether this can actually expand the Savannah Harbor navigation channel. be traced through archaeological data and The remains of six Confederate timber crib historical documentation. obstructions within the APE have been identified. Once part of a complex system of obstructions Mahar, Ginessa J. (University of Florida, consisting of rubble filled timber cribs, sunken [email protected]) vessels, pilings, and torpedoes, they represent the [3] From Strategies to Practices: A Mixed Methods remains of what was perhaps the greatest deterrent Approach to the Archaeology of Fishing to Union naval expeditions against Savannah. This paper will explore the historic context of Archaeological data regarding fish remains have construction and use of these cribs as well as post largely been used to furnish diet breath models, war removal efforts, along with their modern day estimate seasonal site use, or reconstruct archaeological assessment and mitigation. environmental settings. These numbers typically result in the static representation of human Lyle, Erika L. (McClung Museum, practices in the form of MNI and NISP. This paper [email protected]), and Timothy E. demonstrates that more nuanced data are possible Baumann (McClung Museum)

68 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014 through a mixed-methods approach. Experimental differences in the practices that generated these archaeology, ethnoarchaeology, and long-term polities. baseline fisheries monitoring data are triangulated Marjenin, Anne (see Adovasio, James) to model mass-capture practices in an effort to humanize strategies into practices. Preliminary Markin, Julie G. (Washington College, data pertaining to mass-capture fishing practices in [email protected]) the North Florida Gulf Coast region are presented and show variation between techniques. [12] Searching for Complexity on the Chesapeake’s Eastern Shore *Malischke, Lisa Marie (University of Alabama, [email protected]) To understand complexity on the Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake Bay, one must work in two [25] Old Methods Made New—French Fort St. Pierre directions at once. Early historical accounts suggest (1719-1729), Daily Life, Stanley South, and the presence of complex societies led by hereditary Multivariate Statistics leaders, but historical evidence is scanty compared to records of Western Shore groups. Archaeological Fort St. Pierre (1719-1729), located near present-day evidence of Late Woodland/Contact period Vicksburg, Mississippi, was a short-lived fort on societies is more limited. Excavations at the periphery of colonial Louisiane. Excavated in Indiantown Farm are expanding the archaeological the 1970’s, both the collection and the features were data regarding Late Woodland settlement, social reanalyzed. Updating South’s methods by using organization, and economic production. Uniting correspondence analysis, the collection is this data with historical accounts, geographical compared to others from contemporaneous French information, and environmental reconstruction and Native settlements along the makes a tantalizing case for Indiantown Farm as corridor. In conjunction with documentary the location of the center of the Ozine/Wicomiss evidence and new information from the 1977 field chiefdom. season, the statistics regarding the artifacts provide archaeological evidence as to life at this periphery Markin, Julie G. (see Knight, Vernon James, Jr.) location and a possible looting event during its final hours. Marquardt, William (see Savarese, Michael) Manuel, Jack (see Younger-Mertz, Stewart) Marrinan, Rochelle (Florida State University, [email protected]) Marcoux, Jon Bernard (Salve Regina University, [email protected]) [25] Early and Late Mission Assemblages from [12] Hobb’s Island and Walling II: What Can Two Sites in a “Simple Chiefdom” Tell Us about Moundville (ca. This paper compares and contrasts material culture A.D. 1100-1275)? assemblages from two Apalachee mission sites dating from the period between 1633 and 1704. Current understandings of daily life in Investigations at the early Patale mission and the Mississippian communities are based on the study later O’Connell mission sites resulted in large of large polities like Moundville. What are we to material assemblages that provide insights relating make of the many small-scale polities out there- to indigenous ceramic change and the availability those most often cast as foils to their more of European-derived materials (Iberian-style “complex” counterparts and as the abodes of ceramics, glass trade beads, and glassware) at ambitious yet somehow lacking “bigmen”? I outlying mission sites in the province. compare pottery and architecture data from two sites representing a “simple chiefdom” in the Martin, Tracy (New South Associates, Middle Tennessee River valley with [email protected]) contemporaneous datasets from Moundville. My [11] An Examination of Lithic Resources and Raw aim is to move beyond measuring proxies of Material Variability in Southern Lancaster County, complexity in order to explore similarities and South Carolina

69 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina

Archaeological work at Haile Mine in importantly the experience of change in it. Lancaster County, South Carolina identified a large Evidence suggests a high energy storm event complex of lithic extraction sites representing a impacted the Horseshoe Cove area on the northern previously unrecognized but important source of Gulf Coast of Florida sometime after 2300 B.P. raw materials in the Fall Line region. This paper Using accounts from modern residents that presents a synthesis of the lithic data acquired from experienced a similar event, I put a human Phase I surveys, limited testing, and data recovery perspective on the geoarchaeological data and projects performed there since 1993. Raw material reconstruct some of the possible activities that may is primarily quartz, but metavolcanic and have occurred after this ancient event. piedmont silicates are also present. The full extent McFadden, Paulette (see Wallis, Neill) of this lithic source is unknown, but researchers should keep it in mind when discussing resource McKinnon, Jennifer (East Carolina University, procurement and prehistoric landscape use in the [email protected]) Carolina Slate Belt. [23] “She is a treasure galleon in every respect:” Mason, Emma (see Banschbach, Mary) Preliminary Results of Recent Investigations on a Possible Late 18th Century Shipwreck in Biscayne Matsumoto, Go (see Wagner, Mark) National Park Matternes, Hugh (New South Associates, Inc., In September and October of this year East [email protected]) Carolina University’s Program in Maritime [43] Post-Mortem Dynamics in a 19th Century Archaeology held its advanced maritime Interment from Central Georgia archaeology fieldschool in Biscayne National Park. The fieldschool investigated a shipwreck known Many interments found in the Avondale Burial locally as the Pillar Dollar Wreck – its name coined Place (9BI164) were placed in chambers dug into by locals after Spanish pillar dollars were found on the base of rectangular grave shafts (i.e. vaulted the site along with two cannon and other weapons. graves). F-31 contained an adult male interred in a The shipwreck has been subjected to years of simple hexagonal coffin. His feet were separated looting and treasure hunting and has yet to be from his legs and positioned at the top of the vault, investigated archaeologically. This paper will while the rest of the body was inside the vaulted present preliminary results of excavation and chamber. Space between his knees and thighs mapping as well as take a look at the impacts indicated additional disarticulation. He exhibited caused by human intervention. no evidence of peri/post-mortem trauma. How did this happen? A model emphasizing settling, McLeod, Bart (University of South Florida, ground pressure, and deterioration is capable of [email protected]) accounting for the unusual skeletal position. [35] Digital Modeling and Non-Destructive Matthews, Katherine (see McReynolds Shebalin, Technological Examination of Artifacts and Safety Theresa) Harbor Burial Practices at Picnic Mound (8Hi3), Hillsborough County, Florida McCarthy, Donna (see Baumann, Timothy E.) Extant artifacts and field notes from the Picnic McFadden, Paulette S. (University of Florida, Mound (8Hi3), a Safety Harbor period burial [email protected]) mound excavated in the 1930s under the auspices [3] The Winds of Change: Finding the Human of the Works Progress Administration in Experience in Geoarchaeology Hillsborough County, Florida, provide useful information about aboriginal mortuary practices. Geoarchaeological research often focuses on Using a Geographic Information Systems paleoenvironmental reconstruction, significantly approach, these data were used to reconstruct a contributing to our understanding of the digital model of burial activity, and terrestrial laser environments inhabited by the subjects we study. scanning and portable x-ray fluorescence were Rarely is this data used to understand the human used to document a selection of ceramic artifacts. experience of these environments, or more

70 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014

This paper demonstrates the ways these opportunities for program growth and technologies can be used to provide new insight collaboration with other organizations. and accessibility to archaeological data. Meeks, Scott (see Cyr, Howard) McLeod, James (see Collins, Lori D.) Mehta, Jayur (Tulane University, McLeod, Todd (University of Mississippi, [email protected]) [email protected]), and John Connaway [22] Summit Architecture on Mound D at the Carson (Mississippi Department of Archives and History) Site, Coahoma County, Mississippi

Earthen mound summits are often conceptualized [33] Developing an Architectural Sequence for a Portion as residences or as reverent spaces; sometimes they of the Mound A Enclosure at the Carson Mound Group, are seen as places of solidarity or as places of Coahoma County, Mississippi exclusion. Written accounts describe mound Ongoing excavations over the past seven years at summits as elite spaces where temples and the Carson “Set Aside Area,” an approximately 100 ancestral houses were constructed. This paper meter x 100 meter tract of land located just east and synthesizes ethnohistoric and archaeological data adjacent to Mound A with the embankment at the on mound summit structures from the Lower Carson Mound Group in Coahoma County, Mississippi Valley and the southeastern United Mississippi, have yielded an abundance of States to interpret findings from excavations at architectural data. The objective of this paper is to Mound D, the largest monument by volume at the discuss preliminary findings and methodologies Carson site, a long-occupied Mississippian culture used in the analysis of these data in order to site in the northern Yazoo Basin, Mississippi. develop an initial temporal sequence for the Melcher, Jennifer (University of West Florida, Mound A Enclosure using GIS analysis and known [email protected]) architectural, mortuary, and artifactual data already recovered from the site. [25] The Last Mission of Northwest Florida McNabb, Kalen (see Pyszka, Kimberly) After the collapse of the last missions in Northwest Florida the small remaining Apalachee and McReynolds Shebalin, Theresa (Exploring populations of these missions coalesced Foundation/Durham Academy, into an area near the Spanish Fort of San Miguel in [email protected]), Anna Baker modern Pensacola, Florida. Depicted on George (Durham Academy), Samantha Baker (Durham Gauld’s 1764 map as Indian Town, this small Academy), and Katherine Matthews (Hickory community settled along the edge of the bay just to High School) the east of the Fort. Excavations by the University [42] Dirty Hands and Lifelong Memories: Engaging of West Florida Archaeology Institute on the Lee Pre-Collegiate Students through Archaeology Summer House lot in 2007 revealed structural and material Camps cultural evidence of this small settlement. Archaeology summer camps offered through the Melton, Mallory (see Steponaitis, Vincas P.) Exploring Joara Foundation engage rising third- through twelfth-graders in discovering and Menzer, Jeremy (East Tennessee State University, evaluating authentic archaeological evidence, [email protected]), Jay Franklin (East encouraging them to construct their own Tennessee State University), and Eileen meaningful interpretations of the past. This paper Ernenwein (East Tennessee State University) describes Exploring Joara’s camp program, now in [26] Geophysical Explorations and Archaeological its fifth year, from the perspectives of a Testing at the Mississippian Pile Mound Site, Upper professional archaeologist and three campers. It Cumberland Plateau, Tennessee documents some of the program’s successes and challenges and explores their implications for The Pile Mound survey includes magnetometry public archaeology in general. It also identifies paired with targeted ground-penetrating radar and electromagnetic induction surveys of the mound

71 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina and testing of associated features over the ca. 6.5 fieldhouse practices, and the use of a conduct code ha site. This data along with the affiliated ceramic in the field. assemblage provide a unique opportunity to better Meyers, Maureen [34] Panelist understand the Mississippian occupation in the Upper Cumberland Plateau of Tennessee. Indeed, Meyers, Patrisha (University of Central Florida, our understanding of the Mississippian culture in [email protected]), Lareyne Ellebracht this region is almost completely lacking. The (University of Central Florida), and Kevin ceramics appear to reflect more similarity to those Gidusko (Florida Public Archaeology Network) in the East Tennessee Valley rather than the Middle Cumberland but with some local variation. [37] African-American Burial Practices in Florida: Changed Lives, Enduring Memories Meredith, Steven M. (Panamerican Consultants, Inc., [email protected]) Research in recent decades makes a strong case for the continuation and creolization of African [19] Sites in the Gulf Coastal Plain of Southwest cultural practices in the Americas, reflecting beliefs Alabama and traditions associated with those found in African areas heavily involved in the historic slave The discovery of three Clovis component sites in trade. One of the most enduring practices the Gulf Coastal Plain of southwest Alabama encompasses death and interment traditions. provides an opportunity to examine models of Preliminary investigations into African-American Clovis settlement in this understudied region. Each internment styles in several areas of Florida, site has produced Clovis points and associated specifically relating to the pronounced predilection artifacts of both local and non-local materials. for surface level vaulted or false vaulted styles, When considered in site-specific and regional suggests these internment choices may relate to geological and ecological contexts, these sites burial practices borne to the Americas during the appear to concur with the model of tool-stone era of the slave trade. centered movement, and indicate that movement may have been restricted to the Gulf Coastal Plain. Mickelson, Andrew (University of Memphis, [email protected]) Meyers, Maureen (University of Mississippi, [email protected]), Tony Boudreaux (East [27] Current Status of Mississippian Settlement Carolina University), Stephen B. Carmody Patterns Research at the Ames Site in Western (University of Tennessee), Victoria Dekle Tennessee (Missouri State University), Elizabeth Horton (Arkansas Archeological Survey, Toltec Research Ongoing research at the Ames site (40FY7), located Station), and Alice P. Wright (Appalachian State in southwestern Tennessee, has included work on University) a small palisaded Mississippian town dating to the 12th and 13th centuries A.D. In addition, a large- [8] What Happens in the Field? Preliminary Results of scale distributional survey of land surrounding the the SEAC Sexual Harassment Survey site has discovered numerous activity areas and probable farmsteads associated with the town. I In September 2014 SEAC sponsored a sexual will present a summary of the results of this harassment survey of its membership. Goals of the research. survey were to identify frequency and types of sexual harassment in field situations and identify Miller, D. Shane (see Anderson, Derek T.) consequences of such incidences for perpetrators and victims. Specifically, the survey was designed Miller, D. Shane (see Yerka, Stephen J.) to identify if victims of sexual harassment had Miller, D. Shane [34] Panelist suffered adverse affects to their career. This poster presents preliminary results of the survey and identifies ways to decrease sexual harassment incidents in the field, including education, communication, examination of field and

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Miller, Megan Marie (Florida Atlantic University, This paper provides a review of the osteology of [email protected]) prehistoric people who lived in what is now Canaveral National Seashore. A holistic [42] Little Orange Creek Park: How Public Archaeology bioarchaeological assessment of this area has not Encourages Community Involvement in Hawthorne, been produced, despite encompassing such known Florida sites as Turtle Mound, Ross Hammock, and Urbanization is increasing and yet few are coming Seminole Rest. In this analysis osteological up with positive changes that contain information is contextualized with current reproducibility applicable for other communities. archaeological research to better understand Veteran archaeologists Michael and Janis Stallings changes in populations through shifting have been working with Putnam Land environmental and cultural conditions; this is Conservancy and Little Orange Creek Park to achieved through a detailed investigation of combat what they call, “nature deficit disorder.” population health, demographics, kinship, and The mission of Little Orange Creek Park is to population interaction of the Canaveral region. promote community partnerships for the This research examines population differences as appreciation of natural and cultural resources well as group interactions to move beyond through conservation, recreation, art, and paleodemography. environmental education. The work that is being Mones, Micah (University of Florida, done in this volunteer-run park should be [email protected]) highlighted, commended, and seen for what is: a chance at a brighter future. [22] Shell Works and Shell Beads at the Edge of the Mississippian World Miller, Sarah (see Harke, Ryan) Previous work on Florida’s northern gulf coast by Miller, Sarah [34] Panelist the Lower Suwannee Archaeological Survey has Mintz, John J. (see Beaman, Thomas E.) identified several Woodland period shell works. Recent investigations have revealed that continual Mitchem, Jeffrey M. (Arkansas Archeological use and construction of shell works persisted in the Survey, [email protected]) Mississippian period. These younger constructions [15] De Soto West of the Mississippi: New Data and show a possible shift in configuration from their Rethinking Old Ideas predecessors as well as evidence that the inhabitants engaged in intensive shell bead When the expedition crossed the manufacture. The bead industry, as well possible Mississippi River in 1541, they were a tired and Lamar ceramics found within some structures, scraggly bunch. Never anticipating that they suggests that people near the mouth of the would be wandering for years without resupply, interacted with Mississippian they had lost or given away most of the material people to the north while remaining largely goods they had brought with them. This presents a outside of the Mississippian world. challenge to archaeologists trying to locate sites where they made contact in the west, because the Moody, C. Adam (University of Oklahoma, diagnostic Spanish artifacts are just not there. [email protected]) While we are reasonably certain about some sites [1] Frenchmen, Scoundrels, Fossils, and “Fameiles:” in northeast Arkansas, much of the rest of the route Chickasaws and their Visitors in the Seventeen Aughts is debatable at best. Tonti (1702) and Nairne (1708) provide the earliest Miyar, Kathryn (National Park Service, post- DeSoto accounts of the Chickasaws and their [email protected]), and Ian Pawn (National homeland. Reading these and related documents Park Service) with attention to the identity and personal [16] Life and Death in Mosquito Lagoon: A perceptions of the authors and their informants Bioarchaeological Investigation of Canaveral National provide insights into the particular processes Seashore, Florida driving the historical narrative, processes reflected in the Chickasaws material record. Analysis of data

73 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina collected from the Daub Ridge (22Po755) and landscape during a time of significant social, Hospital (22Le907) sites demonstrate the ideological, and economic upheaval. relationships between these processes and material Moore, David (Warren Wilson College, production within Chickasaw households. [email protected]), Robin A. Beck, Jr. Moore, Christopher R. (South Carolina Institute of (), Sarah C. Sherwood Archaeology and Anthropology, (Sewannee, University of the South), and [email protected]), Mark J. Brooks (South Christopher B. Rodning (Tulane University) Carolina Institute of Archaeology and [25] Continuing Investigation of the Fort San Juan Anthropology), I. Randolph Daniel, Jr. (East Moat/Ditch at the Berry Site Carolina University), Andrew H. Ivester (University of West Georgia), and James K. In 2013, researchers at the Berry site in Burke Feathers (University of Washington) County, NC, discovered the first physical evidence of the Spanish Fort San Juan (A.D. 1567–1568) at [29] Regional Manifestations of Late Quaternary the Native town of Joara. Excavations in 2014 Climate Change and Archaeological Site Burial along revealed more about the nature of the moat/ditch the South Atlantic Slope at Fort San Juan and the size and configuration of We evaluate evidence for regional manifestations the fort. Initial analysis of moat sediments indicate of climate change and archaeological site burial that it may have remained relatively exposed within the South Atlantic Slope, with emplacement following the destruction of Fort San Juan. These of ~1 meter of sediments burying sites along preliminary findings raise important questions Coastal Plain streams, Carolina bay sand rims, and about the construction of the fort, the native relict source bordering dunes. These burial events earthen mound, and the Spanish domestic are discernible with close-interval analysis of compound previously identified. archaeostratigraphy, sediment textural data, and Moore, David D. (North Carolina Maritime OSL/14C dating. Depositional processes are likely Museum, [email protected]) driven in part by penecontemporaneous hydrological and vegetation changes in response to [23] Anatomy of a Blackbeard’s Flagship: Historical and periods of rapid climate change and ecosystem Archaeological Research Focused upon the Structural stress, and may be related to millennial-scale Remains of QUEEN ANNE’S REVENGE, Beaufort climatic cyclicity (e.g., RCC Events) recorded in Inlet, North Carolina regional and global climate proxy records. In November 1996, the remains of an early Moore, Christopher R. (University of Indianapolis, eighteenth century shipwreck were located off [email protected]), and Richard W. Jefferies Beaufort Inlet, North Carolina that most believe (University of Kentucky) represents the pirate Blackbeard’s flagship, Queen Anne’s Revenge abandoned after running aground [37] Seventeenth Century Mission Period Cultural in June 1718. This paper addresses the analysis and Dynamics on Sapelo Island, Georgia interpretational efforts focused on the hull Although Sapelo Island is often overshadowed by structure, including limited fragments of frames, St. Catherines in the Southeastern Mission period bottom planks, sacrificial planking, substantial literature, by the late 17th century the island was portion of the sternpost, and other related gear and home to several Guale/Yamasee towns, a equipment. Historical research in French and Franciscan mission, and a Spanish military British archives has given researchers a more garrison. Extensive Mission period presence is finely-tuned glimpse into the pirate flagship’s indicated by a concentration of Guale/Spanish structural parameters and provided a preliminary features and artifacts just north of a Late Archaic idea of the appearance of the vessel. shell ring complex and materials from numerous Moore, Jesse (see Des Jean, Tom) ancillary sites distributed across the island’s northern end. Ten years of archaeological Moore, Palmyra (see Yerka, Stephen J.) investigations at these sites are providing new perspectives on Sapelo’s Mission period cultural Morgan, David (see Rooney, Clete)

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Morgan, David [28] Panelist Community archaeology can be a great way to engage local communities to learn about and gain Morgan, Robert T. (U.S. Forest Service) [9] Panelist appreciation for the buried past. The Florida Public Morris, Hannah (see Reitsema, Laurie) Archaeology Network (FPAN) has sponsored several successful community archaeology Moser, Jason D. (South Carolina Army National projects, including an excavation at the Bronson- Guard, [email protected]), and Chan Mulholland House, one of the oldest houses in Funk (Fort Jackson/Stell Environmental) Palatka, Florida. This paper details the shovel test [32] Fort Jackson’s Historic Archaeology: A Review of survey conducted at the House and takes a look at Significance and Integrity--25 Years On other community archaeology projects sponsored by FPAN and others. Late nineteenth and early twentieth century archaeological sites are found throughout Fort Napolitano, Matthew F. (University of Oregon, Jackson and the McCrady Training Center, located [email protected]) near Columbia, South Carolina. While many of [39] Exploring Mississippian Connections through these sites have been identified over the last 25 Mortuary Objects on St. Catherines Island, Georgia years of fieldwork, few have been recommended as eligible for listing on the National Register of Classic Mississippian objects typify the artifact Historic Places. This paper summarizes the results collection recovered from 15th and 16th century of the previous investigations and research on burial contexts at Fallen Tree (St. Catherines Island, these sites and examines the methodology used Georgia). Some of these items, including knobbed during the evaluations to differentiate eligible from shell pins, pipe bowls, and three types of shell non-eligible sites. gorgets, represent the largest collection of Mississippian paraphernalia recovered from any Moser, Jason D. (see Funk, Chan) St. Catherines Island site and are dramatically Moser, Jason D. [9] Organizer/Panelist different from objects found at contemporaneous burial mounds. This paper considers the mortuary Moss, Richard A. (Edwards-Pitman artifacts within Guale society and the larger Environmental, Inc., [email protected]) Mississippian region and speculates as to why so [6] Wolfskin Phase - Shifting Settlement in Sixteenth- many ritually charged objects are found at Fallen Seventeenth Century Piedmont Georgia Tree and not at other burial sites on the island. Survey and testing investigations of several Late Napolitano, Matthew F. (see Blair, Elliot H.) Lamar sites east of Athens, Georgia examined the Napolitano, Matthew F. (see Keeton, Glen) Wolfskin phase, which is characterized by the rapid appearance of a distinctive ceramic tradition Nealis, Stuart (see Rinker, Emily) at sites in the Upper Oconee and Broad River Neiman, Fraser (see Galle, Jillian) valley uplands during the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. In this paper, the second of Nelson, Erin Stevens (see O’Hear, John W.) two related talks, proposed explanations for the Nelson, Michael (see Webb, Paul) phase’s origin are considered in light of the additional site and ceramic style data, and *Nelson, Ted Clay (University of Alabama, potential implications regarding early historic [email protected]) population movements and interactions in the [7] Mortuary Practices, Wealth, and Social Status at the North Georgia Piedmont interior are discussed. Rhodes Site in Moundville, Alabama Mueller, Allison (see Saunders, Rebecca) The Rhodes site, re-termed the Rhodes residential Murray, Emily Jane (Florida Public Archaeology area, is an area of Moundville that was excavated Network, [email protected]) in the 1930s and has been used only sparingly in Moundville research. In this research, burials from [42] Community Archaeology at the Bronson- the Rhodes residential area are examined to better Mulholland House and Beyond

75 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina understand the diverse mortuary practices seen plastic-covered foam, bring to life the many stories across Moundville. The results show that burial of the people who came to the United States on goods are not distributed evenly between these ‘chugs.’ The creativity is, perhaps, most residential groups, leading to the conclusion that apparent in the engines, retrofitted from a access to wealth and status was specific to each Hyundai, a Kia, and even from a lawn mower. residential kin group and connected to a complex These chugs are historical markers in their own system of achieved and ascribed status. Rhodes right, symbolizing a struggle for freedom. also emphasizes the importance of examining old Norman, Sean (Gulf Archaeology Research collections. Institute, [email protected]) Nelson, Ted Clay (see Baumann, Timothy E.) [5] More Than a Few Bumps in the Road: Stratigraphic Newsom, Lee (see Thompson, Victor D.) Analysis of the Tomoka Mound Complex (8VO81) Noack Myers, Kelsey (Glenn A. Black Laboratory Located in northeastern Florida, the Tomoka of Archaeology, [email protected]), Kelsey E. Mound Complex represents one of the state’s Witt (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign), earliest examples of monumental architecture. and Elizabeth L. Watts-Malouchos (Indiana Tomoka contains six mortuary mounds, at least University, Bloomington) four other sand and shell mounds, and multiple sheet middens and shell ridges dating to the Late [22] Ancient Canine DNA: Implications for Late Archaic Mount Taylor period. The quantity, Woodland and Mississippian (A.D. 600-1400) composition, and construction of these features are Relatedness, Interactions, and Movements in the largely unknown. The variability among mollusk Midwest species contributes further questions about the Analysis of ancient DNA from prehistoric dog ecological conditions during this period. The use of remains can examine population histories and stratigraphic analysis through soil coring, shovel migration patterns in both dogs and their human testing, and unit excavation helps address these owners. This paper focuses on aDNA analyses of questions in the initial phase of renewed canine remains from three sites: the Late Woodland investigations at Tomoka. component of the Janey B. Goode site (11S1232) in Norris, Sean (TRC, [email protected]), the American Bottom region, the Early Ramona Grunden (TRC), Stacey Young (TRC), Mississippian Stephan-Steinkamp site (12PO33) in Heathley Johnson (South Carolina Institute of Posey County, Indiana, and the Mississippian Archaeology and Anthropology), and Christopher component of the Angel site (12Vg1) in Young (TRC/Eastern University) Vanderburgh County, Indiana. Preliminary results indicate genetic similarities between dogs from the [36] Excavations at 38FL424: Early Woodland three sites and other dog populations in the Cremation Burials on the Lynches River Americas, suggesting the possibility of far-flung Data recovery excavations at Site 38FL425 yielded trade and interaction. over 11,000 artifacts were recovered. Artifacts Noack Myers, Kelsey (see Anderson, David G.) indicate this was a seasonal camp site intermittently occupied from the Late Archaic to Nohe, Sarah (Florida Public Archaeology the Late Woodland with its most intensive Network, [email protected]) habitation occurring during the Early Woodland. [42] From Cuba with ‘Chug:’ Interpreting the Historical Four cremations features were identified Significance of a Vernacular Watercraft Collection Radiocarbon dating of charcoal collected from the cremations returned dates of 2860 years B.P. (+/- The Cuban boats on display at the Key West 25) and 2900 years B.P. (+/- 20). The site offers a Botanical Garden represent stories of courage and large collection of ceramics and lithics that will ingenuity. The collection includes a fishing yacht, help refine the cultural sequence of the region skiffs, and a few vernacular vessels that almost while the cremations provide insight into Early defy categorization. The range of ship-building Woodland mortuary behavior. techniques and materials, from welded rebar to

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Nowak, Jesse (Texas State University, [36] Excavation and Analysis of Three Late [email protected]), Daniel Bigman (Georgia Archaic/Early Woodland Semi-Subterranean Structures State University), and Daniel Seinfeld (Florida of at Rebellion Farms, Berkeley County, South Carolina Bureau of Archaeological Research) S&ME initiated and completed the fieldwork at [18] Remote Sensing within Lake Jackson’s Mound 38BK2091 in Berkeley County, South Carolina. This Precinct: An Examination of Mississippian Settlement site is composed of multiple occupations ranging Patterns from the Middle Archaic period to the early twentieth century. During the excavation we This poster presents the results of magnetometer identified the remains of three structures. These and ground penetrating radar survey conducted in houses, each with a somewhat different pottery 2014 between Mounds 2 and 4 at the Lake Jackson assemblage were occupied at different times site located in panhandle Florida. The geophysical between the Late Archaic Stallings Phase and the results augment previous excavation data and Middle Woodland Deptford Phase. I discuss our provide a view of occupation and architectural interpretation of the similarities and differences in placement in relation to the mound complex. the household assemblage recovered from each Evidence from the remote sensing survey reveals house. This study will add to our understanding of several anomalies that represent probable household/community design of these time Mississippian-style structures. Based on this periods. information we argue that Lake Jackson’s layout resembles that of larger Mississippian centers in Olin, Susan [9] Panelist the southeastern United States. Orr, Kelly (Georgia Museum of Natural History, Nowak, Jesse (see Stauffer, Grant) [email protected]) O’Hear, John W. (Mississippi Department of [4] Gulf Coast Subsistence during the Woodland Period: Archives and History/University of Mississippi, Vertebrate Fauna from Bayou St. John (1BA21), [email protected]), and Erin Stevens Nelson Baldwin County, Alabama (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) Zooarchaeological analysis of faunal remains from [33] The Mississippi Mound Trail in Archaeological Bayou St. John (1BA21), Baldwin County, Alabama Context: A First Try provides a case study for examining subsistence adaptations on the northern Gulf Coast during the The Mississippi Mound Trail Project has provided Woodland period. Inhabitants of the site relied on archaeologists a rare opportunity to investigate the locally-available estuarine resources, with an history of mound building through a large region. emphasis on bony fishes such as mullets and sea Of the 50-plus mound sites included in the scope of catfishes. These dominant resources are the project, many had never before been studied in supplemented by additional estuarine fishes, deer, any detail. This paper pulls together new turtles, and a rich array of other wild taxa. Similar information on dates, construction techniques and patterns are identified at other Gulf Coast sites and patterns of landscape use within the three distinct contrast with those from inland locales, which tend areas traversed by the project—the northern Yazoo to be dominated by a broad spectrum of terrestrial Basin, the southern Yazoo Basin, and the Natchez and aquatic resources. Bluffs. We consider how these new data fit within our previous understandings of mound building in Palmiotto, Andrea (University of Florida, the Lower Mississippi Valley. [email protected]) O’Hear, John W. [12] Discussant [3] Mullet Over: Rethinking Seasonality in the Lower Suwannee Region, Florida O’Neal, Lori (see Duke, C. Trevor) When southeastern archaeologists identify the O’Neal, Mike [9] Panelist season associated with material remains, they tend Ogden, Quinn-Monique (S&ME, to a) prioritize environmental interpretations over [email protected]) cultural ones, and b) box past cultures into broad, static Western seasonal categories. In this paper, I

77 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina compare modern data with archaeological data to Parsons, Timothy (Florida Division of Historical suggest that a) archaeological materials do not Resources, [email protected]) reflect environmental availability alone, b) cultural [16] Petrographic Analysis of Ceramic Thin Sections factors are equally as important to consider as from Turtle Mound, Castle Windy, and Seminole Rest environmental factors, and c) it is possible to at Canaveral National Seashore distinguish locally relevant seasons and redefine how we think of seasonality and mobility. The petrographic analysis of St. Johns pottery is not a new endeavor for Florida archaeologists. Parish, Ryan (University of Memphis, However, the present study utilizes the largest [email protected]), and Ellis Durham provenienced collection of thin sections from the (Retired) St. Johns region and offers an opportunity to [8] Not Indiana Hornstone; Spectral Source examine pottery production methods Characterizations of Kentucky and Tennessee Ste. diachronically, as well as variation in clay Genevieve and Upper St. Louis Chert preparation techniques on a micro-geographic scale within the boundaries of Canaveral National Visual source analysis of particular variants of Seashore. The results show remarkably similar chert is problematic. Chert source data derived paste composition over both space and time, but from macroscopic identification is sometimes some subtle differences in non-plastic inclusions inaccurate leading to flawed behavioral models. indicate different raw material sourcing strategies Provenance researchers should first assume a local as well as preparation and manufacturing source prior to labeling a material as “exotic.” The techniques. study characterizes visually similar variants of Ste. Genevieve and Upper St. Louis chert from central Parsons, Timothy [9] Panelist Kentucky and Tennessee. Results indicate that Pawn, Ian (see Miyar, Kathryn) excellent deposits of both varieties exist throughout the study area far south from the well- Peacock, Evan (Mississippi State Unversity, known Wyandotte sources of Harrison County [email protected]), Rinat Gabitov Indiana. Additionally, the application of (Mississippi State University), Jonathan Frisch reflectance spectroscopy is shown to be a (University of , Stout), Bradley Carlock promising technique in chert source (Mississippi State University), and Kate characterization. Henderson (Mississippi State University) Parsons, Alexandra L. (Southeast Archeological [4] Assessing Site Seasonality and Connectivity via LA- Center, [email protected]) ICP-MS Elemental Analysis of Fish Otoliths: Results of a Pilot Study from the Northern Gulf of Mexico [16] Shells and Seasons in Mosquito Lagoon, Florida Theoretically, seasonally variable trace-element This paper examines prehistoric exploitation of loads should be visible within the remains of quahog clams (Mercenaria spp.) at several sites in organisms with sub-annular growth structures. We Mosquito Lagoon, Florida. Three sites in Canaveral present a pilot study in which we analyzed National Seashore are intensively examined: Turtle chemical loads in fish otoliths from sites on the Mound, Castle Windy, and Whimbrel. Eight northern Gulf Coast of Mexico using LA-ICP-Mass additional sites provide samples that are used to Spectometry. Results seemingly indicate season of evaluate broader patterns of exploitation in the capture, however, as with all new methods, a Canaveral Region. The assemblage is characterized number of issues need to be resolved, such as by predominantly warm-weather exploitation, assessing diagenetic effects and otherwise reducing which is somewhat atypical. Gradual declines in noise in the data. These issues are discussed, as is meat weight and age are also observed. These the potential for trace element analysis to move changes are evident in the strata of individual sites beyond seasonality by assess connectivity, or size and throughout more than 1,000 years of of catchment area. occupation along Mosquito Lagoon.

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Peles, Ashley A. (University of North Carolina at Bolen is the first radiometrically dated post-Clovis Chapel Hill, [email protected]) cultural horizon in Florida. Bolen stratigraphic marker horizons have been identified variously in [3] Transforming Faunal Analysis from What to How at stabilized dunes, riverine settings, and in uplands Parchman Place where they were buried by eolian sediment. As archaeologists, we laud integrated data sources Robust data from recent excavations at Early but rarely follow through in a way that fulfills their Archaic sites in Florida have enhanced potential for richly textured analyses. Through the understanding of settlement, subsistence, and lens of faunal analysis at Parchman Place, I first technology of Bolen hunter-gatherers, as well as provide a short summary of my initial analysis. I the paleoecology of the Bolen culture. This new then contrast that with the much richer context that information establishes a baseline for comparison was gained by secondary analysis, but most of Bolen with analogous Early Archaic complexes importantly, conversations with the principal and with preceding archaeological manifestations investigator. This moves the analysis from a focus in Florida like Suwannee and Simpson, which lack on what people were eating, to what it is they were radiometric precision and are less well understood. doing with their food and how that food may have Phillips, Erin (University of Alabama, served as a bridge with ceremonial events. [email protected]) Peles, Ashley A. (see Steponaitis, Vincas P.) [12] Engraved Pottery of the Hemphill Style through Pemberton, Katherine (see Zierden, Martha) Time Peres, Tanya (Middle Tennessee State University) This paper examines changes in Hemphill Style [34] Panelist engraved pottery through time. The Hemphill style is Moundville’s representational art style which Persons, A. Brooke (Office of Archaeological can be found in seven genres and six main themes. Research, University of Alabama, This pottery was produced between about A.D. [email protected]) 1325 and 1450 and can be divided into three style [12] A Clear Conversation about Caribbean Chiefdoms phases. The Early Hemphill style phase has strong stylistic ties to the northern part of the Lower The Chiefdom concept has been consistently Mississippi Valley and northern Gulf Coast. The invoked to describe the Ceramic Age societies that Middle Hemphill style phase in some ways marks existed in the Caribbean prior to European contact. the fluorescence of Hemphill as an independent However, the analytical framework used to style. By the Late Hemphill style phase, the style identify archaeological correlates of complexity in has become rather broken down. the Caribbean has diverged somewhat from studies of similarly organized societies in other Pierson, Michele (University of North Florida, areas, including the Southeastern U.S. This paper [email protected]), and Caitlin offers a critical review of the rather limited Wamser (University of North Florida) interpretation of chiefdoms in the Caribbean and [27] An Osteological Inquiry of Age and Sex among discusses potential analogues with the Individuals Uncovered at Holy Spirit Mississippian world. This presentation focuses on recent research in the Greater Antilles and In 1991, during construction on the Holy Spirit highlights a case study from the Banes region of Catholic Church property in Jacksonville, Florida, northeastern Cuba. human skeletal remains were uncovered. After an intensive excavation of the site, 10 burials were Pevny, Charlotte D. (R. Christopher Goodwin & exhumed containing 23 individuals. Other artifacts Associates, Inc., [email protected]), R. discovered include several specimens of pottery, Christopher Goodwin (R. Christopher Goodwin & faunal remains, charcoal, and oyster shell. From Associates, Inc.), and William P. Barse (R. the pottery sherds unearthed, it can be deduced Christopher Goodwin & Associates, Inc.) that these burials occurred during the Colorinda [19] From Biscayne Bay to the Cody Scarp: The Early Period (900 A.D). Our research explores the pre- Archaic Bolen Horizon in Florida historic demography of individuals found within

79 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina these 10 burials through the analysis of age and The 1966 National Historic Protection Act sex. This inquiry will be estimated using standard generated a cultural resource management osteological and bioarchaeological techniques. industry eager to conduct new federal and state mandated archaeological and historical Pigott, Michelle (University of West Florida, investigations. Until recently, sharing information [email protected]) about this work with the public has not been a [32] “Apalacha-Creek:” Discussing Cultural priority. This paper explores the challenges of Hybridization through Ceramic Analysis presenting archaeology to the public within the framework of CRM. It considers an interpretive The Pensacola-Mobile region of the 18th century program developed in concert with federal, state, was a nexus of cultural change, and the stage of a and local agencies as well as concerned creolization of Apalachee identity. In the process of preservation organizations. The program created studying cultural hybridization experienced by opportunities for the public to explore historical dispersed peoples, new ceramic analysis methods and archaeological information about the were developed to answer research questions that Freedmen’s community of Mitchelville on Hilton necessitated minute levels of detail. These new Head Island, South Carolina. methods added a nuanced depth to a study that required ample data to discuss late contact period Porth, Erik (University of Alabama, culture change and have the potential to be applied [email protected]) for future research of other projects. [7] Some of Their Fires Still Burned: Ceremonial Pluckhahn, Thomas J. (University of South Changes and Social Reorganization at Moundville After Florida, [email protected]), Victor D. Social Collapse Thompson (University of Georgia), and J. Research addressing the social collapse and Matthew Compton (Southeastern reorganization of the Moundville polity (A.D. Zooarchaeological Research, LLC) 1400–1520) has been limited by a lack of deposits [24] Archaeological Investigations at the Roberts Island dating to the latest phase of occupation of the Shell Mound Complex: Late Woodland Settlement and ceremonial center. This paper will address how Ceremony on Florida’s West-Central Gulf Coast social and ceremonial structures shifted at Moundville during a time when older aspects of We report recent survey and testing at the Roberts the polity were in decline. It will present Island Shell Mound Complex, on islands archaeological data from recently excavated downstream from the famous Crystal River site on midden deposits and ceremonial items recovered Florida’s west central Gulf Coast. The complex, from Mound P. These indicate that while some occupied primarily in the terminal Late Woodland elements of ceremonial activity had halted, others period (cal A.D. 725–1050), includes a ceremonial were maintained and emphasized, contributing to core comprised of three platform mounds and a reorganization of ceremonial and social small plaza adjoined by an anomalous circular structures. feature possibly representing a special purpose structure. Sophistication in Construction suggest Porth, Erik (see Thompson, Brandon) the need to revisit long-held but poorly developed Powis, Terry (Kennesaw State University, notions of the Late Woodland Gulf Coast as bridge [email protected]), Adam King (University of between the mound building cultures of the South Carolina), Louis Grivetti (University of Middle Woodland and Mississippian periods. California, Davis), and Nilesh Gaikwad Pluckhahn, Thomas J. (see Duke, C. Trevor) (University of California, Davis) Poplin, Carol J. (Brockington and Associates/The [41] Black Drink Ceremonialism at Etowah History Workshop, [email protected]) Ilex (holly) is a key component in a historically- [42] Sharing the Past with the Public through CRM: described ritual beverage known as the Black An Example from A Freedmen’s Community Drink. It was consumed in various contexts by Native Americans across the Eastern United States.

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Biomolecular evidence indicating the consumption occupations. This paper is an analysis of the plant of Ilex was recently identified at Cahokia. In the remains collected from Woodland, Pisgah, and current study, ceramic material from Etowah Qualla context. tested positive for Ilex residues. The vessels were Purdy, Barbara A. (University of Florida, recovered from four large feasting features [email protected]) associated with the earliest phases of monument building at Etowah. These results reveal a unique [19] Ancient Floridians at the Container Corporation of version of Ilex ceremonialism in the Deep South America Site (8MR154), Marion County >20,000 Years that was contemporary with, but distinct from, Ago: A Re-Examination contemporary practices in the Upper Midwest. In this paper I describe and attempt to interpret the Price, Sarah (Wiregrass Archaeological Consulting, in situ occurrence of typical Levallois points, flakes, [email protected]), and Heather Puckett (AL and other unifacial stone tools at the Container ARNG) Corporation of America (CCA) site (8MR154), Marion County, Florida. These specimens are [32] Desperately Seeking Zula separated stratigraphically and uncomfortably The most recent ALARNG thematic studies for from Paleoamerican and more recent artifact types. Pelham Range in northeast Alabama was of a dot I conclude by summarizing what is presently on just a handful of maps, labeled Zula. What known about the temporal and geographic extent began as an attempt to document and define Zula of the Mousterian stone working industry as it as a place, ended as a well-rounded story of the spread across the Old World during the Upper settlement, development, and abandonment of a Paleolithic and suggest that this industry entered community and its inhabitants. Historical the Western Hemisphere before the Solutrean documents unearthed as a result of this research, appeared in Europe and Clovis appeared in North place the story of Zula into broader state, regional, America. and national histories. Although limited Pyszka, Kimberly (Auburn University at archaeologically, historical documents allow for Montgomery, [email protected]), Kalen McNabb operationalization of what may remain in the (Meadors, Inc.), and Maureen Hays (College of ground so that future work can be better guided Charleston) and interpreted. [38] “a small, but convenient House of Brick:” The St. Prichard, Jim (Brockington and Associates) [34] Paul’s Parish Parsonage House Panelist Built in 1707, the St. Paul’s Parish parsonage house Puckett, Heather (see Price, Sarah) served as the residence of the Anglican missionary Purcell, Gabrielle (University of North Carolina at assigned to nearby St. Paul’s Church. Chapel Hill, [email protected]) Archaeological investigations revealed a large portion of the house’s foundations providing [17] Plant Remains from the Smokemont Site in the information about its floor plan and visual Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina appearance. These foundations are particularly Smokemont is a multicomponent site containing significant as they are some of, if not the earliest, deposits from Woodland, Mississippian, Cherokee, intact brick foundations of a residence in South and Euro-American occupations. Located in the Carolina. This paper discusses those findings and Smoky Mountains in North Carolina, Smokemont suggests that the parsonage house was anything includes two structures, one as a but “small, but convenient,” especially when house, and the other a Qualla phase house. compared to other examples of residences from the Beneath the Pisgah house are several Woodland early colonial period of South Carolina. period pit features. Floral analysis of Early and Pyszka, Kimberly (see Adams, Olivia) Middle Woodland features indicate some horticultural activity, with wild plants remaining Quitmyer, Irvy R. (Florida Museum of Natural important but supplementary to maize agriculture History, [email protected]), and Nicole R. during the Mississippian and Cherokee Cannarozzi (Florida Museum of Natural History)

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[16] The Zooarchaeology of Castle Windy and Turtle opportunity to examine the shift towards greater Mound, Canaveral National Seashore, Florida shellfish exploitation and mound construction. Recent research along the central Georgia Bight Rathgaber, Michelle M. (Arkansas Archeological shows that human and environmental continuity, Survey, [email protected]) resilience and flexibility characterize preHispanic [41] Earthquake impacts on Settlement during the subsistence across space and time. Mississippian Period in Northeast Arkansas Zooarchaeological assemblages from Castle Windy (A.D. 1190-1420) and Turtle Mound (A.D. 1280- Paleoseismological research has found evidence of 1640) in the southernmost part of the Georgia Bight large-scale earthquakes in northeast Arkansas in validate this approach to resource use. The the 1450s, during the Mississippian period. How assemblages contain core species (mullet and spot) large earthquakes affected archaeological sites in that can quickly recover when over harvested. different ways will be discussed using geophysical Eastern oysters and coquina fill a similar role. The results from the Manley-Usrey site and the zooarchaeological record documents a rich and geophysical as well as excavation results from the stable fishery that was primarily associated with (both located within one mile of each the estuarine system. other along the Pemiscot Bayou in Mississippi County). A preliminary look at how the Quitmyer, Irvy R. (see Jones, Douglas S.) Mississippian people on these and other local sites Rael, Travis (Tennessee Valley Archaeological responded to these earthquakes and the future Research, [email protected]) direction of this line of research will also be presented. [36] Overview of Excavations Conducted at Oakville Mounds in Lawrence County, Alabama Regnier, Amanda (University of Oklahoma, [email protected]), and Cameron Lacquement Excavations recently were conducted on a large (University of Alabama) Woodland platform mound at the Oakville Mound site in southeast Lawrence County, Alabama. Prior [12] Jim Knight’s Career in Archaeology to renovation of stairs leading to the mound’s Over the last three decades, Dr. Jim Knight has summit, two excavation units were positioned at conducted research that has changed the way the top and base of the mound. A flank trench was archaeologists view the prehistory and history of also excavated between the units to further identify the Southeastern United States. Not only has he mound stage construction. Preliminary findings undertaken numerous investigations throughout provide insights into the mound’s construction and the Southeast and the Caribbean but he has also contexts. formulated archaeological methods for Randall, Asa (University of Oklahoma, [email protected]) investigating iconography, social organization and development, and religion. This paper serves as a [5] Freshwater Shellfishing 9,000 Years Ago in reflection of just some of the research Jim has Northeast Florida carried out during his career and the influence his Conventional wisdom holds that freshwater work has had on the archaeological community. shellfishing on the St. Johns River began ca. 7500 Regnier, Amanda (see Livingood, Patrick) years ago. Recent discoveries in the Silver Glen Springs watershed demonstrate that shellfishing Reilly, F. Kent (Texas State University, has a deeper history. Testing beneath a 6,000 year [email protected]) old shell mound encountered organically enriched pits that contained some freshwater shell, and [30] Foundational and Cosmological Themes in Mississippian Engraved Shell Art: Ideological Imagery which are securely dated between ca. 9000 and and the Visual Depiction of the Ceremonies of Creation 8100 cal B.P. This paper will detail the culture- historical and environmental contexts of early Iconographic investigations of engraved shell shellfishing, and present a preliminary analysis of objects recovered from the spirit house at Spiro one pit’s contents. These data provide a rare reveal a specific ideological pattern of ceremonies that displayed both the act of primordial creation

82 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014 and creation’s major actors. Displaying, i.e. Ricciardelli, Taryn (East Carolina University, wearing and handling, such objects identified elite [email protected]) ritualist as not only authorized to hold ritual office [41] Mississippian Settlement Patterns in the Town but to be major participants in what were almost Creek Area, North Carolina certainly bundle rituals. The heirlooming and ultimate burial deposition of such objects strongly This paper reports on the investigation of suggests the ceremonial linkage of specific hinterland sites surrounding Town Creek, a episodes of creation and the foundations of heavily investigated Mississippian mound site Mississippian cosmological belief. located in central North Carolina. Ceramics were used to attribute to time periods sites within 40 km Reinert, Tilo (see Younger-Mertz, Stewart) of Town Creek. The spatial distribution of sites was Reitsema, Laurie (University of Georgia, then considered to determine if any patterns [email protected]), and Hannah Morris (Chena corresponded with known periods of occupation at Consulting Services) Town Creek. The results of this research identify groups of contemporaneous sites, and confirm that [39] The St. Catherines Island Isoscape, in Aid of most hinterland sites were contemporaneous with Paleodiet and Paleoclimate Reconstructions the peak of the civic-ceremonial center at Town The St. Catherines Island environs comprise Creek (A.D. 1150–1300). multiple dietary niches in which variations in Richardson, Mary Anna (Jamestown Rediscovery salinity, aridity, and canopy cover may affect Project, [email protected]) isotopic variation of plants. We report systematic stable carbon and nitrogen isotope variation of [37] More than Pencils: An Analysis of English molluscs and over 100 native C3, C4, and CAM Graphite at Jamestown plants collected from “isozones” across St. Excavations at the 1607 James Fort site in Catherines Island to contextualize paleodietary Jamestown, Virginia recovered several pieces of analyses on the island, including those intended high-quality vein graphite not local to Virginia. for the Fallen Tree mortuary complex. Island flora While some of these graphite samples were shaped show wide variation (δ15N=-10‰ to +7‰; δ13C=- for their use as pencils, the majority of it was 31‰ to -12‰), some of which is systematic. We brought to Jamestown as raw nodules. Drawing also explore paleoclimate variations at St. upon archaeological and documentary evidence, Catherines Island using isotopic ratios of charcoal this poster examines the possible sources for these from archaeological contexts. nodules and explores their use as a lubricant or Reitsma, Laurie (see Thomas, David Hurst) rust deterrent for arms and armor during the first decade of English settlement in the New World. Reitz, Elizabeth J. (University of Georgia, [email protected]) Riggs, Brett (University of North Carolina, Research Laboratories of Archaeology, [4] Enduring Questions [email protected]) Many questions about coastal life have endured for [13] Late Woodland and Mississippian Period Ceramic decades and some are in need of revision. There is Patterns at the Ashe Ferry Site, York County, South no evidence that the economic trajectory was Carolina exclusively, largely, or inevitably from hunting to farming. Dichotomies such as foragers vs collectors Recent investigations at the Ashe Ferry Site in the and mobility vs sedentism fail to capture the lower Catawba River Valley have documented adaptive diversity of these communities. Most closely successive terminal Woodland period and people associated with these sites were unlikely to Mississippian period site occupations. Comparison be seasonal migrants on a large scale. It is likely of associated ceramic assemblages reveals little that they managed resources critical to their stylistic or technofunctional continuity between economies much as others have done and engaged these components. Chronometric dating of these in local as well as regional exchange to obtain other assemblages indicates a late twelfth century shift to resources. South Appalachian Mississippian ceramic patterns,

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50‒100 years after the Mississippian transition Ritchison, Brandon T. (University of Georgia, documented in the nearby Camden locality. Such [email protected]) asynchronous “Mississippianization” of ceramic [6] Changing Communities: Mississippi Period assemblages in the lower Piedmont and Sandhills Transitions on the Georgia Coast regions may reflect the coexistence of discrete social and economic systems along the fall line Spatial relationships among community members divide for several generations. and their concomitant activities can reflect underlying principles of social and political Rimer, Esther (Thomas Jefferson’s Poplar Forest, systems. The Kenan Field site (9MC67), on Sapelo [email protected]) Island, Georgia, is a multi-component site with [15] A Preliminary Artifact Analysis from the Earthfast occupations spanning over 4000 years, from the Structure at Addison Plantation Late Archaic to the Historic plantation period. Work is underway with the aim of mapping the During the late 17th and early 18th centuries, the changes in intra-site organization over time. In merchant-planter Colonel John Addison particular, this ongoing research attempts to constructed a plantation well situated to trade with identify changes in community organization Colonists and Native Americans along Maryland’s during the Mississippi period and specifically north bank of the Potomac River. In the 1980s, across the transition from the Savannah (A.D. 1150 phase III excavations recovered an early earthfast –1325) to the Irene phase (A.D. 1325–1580). foundation on Addison’s plantation. The artifacts were not cataloged until 2013. Was this structure Ritchison, Brandon T. (see Golsch, Matthew) an early frontier dwelling, a fortified structure, Ritchison, Brandon (see Roberts Thompson, and/or Colonel John’s son Thomas’ “Other Store”? Amanda D.) Analysis of artifacts may aid in reinterpreting its use as well as refine our understanding of colonial Roberts Thompson, Amanda D. (University of frontier trade, social interactions, and the Georgia, Laboratory of Archaeology, Addisons’ lives on the colonial border. [email protected]), Bryan Tucker (Georgia Department of Natural Resources), Jennifer Bedell Rinker, Emily (University of Kentucky, (Georgia Department of Natural Resources), [email protected]), and Stuart Nealis (University Megan Teague Tucker (Kennesaw State of Kentucky) University), Matthew Golsch (University of [27] Bioarchaeological Analyses of Health Trends at Denver), Brandon T. Ritchison (University of Eastern State Hospital, Lexington, Kentucky Georgia), Matt H. Colvin (University of Georgia), Katherine Napora (University of Georgia), Rachel Between 2005 and 2011, Kentucky Archaeological Black (Georgia Department of Natural Resources), Survey archaeologists documented a large Aimee Bouzigard (Georgia Department of Natural unmarked (1839-1861) cemetery at Eastern State Resources), and Victor D. Thompson (University Hospital, a mental institution in Lexington, of Georgia) Kentucky. Many of the 178 individuals in the cemetery exhibited a range of pathologies not [27] Articulating Management and Research on uncommon among skeletal samples from late Ossabaw Island, Georgia nineteenth century mortuary contexts. Eastern Managed by the state since 1978, Ossabaw Island is State’s population, comprised of individuals from Georgia’s first designated heritage preserve. In the surrounding region, offers a unique 2014, archaeologists with GDNR Historic opportunity to explore the identities and life Preservation Division and the University of histories of its patients through bioarchaeological Georgia initiated research at 9CH155, South End, a analysis. This study examines the multi-component site suffering from massive paleopathological trends present at Eastern State erosion. This ongoing project uses ethnohistoric Hospital and how they compare to other research, remote sensing, shovel test surveys, as nineteenth century institutional populations in the well as block excavations and mechanical stripping United States. to document as much information as possible

84 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014 along the site’s eroding edge. This work is part of a geophysical survey, and excavations have multi-year effort to help manage the island’s identified the possible residences of the plantation resources, as well as address human environmental owners and those they enslaved. interaction from first settlement to the Plantation Rosenwinkel, Heidi (see Boudreaux, Tony) period. Rowe, Abigail (University of Georgia, Roberts Thompson, Amanda D. (see Thompson, [email protected]), Jacob Lulewicz Victor D.) (University of Georgia), and Jennifer Birch Rodning, Christropher B. (Tulane University, (University of Georgia) [email protected]) [14] Before Ocmulgee: A Comparative Analysis of the [13] Cherokee Ethnogenesis Late Woodland-Early Mississippian Settlement Landscape in Northern Georgia Ethnogenesis refers to the ways in which ethnic groups take shape. Ethnogenesis encompasses In this paper, we use extant data to characterize the diverse historical and cultural processes that nature of the Late Woodland and Early operate at several temporal and spatial scales. This Mississippian settlement landscape in the vicinity paper considers long-term trends in southern of two large Mississippian centers: Ocmulgee and Appalachian prehistory and shorter-term Etowah. Utilizing settlement distributions, site responses by native groups to early encounters and sizes, and variability within ceramic assemblages, entanglements with European explorers and we investigate the nature and social relations colonists to outline major patterns in Cherokee between pre-Mississippian communities. On one history from the precontact period through the hand, the results of this research challenge the early eighteenth century. The case of Cherokee definitions of archaeological cultures represented ethnogenesis demonstrates interesting points of by phase-based taxonomies. On the other, it comparison and contrast with other groups in the represents an initial step in documenting patterns American South such as the Catawbas, Choctaws, of socio-political transformation and resilience Chickasaws, and the diverse towns of the Creek which took place concomitantly with the confederacy. development of the monumental landscape of the Macon Plateau. Rodning, Christopher B. (see Moore, David) Russ, Jon (see Carmody, Stephen B.) Rodning, Christopher B. [34] Panelist Russo, Michael (Southeast Archeological Center, Rohe, Robert (Illinois State Archaeological Survey) [email protected]) [34] Panelist [24] Overcoming the Willeys at Mound Field, North Rooney, Clete (Southeast Archeological Center, Florida Gulf Coast [email protected]), David Morgan (Southeast Archeological Center), and Kevin MacDonald Borrowing Moore’s non-stratigraphic pottery data, (University College London) in 1940 Willy established the model to come for Swift Creek and Weeden Island coastal cultures in [2] Investigating the 18th-Century French Colonial north Florida. Some of the only stratigraphically Metoyer Land Grant Site, Natchitoches, Louisiana obtained pottery Willey ever dug for his Recent plans to develop a tract of land on Cane monumental study of the Florida Gulf coast came River prompted examination of a locality pivotal to from the only ring midden (unknown to him) he understanding the colonial creole experience in ever dug, Mound Field. Willey concluded from the northwest Louisiana. Survey work in 2011 and pottery that the midden site was a Swift Creek 2012 identified a large river front site, part of which village that was subsequently occupied by an early was home to the plantations of Narcisse Weeden Island village. New ceramic data, Prud’homme, John Plauché, and Pierre Metoyer— radiocarbon dates reanalysis don’t back this up. the latter an economically prominent colonial Rutecki, Dawn M. (Indiana University, known for his relationship with the celebrated [email protected]) Marie-Thérèse Coincoin. Archival research,

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[40] Burial 62 at Spiro: Understanding Material produced for the Mississippian Southeast in order Connections to chemically identify pottery sources, thereby allowing for the mapping of the spatial extent of Amid rejuvenated research, Spiro’s relationship to Moundville’s trade and interaction network. These the Southeast and communities located there results are then used to critique current remains problematic. This paper contributes to the understandings of Moundville’s political economy, ongoing discussion of Spiro by examining especially as it relates to the use of nonlocal materials associated with the litter burials located prestige goods as an ideological and economic in Craig Mound, especially Burial 62, from source of elite authority. museum collections. Representing multiple individuals, the artifacts associated with Burial 62 Sampson, Christina Perry (University of Michigan, include a large number of shell objects, fragments, [email protected]) and beads, in addition to ceramics, projectile [17] Subsistence and Settlement: Early Safety Harbor at points, and pipe fragments. Burial 62 provides a the Weeden Island Site (8Pi1) useful case-study in examining connections to the Southeast due to the wide breadth and large The Weeden Island site (8Pi1) is probably best number of associated materials. known for its connection to the eponymous Woodland period culture, found in Alabama, Sabo, George, III (Arkansas Archeological Survey, Georgia, and Florida, and characterized in part by [email protected]) the use of a specialized class of decorated mortuary [21] “Paired Figures Confronting a Forked Pole:” So wares. In this paper I present preliminary results of What’s Up with the Forked Pole? new research at the site, where recent excavations adjacent to a prominent shell-bearing midden have In their monumental examination of Pre- uncovered substantial Safety Harbor period Columbian shell engravings from the Craig Mound deposits. The site’s multiple temporal components at Spiro, Phillips and Brown recognized a provide an opportunity to assess how the interplay distinctive set of compositions within the Craig C of local ecology and regional changes in socio- series described as “Paired Figures Confronting a political organization shaped domestic activities. Forked Pole.” More recently, Brown and associates at the annual Mississippian Iconographic Sams, Adrianne B. (University of West Florida Conference recognized that the paired individuals Historic Trust, [email protected]) in those compositions are distinctive personages [37] From Big House to Farm House: 100 Years at represented by symbolic facial tattoos. A key Arcadia Mill’s Simpson Lot question arises: What is the meaning of the forked pole? This paper addresses that question via On a bluff overlooking the water-powered mill examination of other forked pole examples and complex, the Simpson house consisted of an mythohistoric texts preserved among historic elaborate Louisiana-style mansion with a brick Plains Caddoan speakers. basement, veranda and main floor, and a second story. The Simpson House was constructed ca. Sain, Douglas (see Goodyear, Albert C.) 1835 and survived the Civil War including a short Salberg, Daniel J. (University of Alabama, occupation by Confederate troops, but succumbed [email protected]) to a fire on 1 March 1935. Recent archaeological excavations of the house coupled with a detailed [7] Ceramics and the Political Economy of Moundville: oral history provide preliminary data regarding A Compositional Study using Neutron Activation 19th-century architecture, material culture Analysis associated with a 100 year occupation, and the Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) is used to complementary nature of the documentary and determine the chemical composition of 80 archaeological records. stylistically local and nonlocal ceramics recovered from the Mississippian center of Moundville in west-central Alabama. This dataset is compared to a previously analyzed ceramic chemical database

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*Samuelsen, John R. (University of Arkansas, strategically constructed on the confluence of the [email protected]) St. Mark’s and Wakulla Rivers. By the eighteenth- century, the fort remained a remote and [40] A Reanalysis of Strontium Isotopes from the deteriorating outpost in what little remained of Crenshaw Site: Implications on Caddo Interregional ’s La . A comprehensive Warfare analysis of eighteenth-century Spanish documents The salvage excavations of over 300 and detailing the fort’s construction along with a new mandibles at the Crenshaw site (3MI6), in assessment of the archaeological collection, southwest Arkansas, have created many questions examines structural aspects of the fort and its regarding the practices which led to their complex role as a remote outpost and center of deposition. Strontium isotopes taken from 80 trade within the greater context of the Spanish individuals as part of a NAGPRA grant in 2009 led Borderlands. to claims of interregional warfare between the Saunders, Rebecca (Louisiana State University, Caddo and the Southern Plains. A subsequent [email protected]), and Allison Mueller (Louisiana study doubted the validity of the data. However, a State University) reanalysis shows that the strontium isotopes are valid and consistent with the criteria for [24] Swift Creek Pottery from the Harrison Ring, Bay biologically available strontium for the County, Florida surrounding area, challenging the interpretations Swift Creek pottery is justly famous for its complex that the people deposited are victims of paddle-stamped designs, and, while we’ve yet to interregional warfare. crack the code, many archaeologists believe a vast Sapitan, Robert (University of North Florida, amount of social information is lurking in the [email protected]), and Keith Ashley designs. At the very least, we can use distinctive (University of North Florida) design execution, design flaws, and paddle cracks to trace the movement of pots and paddles across [22] Living High above the River: St. Johns II Life at the the landscape. While much work on paddle T. R. Preserve Site matching has been done in Georgia and east Perched atop a high, narrow sand ridge along the Florida, little has been published for the Florida lower St. Johns River, the T. R. Preserve site panhandle. Here we present preliminary findings (8DU58) occupies a landform quite different from from ring midden and plaza excavations at the that of other St. Johns II sites in northeastern Harrison Ring, in Bay County, Florida. Florida. In addition, this eleventh century A.D. site Savage, Sheila Bobalik (see Hammerstedt, Scott contains a complex of distinct loci which includes W.) two mounded shell middens and a sand mound. While the mound itself appears to lack human Savarese, Michael (Florida Gulf Coast University), internments, subsurface burials have been located Karen Jo Walker (Florida Museum of Natural between the site’s arc-shaped shell ridge and sand History), William H. Marquardt (Florida Museum mound. Ceramics and other artifacts from various of Natural History), and Victor D. Thompson contexts are compared in an attempt to identify (University of Georgia) distinct areas of activities. [27] Influence of Native American Overharvesting on Sappington, Ericha (University of West Florida, the Population Structure of the Eastern Oyster, [email protected]) Cassostrea virginica: Shifting Baselines in Southwest Florida’s Estuaries [25] Two of the Bastions Face the Sea: Constructing and Reconstructing History at Fort San Marcos de Native coastal people, 1240 B.C. to A.D. 1220, left Apalache, a Remote Spanish Outpost in the Borderlands behind middens composed largely of Crassostrea of La Florida virginica shells. Comparison of valve preparation among four archaeological populations and The fortified port of San Marcos de Apalache, modern reefs demonstrates oysters were harvested established in the mid-seventeenth century as a for consumption and not exclusively for building means of monitoring Spanish trade interests, was

87 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina material. Comparison of valve lengths Schroeder, Sissel (University of Wisconsin, demonstrates that the oldest (Useppa) and the Madison) [34] Panelist modern oysters are larger than those from peak Schroedl, Gerald F. (University of Tennessee) [13] Calusa occupation (Mound Key), suggesting that Closing Remarks over-harvesting impacted oyster productivity. Analysis of growth lines shows that all populations Schubert, Ashley (University of Michigan, grew at comparable rates. Oysters maintained their [email protected]) growth potential through over-harvesting; human activity did not drive permanent [41] Pisgah Ceramic Variation in the Southern microevolutionary shift in the population. Appalachians Sawyer, Johann A. (University of South Carolina, The Pisgah culture of Western North Carolina has [email protected]) historically been characterized as a Mississippian phenomenon in part due to the addition of new [30] First Man And Centered Poles decorative rim treatments on the ceramics, along with coeval changes in the built environment and Current research has demonstrated that specific subsistence practices. While certain aspects of cult rituals and practices correspond to the concept ceramic production reflect continuity with earlier of centering and the Mississippian Period culture- Woodland groups, the shift in decorative hero known as First-Man. The iconographic record treatments points to extra-local interaction and also consists of common visualizations of First- influence. By considering intersite differences Man as he existed during the first moments of between assemblages recovered from the Cane creation or in supplicating ritual acts. These River site (31Yc91), the (31Hw1), referents are iconographically, and in some cases and the Warren Wilson site (31Bn29), regional archaeologically, linked to specialized ceramic variation in participation with Mississippian social pots, swirling smoke, smoking-pipes, and a striped political relationships is better defined. centering pole. Using multiple lines of archaeological, symbolic, and ethnographic Schuldenrein, Joseph (Geoarcheology Research evidence, this paper will address the role of the Associates, Inc.) [29] Discussant striped pole, its meaning, and its relationship to First-Man. Schwadron, Margo (Southeast Archeological Center, [email protected]) Scafuri, Michael (Clemson University, [email protected]) [16] Life in the Golden Crescent: New Perspectives on the Shell Mounds and Middens of CANA [23] The Virtual Hunley: Archaeological Research and the Use of 3D Modeling to Study the H. L. Hunley The shell mounds of Canaveral National Seashore Submarine include one of North America’s tallest shell mounds (Turtle Mound), and are some of the last One of the most useful tools in the investigation of remaining vestiges of an extensive shell mound the Civil War submarine H. L. Hunley has been the building culture that inhabited the region. Recent application of 3D documentation and modeling. investigations of Turtle Mound, Castle Windy and The 3D reconstruction of the hull, operational Seminole Rest include high-resolution mapping, components, and overall site plan of the submarine excavations, soils analyses and radio-carbon dating has greatly contributed to the current to determine site formation processes, spatial and archaeological research on the H. L. Hunley and temporal patterns and intra-site variability that allowed for a detailed examination of the inform about past interactions and influences submarine in terms of propulsion, buoyancy, crew between people, environment and coastal physiology, and the spar-mounted torpedo system. landscapes. The implications of this data on the research into the operation, attack, and final sinking of the H. L. Schwadron, Margo (see Collins, Lori D.) Hunley submarine will be discussed. Schwadron, Margo (see Doering, Travis F.) Schwadron, Margo (see Fernandez, Steven)

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Schwadron, Margo (see Jones, Douglas S.) Shanks, Jeffrey (National Park Service, [email protected]) Scott, Susan L. (see Jackson, H. Edwin) [24] Coastal Connections: Intraregional Interaction Seinfeld, Daniel (Florida Bureau of Archaeological among Woodland Mound and Village Sites in Research, [email protected]) Northwest Florida [24] New Insights into Ritual and Monumentality at Recent investigations of Swift Creek and Weeden the Letchworth Mounds Site (8JE337) Island mound-midden complexes on the Tyndall Despite featuring the tallest earthen mound in Air Force Base pennisula and at Bird Hammock in Florida, the Letchworth Mounds site (8JE337) Wakulla County show that there were direct remains relatively poorly understood. Recent and/or indirect interactions among these investigations have provided new insights into the Woodland sites. Geophysical surveys of village relationship between monumentality, ritual, plazas, comparisons of ceramic stamped patterns, cosmology, and habitation at the site. Shovel test and other data show the presence of a intraregional surveys and excavations over the past decade have social network with shared expressions of ideology helped date the site and demonstrated settlement and settlement patterning that underwent similar patterns. Subsurface remote sensing has provided changes between the Middle and Late Woodland new information about the construction of the periods. mounds and the site’s layout. Excavations in 2014 Sharp, Robert V. (Independent Scholar, have helped put to rest questions about the age of [email protected]) Letchworth’s mounds. This paper will explore the significance of these findings and avenues for [21] Creating and Displaying the Images of Creation’s further investigation. Actors: The Ritual Function of Mississippian Flint-Clay Figures Seinfeld, Daniel (see Nowak, Jesse) One of the most outstanding categories of Native Semon, Anna M. (University of North Carolina at American art is the flint-clay statuettes and pipes Chapel Hill/American Museum of Natural crafted during the Stirling phase of the History, [email protected]) Mississippian Period. It has been previously [39] Characterizing Irene Period Ceramics from hypothesized that these objects were intended to Mortuary and Village Contexts on St. Catherines Island function as representations of certain primordial gods and heroes. In this paper it will be argued Ceramics have been characterized as utilitarian that these objects functioned as specific ceremonial tools used for mundane daily activities and as items whose arrangement and placement within items designed to convey information about ritual context established for both audience and identity, social allegiance, and status. Social context practitioners a connection with the act of creation of use is particularly important as it influences how itself. vessels are constructed and used. This paper investigates how pottery recovered from mortuary Sharp, Robert V. (see Smith, Kevin E.) contexts varies from vessels found in more Shepherd, Rebecca (University of South Carolinas, quotidian St. Catherines Island locales, with [email protected]) particular attention paid to Irene period sites including recent excavations at Fallen Tree. These [38] Going Up the Country: A Comparison of Elite investigations offer insights into Irene pottery Ceramic Consumption Patterns in Charleston and the production and use and how they are shaped by Carolina Frontier daily needs and the death of loved ones. Researchers have previously examined the Semon, Anna M. (see Blair, Elliot H.) differences between urban and backcountry lifeways in South Carolina, but few have had the Semon, Anna M. (see Triozzi, Nicholas) chance to examine both the urban and rural life of Shackley, M. Steven (see Young, Christopher K.) the same family. However, recent investigations of the wealthy Brewton/Motte family homes in

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Charleston and the backcountry have provided Sipe, Ryan (Edwards-Pitman Environmental, Inc., data to make such comparison possible. This paper [email protected]) discusses how differences in the ceramic [6] The Irene Phase on Bryan Neck: A Growing Case assemblages of the two sites is being used to Study on Late Mississippian Settlement Patterns of explore the variation in rural and urban Coastal Mainland Georgia consumption patterns, social status, and the relationship between Charleston and its Recent projects in Bryan County, Georgia have surrounding rural communities during the late yielded new data regarding the Late Mississippian eighteenth century. occupation of Bryan Neck. When combined with earlier Bryan Neck research, this growing dataset Sherwood, Sarah C. (see Carmody, Stephen B.) provides for an interesting case study for Irene Sherwood, Sarah C. (see Moore, David) phase settlement patterns in mainland coastal settings. Perusal of site file data reveals a highly Shofner, Erika (South Carolina Public Outreach patterned distribution of these Late Mississippian Division, [email protected]), Helena Ferguson Sites across the Bryan Neck. This paper will (South Carolina Public Outreach Division), and present an overview of the Bryan Neck Irene sites Meg Gaillard (South Carolina Public Outreach and propose a testable model for mainland Irene Division/South Carolina Department of Natural phase settlement patterns for the Georgia Coast. Resources) Skousen, B. Jacob (University of Illinois at Urbana- [42] Archaeology in the Classroom Champaign, [email protected]) Since the founding of the South Carolina [22] Making a Case for Large-Scale Gatherings at the Archaeology Public Outreach Division, Inc. Emerald Site (SCAPOD) in 2010, its three co-founders have developed a variety of archaeology outreach Scholars have long argued that some Mississippian programs. One of the most successful is mound centers were places where people gathered Archaeology in the Classroom. This program is to participate in trade, rituals, celebrations, and designed to bring quality archaeology lessons and feasts. In this paper, I argue that such gatherings activity to students of all ages and includes an took place at the Emerald site, a Mississippian overview of the profession with activities designed mound complex east of Cahokia. Evidence for this to reinforce archaeological concepts. Each includes 1) monumental constructions that were Archaeology in the Classroom program is custom built in periodic, large-scale events; and 2) a large, tailored to meet the needs and interests of both single-episode event in which refuse-rich fills were teachers and students. deposited in a special decommissioned structure. These data show that communal events were a Singleton, Hayley (University of Florida, central part of Emerald’s early history and further [email protected]) suggest that Emerald was likely a Cahokian [27] Midden between the Mounds: Recent pilgrimage center. Investigations of Subsistence at the Garden Patch Site Smallwood, Ashley M. (University of West (8DI4) Georgia, [email protected]), Thomas In summer 2013, a newly identified midden was Jennings (University of West Georgia), David G. tested at the Garden Patch site, a Woodland Anderson (University of Tennessee), and Jerald multimound center located on the northern gulf Ledbetter (Southeastern Archeological Services) coast of Florida. Situated between a platform [29] Testing for Evidence of Paleoindian Responses to mound and a burial mound, the faunal remains the Younger Dryas in Georgia from the dense midden of Area X are the subject of this study. Results indicate a highly marine based For the Southeast, Meeks and Anderson (2012) diet focused on the nearby marsh and shallow Gulf propose Younger Dryas climate changes triggered waters. Given its contemporaneity with adjacent a human population crash and/or substantial mounds, the potential significance of the deposit is reorganization. We use the Georgia point record in considered in terms of feasting and ceremony. the Paleoindian Database of the Americas to test

90 Southeastern Archaeological Conference Bulletin 57, 2014 for evidence of changes in landscape use through [12] Woodland Period Chronology in the Apalachicola the Paleoindian period and consider these changes and the Lower Chattahoochee River Valleys in the context of the Georgia paleoenvironmental This study draws on nearly eight decades of record spanning the YD. Based on differences in diverse academic, salvage, and management point frequencies, distributions, stone types, and archaeology in the region in the paring of a region- transport distances and directions, we conclude the wide ceramic seriation with a Bayesian analysis of Coastal Plain was a focus of early settlement, but radiocarbon dates. Inspired by a study of by the end of the YD, Paleoindian settlement Moundville phases by Knight et al. (1999), the shifted into the Piedmont. approach allows for the detection and down- Smallwood, Ashley M. (see Anderson, Derek T.) weighting of outliers in the radiocarbon dataset. For example, one can carry out an unbiased Smith, Allison M. (Auburn University, assessment of some naggingly strange dates from [email protected]), John W. Cottier (Auburn Mandeville. The results are expressed as phase University), and Hamilton H. Bryant, III (Auburn boundaries and durations. Original and revised University) phases are considered. The oft-cited Knight and [35] A Historical Snapshot of the Native Landscape of Mistovich (1984) chronology holds up well. the Lower Alabama River in 1814 Smith, Karen Y. [9] Panelist The Treaty of Fort Jackson in 1814 significantly Smith, Kevin E. (Middle Tennessee State reduced historic Creek lands in the Mississippi University, [email protected]), and Robert V. Territory, thus encouraging settlement by Sharp (Independent Scholar) outsiders. To encourage American settlement along the Alabama River Valley, General Jackson sent [21] The Middle Cumberland “Changing Woman” and Major Tatum, a topographical engineer, down the the Path of Souls river to record features of significance. This Beginning about A.D. 1250 in Tennessee’s endeavor resulted in a descriptive journal, which Cumberland River valley, Mississippian artisans noted Indian fields and other improvements. Using created a variety of spectacular ceramic effigies GIS each location was cross referenced with depicting female preternaturals. Although identified sites to formulate the native landscape. eventually emerging as a significant mortuary Smith, Caleb (North Carolina Department of figure in Arkansas and Missouri, the initial Transportation, [email protected]) expression of this ritual practice was a distinctive individual wearing a negative-painted shawl in the [11] Site 31LE162: A “Gearing-Up Spot” in the Fall Cumberland valley. Here, we begin to organize the Line Region of Southeastern North Carolina corpus into groups representing the work of Site 31LE162 is a scatter of prehistoric artifacts in distinct communities, and in some cases, probably Lee County, North Carolina occupied during the individuals. We also expand prior interpretations Middle Archaic and the Early Woodland of this character to refine our understanding of her characterized by a high density of late-stage meta- nature and function within the Cumberland region volcanic flakes. The site was probably a gearing up and the late prehistoric Southeast. spot where preforms were made into tools during Smith, Kevin E. [7] Discussant the seasonal move from the Piedmont to the Coastal Plain. The most intriguing aspect is that Smith, Morgan (Texas A&M University, Center for over 700 artifacts were recovered from one shovel the Study of the First Americans, test. The paper will discuss the site function, and [email protected]) compare and contrast it to other sites in the Fall [5] A Morphometric Analysis of Ivory Point Specimens Line and Sandhills region of North Carolina. from Florida’s Submerged Contexts Smith, Karen Y. (South Carolina Institute of Ivory points represent a unique facet of Florida’s Archaeology and Anthropology, prehistoric record. These points have qualities [email protected]) absent in stone tools, including their potential to

91 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina yield direct radiocarbon dates, more uniformity in the Union strategy to blockade the harbor and shape, and their tendency to exhibit artistic examine two archaeological consequences expression. While generally assumed to be remaining on the naval battlefield. Paleoindian in age due to their raw material being Spring, Anita (University of Florida, extinct proboscidean ivory, all but one of these [email protected]) artifacts have been recovered as surface finds from Florida’s underwater sites. This presentation will [25] Multi-site Archeology: The Search for Fort address key issues concerning the reliability of Caroline ivory as a diagnostic Paleoindian artifact, potential ivory manufacture techniques, and the general France’s Fort Caroline, America’s first fortified uniformity of ivory points. settlement (1564), was overtaken by Spanish forces (1565), and destroyed by French and Native Smith, Steven D. (South Carolina Institute of Americans (1568). Its pleasing faux-monument on Archaeology and Anthropology, [email protected]), and the St. Johns River is not confirmed James B. Legg (South Carolina Institute of archeologically, although historians and Archaeology and Anthropology) archeologists have searched there since 1896. Recently, multi-site archeological studies on the St. [25] Recent Research at Fort Motte Johns, Altamaha, and St. Marys rivers have been Fort Motte, in present Calhoun County, South carried out. This paper considers multi-site Carolina, was a British outpost built in early 1781, research and describes simultaneous searches, on their lines of communication between comparing them in terms of area, site, riverine, Charleston and the interior. In May, 1781, an structural, environmental, physical, and American force under Francis Marion and geographical characteristics. It also considers “Lighthorse” Harry Lee lay siege to Fort Motte, archeological work carried out in each site in terms and the garrison surrendered after five days. The of methodologies used and findings. authors originally investigated the battlefield in Stack, Meg (Cardno ENTRIX/University of South 2004 and 2005. While the initial work was Florida, [email protected]) remarkably successful, important features of the battlefield remained unconfirmed. Three seasons of [35] Utilizing Georeferencing in Archaeology: A Quest work since 2012 have clarified our understanding to Find the Seminole Village of Chocachatti of the site, and we now have a reasonably complete picture of the battlefield landscape. Over the past decade, georeferencing has become an imperative prospection tool in connecting past Smith, Steven D. (see DePratter, Chester) and present landscapes within archaeological contexts. In 1823, Horatio S. Dexter produced a Smith, Steven D. [9] Panelist sketch map plotting the location of Seminole Spirek, James (South Carolina Institute of villages scattered across the Florida landscape. This Archaeology and Anthropology, [email protected]) paper will detail the research process involved in utilizing GIS to locate one of these villages, the site [23] The Blockade of Charleston Harbor, 1861-1865: of Chocachatti, by georeferencing specific areas of Two Archaeological Consequences Dexter’s map. In addition, the presentation will From May 1861 to February 1865, Federal naval advocate using caution when moving from historic forces imposed a blockade of Charleston Harbor. maps and GIS to the ground as archaeological and The blockade intended to prevent Confederate historical records are operating in two separate blockade runners from entering the port laden frames of temporal reference. with war material and merchandise and departing with cargos of cotton, rice, and naval stores. To enforce the blockade, the Federal navy sank obstructions at the two main shipping channels and stationed a fleet off the harbor in an attempt to impede, capture, or destroy vessels attempting to evade the gauntlet. This presentation will discuss

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Stanford, Dennis (Smithsonian Instituion, excavated a 1x2m unit there. This failed to [email protected]), and Darrin Lowary (Smithsonian encounter intact remains so we concluded that he Institution) had indeed destroyed it completely. Recent research suggests kilns may be larger than [19] The Chesapeake Bay Bifaces: Evidence for an LGM expected. Geophysical testing conducted by Terry Occupation of the Eastern North America Ferguson identified magnetic anomalies consistent This paper discusses bifacial bi-facial bi-pointed with a kiln footprint. These were ground truthed laurel leaf knives, projectile points and preforms revealing that our lost kiln had finally been found. found at eight archaeological sites in the Steen, Carl (see Ferguson, Terry A.) Chesapeake Bay region. These artifacts have been found in stratified terrestrial contexts as well as Steen, Carl [9] Panelist artifacts dredged from the continental shelf. Steere, Benjamin A. (University of West Georgia, Consistency of manufacturing techniques and [email protected]) morphology warrants type nomenclature. Radiocarbon dates ranging between ca. 22,000 and [14] Household Archaeology at Macon Plateau 14,000 B.P. indicate a well-established Paleolithic occupation along the LGM eastern seaboard of In this paper I describe the sample of excavated America. structures from the Macon Plateau site (9BI1), which includes at least 5 “houses” and 2 “lodges” Stanford, Dennis (see Lowery, Darrin) from the South Plateau, 5 to 10 structures from the Middle Plateau, and up to 8 possible structures Stauffer, Grant (Texas State University, from the North Plateau. I compare these buildings [email protected]), and Jesse Nowak to structures from contemporary sites across the (Texas State University) Southeast. This fine-scale analysis and comparison [21] The House Between Life and Death: Female of the houses at Ocmulgee provides additional Sepultures in Mississippian North Florida support for Bigman’s reconstruction of the settlement history of Ocmulgee, and sheds new Throughout the American Southeast, light on the everyday experience of families and archaeological manifestations of ancestral cults communities at this important place. have long been recognized as institutions based on cosmologically oriented rituals. Undertaken with Stephens, Sarah (South Carolina Department of purposeful applications of esoteric knowledge, Archives and History) [9] Panelist respected members of the community were interred in artfully constructed burials that were Stephenson, Keith (see Wagner, Gail E.) recreations of a folkloric past. The Lake Jackson site Stephenson, Keith [9] Panelist is currently known as the southernmost location of these memorialized events. Given this fact, we Steponaitis, Laurie Cameron (University of North provide an examination of the symbolic layout and Carolina at Chapel Hill, [email protected]), and construction of Mound 3 sepultures that housed Joseph M. Herbert (Cultural Resources elderly women whose identities became Management Program, Fort Bragg, North Carolina) transfigured into the preternatural character old- [4] A Morphological Technique for Identifying the woman-who-never-dies. Season-of-Harvest of Northern Gulf Oysters Steen, Carl (Diachronic Research Foundation, Modern control samples of hatchery-raised and [email protected]), and Terry A. Ferguson wild oysters, grown in Dauphin Island Bay, were (Wofford University) harvested monthly over a one-year period. [32] Finding the Lost Kiln at the B.F. Landrum Pottery Analysis of the interior hinge surface of left valves revealed the absence of distinctive annuli The landowner told us the kiln at the B.F. Landrum commonly used to measure annual growth pottery site had been bulldozed in the 1960s. Kiln increments. Nevertheless, variations in other debris was present on the surface at the top of the ontogenetic structures were found to correlate with slope. We returned to the site in 1993 and annual fluctuations in water temperature. A

93 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina systematic method is proposed for documenting based on location, presence of shell midden and features of shell morphology associated with aquatic fauna, and types of associated . annual water-temperature cycles. The usefulness of *Stewart, Ashley Nicole (University of Alabama, this technique for identifying season-of-harvest for [email protected]) archaeological oysters is demonstrated with specimens from two features at the Plash Island [43] An Osteological and Forensic Photographic site. Analysis of Prehistoric Multiple Burials in the Middle Tennessee Valley Steponaitis, Vincas P. (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, [email protected]), Megan Investigation of mortuary practices provides vital Kassabaum (University of Pennsylvania), Mallory information regarding the lifeways of past peoples. Melton (University of California, Santa Barbara), Examining multiple burials from the Pickwick David Cranford (University of North Carolina at Basin, this paper assesses the meaning or Chapel Hill), and Ashley Peles (University of significance these burials held, and determines North Carolina at Chapel Hill) how this changed geographically, temporally, and with burial size. Osteological examination and [33] An Overview of Mississippi Mound Trail forensic photographic analysis techniques were Excavations in the Natchez Bluffs used to determine the reasons behind these During the summer of 2013, the University of multiple burials as well as what influenced them. North Carolina at Chapel Hill conducted test While it was determined that geographic and excavations in 12 mounds at eight different sites in temporal components did influence burial Claiborne, Jefferson, Adams, and Wilkinson practices, burial size played a much larger role. counties as part of the research phase for the Further, violence and ritual were found to Mississippi Mound Trail. We highlight the results influence burial practices in the Pickwick Basin. of our excavations at three of these sites ranging Stroud Clarke, Sarah (Drayton Hall, from Middle Woodland to Mississippian in age: [email protected]) Lake (22Je517), Bayou Pierre (22Cb534), and Windsor (22Cb508). The dating of each site, [38] The Mystery of the Red Ceramics Continues: evidence of mound function, and some general Understanding a Unique Assemblage of Coarse patterns in the nature of mound construction in Earthenware ca. 1680-1740 this region are discussed. As European colonists expanded beyond the initial Steponaitis, Vincas P. [7] Discussant fortifications, a community of plantations was established along the Ashley River. The land that Stevens, Karen A. (University of Kentucky, would eventually become Drayton Hall was [email protected]) inhabited as early as 1680 and the archaeological [8] Prevalence of Auditory Exostoses in the Green River remains relating to this occupation represent some Archaic: A Gendered Analysis of Subsistence and of the earliest European domestic material culture Mobility Related Behaviors in the area. Within the pre-Drayton contexts a unique assemblage of red ceramics was recovered. Auditory exostoses (AEs), bony growths within the The ceramics are unusual in that they appear to be external auditory canal, are most often cited coarse earthenwares, but are highly fired and clinically to be the result of cold-water exposure many appear to be skillfully burnished. This paper and archaeologically as the result of gender- examines the ongoing pursuit to determine the specific subsistence activities. Taking a clinical origin of these ceramics. approach to the measurement of AEs, two Archaic skeletal populations from the Green River Valley, Sullivan, Lynne (University of Tennessee, Chiggerville and Read, were analyzed for the [email protected]) presence and severity of AEs. To determine if [13] The Citico Site (40HA65 ) in Regional Context differences between males and females are indeed related to subsistence activities and mobility, Community plans of Mississippian and Cherokee statistical analysis was conducted to compare sites towns are one of Schroedl’s long-term interests.

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The Citico site, a Mississippian mound center in occurred at widely different times at sites within what is now downtown Chattanooga, has held the Sandhills and elsewhere in the Coastal Plain long-term interest for archaeologists, but is poorly (Taylor et al., 2011). We re-examine published understood. In 1976, James Hatch published an pollen records from four Sandhills sites. The article in the Tennessee Anthropologist in which he asynchronies suggest strong influences of synthesized information about the site. Since his landscape position and local process, possibly work, we have learned more about the chronology including anthropogenic fire. of nearby sites and can now untangle some of the Taylor, Robert (University of West Florida confusion about the occupational sequence of Archaeology Institute, Citico and its major features. This clarification [email protected]) enables placement of Citico into regional patterns of Mississippian and Protohistoric occupations. [8] Trace Element Analysis of Late Archaic Copper from the Florida Panhandle Sullivan, Lynne (see Baumann, Timothy E.) Two copper beads recovered from the Downtown Surmely, Frédéric (see Franklin, Jay) Technical Campus (8ES3427) in Pensacola, Florida, Suther, Bradley (see Leigh, David) were analyzed with a portable x-ray florescence (XRF) device. The observed trace elements may aid Szilasi, Szabolcs (see Younger-Mertz, Stewart) future research concerning the provenance of Tankersley, Matt (New South Associates, copper artifacts of the Late Archaic in the [email protected]) Southeast. [35] Identification and Analysis of the Brampton Taylor, Sean G. (South Carolina Department of Plantation Battlefield Natural Resources, Heritage Trust Program) LiDAR elevation data among others can be [42] What Do Cultural Resources Have to Do with the analyzed to produce highly accurate and South Carolina Department of Natural Resources? informative perspectives of terrain. Employing The constituents of this agency have interests that these tools in conjunction with time-tested include but are not limited to: natural resource archaeological survey methods has resulted in a conservation, preservation of land and water better understanding of sites, particularly military resources, and, of course, hunting and fishing, and sites. Geographic analysis is well suited for there is often amongst these constituents a interpreting the unique complexity of military recognition our cultural heritage is deeply rooted sites. The discovery and examination of the in our natural resources. Archaeology has a warm Brampton Plantation Battlefield in Garden City, reception amongst these folks. But what makes for Georgia illustrates the challenges brought by Civil an even better reception is a presentation where War battlefield sites and how an investigation one literally turns natural resources into cultural integrating historical research and geospatial artifacts before the audiences’ eyes, for it is then analysis can produce knowledge of a battlefield that they truly connect the two worlds, natural and site fragmented by modern development. cultural. Taylor, Barbara (South Carolina Department of Teague Tucker, Megan (see Roberts Thompson, Natural Resources, [email protected]), and Mark Amanda D.) Brooks (South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology) Thacker, Paul (Wake Forest University, [email protected]) [5] Asynchronous Mid-Holocene Vegetation Change in the Southeastern Coastal Plain [18] The Mineralogy behind the Magnetics: Sedimentology and Site Formation Processes in North In fossil pollen assemblages from the southeastern Carolina Coastal Plain, a transition from oak- to pine- dominance is commonly interpreted as the regional Interpretation of near-surface geophysical survey response to global climatic change during the mid- data must move beyond simple archaeological Holocene. However, the transitions appear to have ground-truthing. This poster identifies the parent

95 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina mineralogy, magnetic domains/grain sizes of iron have helped provide insight into the mound’s oxide phases, and depositional processes history and function through the excavation of responsible for spatial variability in the flank midden deposits and terminal summit environmental magnetism of several construction layers. This paper will present archaeological sites in North Carolina. Powder X- archaeological data that will answer these ray diffraction techniques, complementing results questions using stratigraphy, artifact density, and from stepped sediment-firing experiments, discern through a comparison of the midden contents to significant anthropogenic processes including contemporary mound flank deposits from thermal transformation of goethite through Moundville and the Black Warrior Valley. It will dehydroxylation and the non-pedogenic oxidation discuss the ways that mound function changed of ferrimagnetic minerals. These data are an during the waning years of Moundville’s history. example of middle range research necessary for Thompson, Brandon (see Gordon, Falicia) refining magnetics-based geophysical survey methods and enhancing the interpretive value of Thompson, Victor D. (University of Georgia, such studies for anthropological archaeology. [email protected]), William Marquardt (Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida), Thomas, David Hurst (American Museum of Karen Jo Walker (Florida Museum of Natural Natural History, [email protected]), Clark History, University of Florida), Amanda D. Spencer Larsen (Ohio State University), and Roberts Thompson (University of Georgia), and Laurie Reitsma (University of Georgia) Lee Newsom (Pennsylvania State University) [39] Explicating the “Guale Problem” at Fallen Tree [32] In the Shadow of the King’s House: Exploring (St. Catherines Island, Georgia) Calusa and Spanish Architecture at Mound Key The unexpected discovery of the Fallen Tree Mound Key, located in Estero Bay, near Fort Myers cemetery provides a unique opportunity to explore Beach, Florida, is thought to have been the Calusa the “Guale Problem” from variety of capital during the sixteenth century. Our most archaeological and bioarchaeological perspectives. recent work there focused on documenting Calusa Which was more accurate—the earliest Jesuit or and Spanish period architecture associated with a subsequent Franciscan accounts of coastal Guale fort established by Pedro Menéndez in 1566. We subsistence, settlement pattern and social provide evidence for two structures at the site: one organization? Were the contact-period Guale likely within or associated with the fort, and people foragers or farmers? To what extent did late another a possible elite residence or public prehistoric St. Catherines Islanders interact with building of the Calusa King, as described in the greater Mississippian world? Did hereditary Spanish documents. We discuss the implications of social inequalities have dietary consequences? Did this work for our understanding of Calusa European diseases significantly impact pre-mission architecture and building practices. indigenous populations? Thompson, Victor D. (see Duke, C. Trevor) Thomas, David Hurst (see Blair, Elliot H.) Thompson, Victor D. (see Golsch, Matthew) Thomas, Prentice (see Campbell, Jan) Thompson, Victor D. (see Pluckhahn, Thomas J.) Thompson, Brandon (University of Alabama, [email protected]), and Erik Porth Thompson, Victor D. (see Roberts Thompson, (University of Alabama) Amanda D.) [7] Mound Function, Mound Construction, and Mound Thompson, Victor D. (see Savarese, Michael) P: An Examination of a Late Moundville III Phase Mound at Moundville Thompson, Victor D. (see Tucker, Bryan) The University of Alabama Department of Anthropology and Office of Archaeological Research investigated portions of Mound P at Moundville in the fall of 2012. These excavations

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Thulman, David K. (George Washington Two seasons of excavation at a site in west-central University, [email protected]) Arkansas provide new information about 15th to 17th century Caddo Indian communities in the [29] Discerning Early Archaic Bolen Territories using Ouachita Mountains. We analyze architecture, Geometric Morphometrics pottery and tools, and food remains as the material This paper presents the results of a spatial analysis traces of the practices and routines of households of contemporaneous Early Archaic Bolen point to investigate ethnicity, social identity, and types from which I infer the presence of distinct community. Intra-site analysis focuses on temporal territories separated by the Suwannee River. The comparisons and changes related to the 16th types were discriminated using landmark-based century Spanish expedition through Arkansas. We geometric morphometrics, which is a method for broaden the perspective to make regional analyzing entire shapes. The method pulls out comparisons within the Ouachita Mountains as subtle shape differences that are statistically well as with the Red River Valley to the south and significantly distinct, which otherwise might not be the Arkansas River Valley to the north. apparent using traditional morphometric methods. Tucker, Bryan (Georgia Department of Natural In some cases the method may allow for more Resources, [email protected]), Victor sophisticated inferences of social behavior and D. Thompson (University of Georgia), and Matt organization. Golsch (University of Denver) Triozzi, Nicholas (American Museum of Natural [18] Geophysical Investigations at the Cane Patch site History, [email protected]), and Anna Semon (9CH35) on Ossabaw Island, Georgia (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill/American Museum of Natural History) Cane Patch (9CH35) is an Archaic shell midden located just off of Ossabaw Island, Georgia. [39] A Vessel to the Next World: Examining an Urn Research at the site has revealed it was a mounded Burial from Fallen Tree and Others on the Georgia midden rather than a shell ring and likely part of Coast the larger island during its occupation. During the Recent excavations at the Fallen Tree site (9Li8) summer of 2014, the Georgia Department of demonstrate significant diversity in Late Natural Resources in partnership with the Mississippian burial practices. Although University of Georgia employed ground investigation of the mortuary complex is ongoing, penetrating radar (GPR) to explore the structure of one unique burial has captured excavators’ the midden. These data show possible pits, hearths, attentions; a juvenile interred in an Irene vessel. and living surfaces. The GPR data are paired with Southeastern urn burials demonstrate considerable data from the existing excavations to investigate typological and contextual congruity. However, the formation and use of the site. excavation of the urn burial at Fallen Tree offers Tucker, Bryan (see Golsch, Matthew) novel data on Late Mississippian funerary practices that are underrepresented elsewhere. In this Tucker, Bryan (see Roberts Thompson, Amanda presentation, we describe the urn burial context, D.) examine similar inhumations on St. Catherines Island and the Georgia coast, and attempt a Twaroski, Melissa (U.S. Forest Service) [28] preliminary interpretation of associated Panelist iconography. Upchurch, Sam B. (see Austin, Robert J.) Triozzi, Nicholas (see Keeton, Glen) VanDerwarker, Amber (University of California, Trubitt, Mary Beth (Arkansas Archeological Santa Barbara) [34] Panelist Survey, [email protected]) Vavrasek, Jessica (see Hollenbach, Kandace) [40] Ethnicity, Identity, and Community in the Wagner, Gail E. (University of South Carolina, Ouachita Mountains [email protected]), and Keith Stephenson (South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology)

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[17] Middle to Late Woodland Subsistence at the G. S. third or fourth centuries and built atop former Lewis-West Site (38AK228), South Carolina locations of structures, one with associated burial. Extensive midden was deposited between the Plant remains recovered by flotation from early mounds from A.D. 100 to A.D. 600 and completed Middle Woodland Deptford phase and late a horseshoe-shaped site plan reminiscent of other Woodland/early Mississippian Savannah I period Woodland mound centers. Beginning A.D. 600, a contexts at the G. S. Lewis-West site are compared Weeden Island village was built on the platform to plant remains from other regional sites of the mound’s west side, mirroring the earlier same ages. The site, located in the Inner Coastal established portion of the settlement. Plain on a small terrace at the confluence of a major creek and the Savannah River, was occupied year- Wallis, Neill J. (see Krigbaum, John) round during the Middle Woodland period. Nuts, Walls, Lauren (New South Associates, particularly hickory and acorn, were important in [email protected]) both components. Maygrass has been recovered from the Deptford component, and maize from the [17] The Lone Midden: Expanding the Limits of Savannah I component. Inference at Short-Term or Special-Use Sites in the Gulf Coast Region Wagner, Mark (Center for Archaeological Investigations, Southern Illinois University, A common feature of many archaeological sites Carbondale, [email protected]), and Go along the Gulf Coast is the shell midden sans Matsumoto (Center for Archaeological evidence of associated domestic structures or Investigations, Southern Illinois University, primary activity areas, such as the Thompson’s Carbondale) Landing (8ES950) site. This paper explores the potential for inferences to be made about past [35] Indian Mounds and Ironclads: The U.S Naval Base human behaviors based on prehistoric refuse at Mound City, Illinois structure and content. Group size, occupation The Mound City Naval Base in southern Illinois span, and resources exploited are examined was the home of the U.S. Navy Mississippi River through the archaeological, ethnobotanical, and Squadron of ironclads thoughout the Civil War. It zooarchaeological analyses of such sites dating to exists today only as an archaeological site located the Woodland and Mississippi periods. In under the town of Mound City. We developed a addition, the application of this analytical GIS map in 2013 that shows the location of the methodology to other sites in the Gulf Coast region now-vanished naval base structures and a is addressed. shipwreck for the first time. This paper presents Wamser, Caitlin (see Pierson, Michele) the results of that study as well as a 2014 river shoreline survey designed to search for the remains Waselkov, Gregory (University of South Alabama, of the base structures as well as prehistoric mound [email protected]) feature known historically as “Big Mound.” [4] Subsistence and Seasonality on the Woodland Gulf Walker, Karen Jo (see Savarese, Michael) Coast: An Introduction Wallis, Neill (Florida Museum of Natural History, Research at Woodland coastal sites on the northern [email protected]), and Paulette McFadden fringe of the Gulf of Mexico – in Mississippi, (University of Florida) Alabama, and northwestern Florida – is revealing much information on varied approaches to [24] Garden Patch (8DI4): Building a Middle Woodland subsistence and resource scheduling practiced Ceremonial Center on the Northern Peninsular Gulf during that long period. This introduction provides Coast historical background for current research and In 2012 and 2013, the FLMNH conducted survey places sites on the northern Gulf coast in the and excavation at the Garden Patch site in broader context of modern worldwide coastal Horseshoe Beach, Florida. Results indicate that at archaeology. least two of the five anthropogenic mounds were constructed simultaneously sometime during the

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Waters, Gifford (Florida Museum of Natural [32] Transportation Archaeology and Cherokee Sites in History, [email protected]) Western North Carolina [25] 17th-18th Century Stone and Tabby Architecture Recent survey, testing, and data recovery work for at Mission Nombre de Dios, St. Augustine, Florida roadway and bridge projects in western North Carolina has encountered a wealth of Cherokee Recent excavations conducted by the Florida sites, ranging from substantial pre-contact Museum of Natural History at the Nombre de Dios occupations through a Removal-era farmstead and mission site uncovered coquina and tabby trail remnants. This presentation briefly reviews foundations outlining a building measuring over some recent projects and sites in Cherokee, 20 by 10 meters. Based on historical documents and Graham, Macon, and Swain counties in the eastern recovered artifacts, it is believed that the Cherokee heartland. Although project areas and foundations are the remains of the mission church scopes of work were often limited, this work has built in 1677. The church was rebuilt after its 1702 provided substantive data on Cherokee destruction at the hands of the British, and occupations in some previously understudied parts persisted until 1728. Excavations at the site reveal of the region, and will assist site preservation insight into the late 17th-early 18th century efforts and help to focus future regional research mission, as well as impacts and responses to the and field investigations. hostilities between the Spanish and British. Webb, Paul (see Daniels, James) Watts-Malouchos, Elizabeth L. (Indiana University, [email protected]) Weik, Terrance (University of South Carolina, [email protected]) [41] New Insights into the Early Mississppian Occupation of Southwestern Indiana: Preliminary [1] Land Use, Slavery and Transformation in 19th c. Results from Recent Excavations at the Stephan- Chickasaw Mississippi Steinkamp Site (12PO33) By looking at a settlement in “Levi Colbert’s To date, the Early Mississippian occupation of Prairie” it is possible to shed light on the sparsely southwestern Indiana is poorly understood and documented configuration of Chickasaw has only been recognized outside of Angel settlements during their final pre-removal phase in Mounds. The Stephan-Steinkamp site is a large Mississippi. Case studies are needed that multicomponent village 40km west of Angel and illuminate the spatial dynamics that emerged from represents the type-site for the Early Mississippian and created social relations and cultural behaviors Stephan-Steinkamp/Angel I Phase (A.D. 1100- among people of indigenous, African, and 1200). Based on the results from a recent European descent. The land use and community magnetometry survey and ground-truthing building agendas that are becoming visible, remain excavations at the Stephan-Steinkamp site, this dimly understood compared to what is known paper offers new insights into the Early about Colbert’s family ties, politics, and business Mississippian occupation of southwestern Indiana, ventures. These issues will aid future analyses of regional connections between and landscapes of slavery, U.S. national expansion, other large Mississippian villages, and broader cottage-industry, and agriculture. connections to the wider Mississippian world. Weinstein, Rich (Coastal Environments, Inc.) [28] Watts-Malouchos, Elizabeth L. (see Betzenhauser, Panelist Alleen) Wells, Joshua J. (see Anderson, David G.) Watts-Malouchos, Elizabeth L. (see Noack Myers, Kelsey) Wescott, Kimberly (University of South Carolina, [email protected]) Webb, Paul (TRC Environmental Corp., [email protected]), Matt Wilkerson [1] 17th and 18th Century Chickasaw Households and Communities (NCDOT), Tasha Benyshek (TRC Environmental Corp.), Bruce Idol (TRC Environmental Corp.), Building on previous Chickasaw research and and Michael Nelson (TRC Environmental Corp.) settlement pattern studies, this paper will address

99 71st Annual Meeting, Greenville, South Carolina households and household organization during the the results of that research, explores the range of 17th and 18th centuries in Chickasaw communities materials recovered at Windrush, and places the located near present-day Tupelo, MS. Multiple site within larger regional Middle Woodland lines of evidence will be incorporated into this cultural dynamics. study including ethnohistoric accounts, West, Allen (see LeCompte, Malcolm A.) archaeological data, and spatial data to explore patterns in the distribution of household-related Whyte, Thomas (Appalachian State University, artifacts, midden pits, and other architectural [email protected]), and C. Clifford Boyd, Jr. features. Using these multiple lines of evidence, (Radford University) this paper will explore the relationship between households, kinship, and identity in Chickasaw [13] Dating the Native Occupation of Plum Grove, communities situated within the physical, political, Northeastern Tennessee and cultural landscape. Plum Grove, a multicomponent archaeological site Wescott, Kimberly A. (see Lieb, Brad R.) covering approximately 15 ha of a floodplain of the Nolichucky River in northeastern Tennessee has Wesler, Kit (Murray State University, been identified as possibly the site of Guasili [email protected]) visited by de Soto in 1540. A late prehistoric occupation is identified by three radiocarbon dates [35] Defining Culture Area in the Era of GIS: on wood charcoal associated with Pisgah series Mississippian and Medieval Christendom pottery. Four radiocarbon dates on burnt structural Many of us introduce the concept of remains and two optically-stimulated “Mississippian” by three characteristics—corn luminescence dates recently obtained from Qualla agriculture, shell-tempered pottery, platform and Dallas series sherds indicate that the most mounds—accompanied by a map of the recent native occupation represents a burned Mississippian culture area. In fact, the usual map community dating to the mid-seventeenth century. and definition are incompatible. GIS should allow Wild, Ken (see Doering, Travis F.) for a better map, but will require a different definition for the mapping parameters, for example Wilkerson, Matt (see Webb, Paul) the distribution of ceremonial/administrative centers (platform mound sites). Medieval Wilkinson, Joseph E. (South Carolina Institute of Christendom can be defined and mapped in a very Archaeology and Anthropology, similar way: via the spatial distribution of [email protected]) ceremonial/administrative centers. This also [29] Across the Coastal Plain: Looking at Early Archaic allows comparison to historical definitions of Hafted Bifaces by Raw Material and Geography Medieval Christendom, which provides lessons for understanding the Mississippian culture area. The Early Archaic is defined by the widespread use of notched hafted bifaces over a 2,000 year Wesson, Cameron (Lehigh University, span. A variety of types are recognized based on [email protected]), and Marisa Fontana (North side, corner, and basal notching. The southern Central College) Coastal Plain of South Carolina between the [8] The Archaeology of Windrush Farm: A Middle Savannah and Congaree and Santee Rivers has Woodland Cobbs Swamp Site in Central Alabama been little studied for the presence of the Early Archaic. Large private collections comprising a Archaeological research at the Windrush Farm site transect between these rivers reveals interesting in Elmore County, Alabama revealed the presence variation in hafted biface morphology and raw of a compact, single component Cobbs Swamp materials. Analysis of raw materials suggests occupation. Investigations by University of Illinois changes in settlement strategies through time at field schools in 2001 and 2002 resulted reflecting the roles of major rivers and the inter- in a large horizontal exposure of the site, revealing riverine zones. several distinct activity areas and the remnants of two domestic structures. This poster summarizes

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Williams, Mark (Department of Anthropology, [email protected]), and Alesia Hoyle University of Georgia, [email protected]) (Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research) [26] One Last Beaver Paper [37] Riches or Resources: A Comparison of Historic Artifacts from a Rural Farmstead Site in Mississippi The importance of beaver in creating wetlands of and an Urban Site in Tennessee vital importance to prehistoric people in the eastern U.S. has consistently been ignored or under Tennessee Valley Archaeological Research appreciated. In this paper I discuss some of the conducted extensive excavations at both 22KE716, diverse implications for placing beaver-human a rural site in Kemper County, Mississippi, and interactions prominently back into our 40KN334, an urban site in downtown Knoxville, understanding of the Early Archaic through the Tennessee. Both sites show evidence of occupation Mississippian periods. Specifically, I use LiDAR during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. For data in the Georgia Piedmont to estimate the this poster, findings are summarized that amount of wetland environments lost following illuminate possible demographic disparities related the virtual extinction of the beaver in the 18th to environmental locations, necessities, and century. The totality of lost beaver wetlands likely availability during this time period in the surpassed all other currently recognized inland southeastern United States. wetland habitats in the eastern U.S. Wright, Pierce (see Jones, Eric) Williams, Mark [14] Discussant Yerka, Stephen J. (University of Tennessee, Williamston, Shabria (see Anderson, C [email protected]), Daniel Brock (University of Broughton) Tennessee), Palmyra Moore (University of Tennessee), and D. Shane Miller (Mississippi State Witt, Kelsey E. (see Noack Myers, Kelsey) University) Wolbach, Wendy S. (see LeCompte, Malcolm A.) [13] Application and Reason in Southeastern Wright, Alice P. (Appalachian State University, Archaeology over the Last Score [email protected]) Students of Professor Gerald F. Schroedl over the [36] Sacred Geology: Mica and Crystal Quartz Crafting last two decades have had the opportunity to in Middle Woodland Appalachia access and apply advanced technologies to archaeological research at Southeastern sites Ohio Hopewell assemblages are characterized by ranging from the Paleoindian to the Historic exquisitely crafted ceremonial objects that index Period. With guidance from a teacher with four faraway places and peoples. These include artifacts decades of experience in Southeastern archaeology, made of mica and crystal quartz – raw materials these students were presented unique access to the acquired from the southern Appalachian application of archaeology and the changing Mountains. New evidence from the Garden Creek nature of its theory and methodology in the site in North Carolina indicates that these materials southeastern U.S. The research presented in this were not only mined in this region, but also crafted paper shows how applied archaeology, non- at nearby earthworks. These findings demand invasive techniques and multiple lines of evidence revisions to extant models of Hopewellian raw are incorporated into an archaeology that material procurement and craft production, and integrates reason, outreach and community. suggest that the extraction of ritually potent raw materials from the earth involved direct Yerka, Stephen J. (see Anderson, David G.) interactions and mediation between local and Yon, Caroline (East Tennessee State University, foreign communities. [email protected]) Wright, Alice P. (see Meyers, Maureen) [36] Analysis of Middle Woodland Ceramics from the Wright, Katherine (Tennessee Valley Big Creek Shell Pit Site, a Possible Hopewell-Related Archaeological Research, Site

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Excavations at the Big Creek Shell Pit site in archaeological work conducted and how this Tennessee revealed pottery sherds from multiple information is being used to interpret the cultural vessels from a single feature and several artifacts landscape of Hampton Plantation. which appear to be affiliated with Hopewell. A Young, Stacey (see Norris, Sean) luminescence date of A.D. 410 is appropriate for Hopewell, however, a radiocarbon date of A.D. Younger-Mertz, Stewart (University of Oklahoma, 540-620 postdates traditional Hopewell temporal [email protected]), Jack Manuel boundaries. The site may represent a remnant of (University of North Texas), Tilo Reinert Hopewell culture that has lingered past Hopewell (University of North Texas), Szabolcs Szilasi itself or a regional trade network independent of (University of North Texas), Scott Hammerstedt Hopewell. I discuss the analysis of the Big Creek (Oklahoma Archaeological Survey), and Gary Shell Pit site ceramics and new radiocarbon dates Glass (University of North Texas) which accompany them. [40] Ion Beam Analysis and Caddo Archaeology Young, Christopher K. (Eastern New Mexico University, [email protected]), and M. Particle-induced x-ray emission (PIXE) analysis Steven Shackley (Director, Geoarchaeological XRF was applied to Ozarks chert artifacts from the Reed Laboratory, Albuquerque, NM) site, a Mississippian site in northeastern Oklahoma. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the [28] Travelin’ Rhyolite: Sourcing Lithic Raw Material suitability of PIXE for provenance studies of in Relation to the Johannes Kolb Archaeological Site Ozarks chert based on its ability to (1) discriminate (38DA75) chert from different geological formations, (2) This study used X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to identify discrete groups of artifacts from the same determine the provenance of porphyritic rhyolite geological formation, and (3) evaluate the debitage and stone tools recovered from the elemental heterogeneity of individual artifacts. The Johannes Kolb site in Darlington County, South results suggest PIXE would be a powerful tool for Carolina. Our analysis included samples of future Ozarks chert research. Current and future porphyritic rhyolite river cobbles from the nearby applications of ion beam methods in Caddo Great Pee Dee River to determine whether Early archaeology are also discussed. Archaic occupants of the Kolb site used local Zierden, Martha (Charleston Museum, material to manufacture stone tools. Based on our [email protected]), Nicholas samples, the Kolb site debitage and stone tools Butler (Charleston County Public Library), and come from two different sources that exhibit Katherine Pemberton (Historic Charleston similar macroscopic attributes. Foundation) Young, Christopher K. (see Norris, Sean) [38] For Defense and Trade: The Walled City of Charleston Young, Stacey (South Carolina State Parks, [email protected]) Fearing the settlement’s position “in the very chap of the Spaniard,” English settlers of Charleston, [20] Archaeology and Interpretation of Hampton Plantation State Historic Site South Carolina, enclosed sixty acres of high ground in walls of brick and earth. As the Spanish Hampton Plantation is one of the few early threat diminished and the port expanded, eighteenth century homes and rice plantations fortifications were abandoned and demolished. along the South Santee River in South Carolina This defensive feature is invisible, in both the open to the public. Hampton had its beginnings in landscape and the imagination. The Walled City 1735 when Daniel Horry Sr. acquired 200 acres of Task Force is charged with research, excavation, land along Wambaw Creek. Since its inception as a interpretation, and exhibition of the walled city. A State Park in 1971, archaeological investigations major excavation project in 2009 became a catalyst have identified features and artifacts which for subsequent discoveries, public and private. provide insight into the growth and development This paper reviews those projects, and describes of the plantation. This paper will discuss the current interpretation of the walled city.

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Zych, Lauren (University of Chicago, [email protected]) [15] Frenchman, Creole, Indian, Slave: The Development and Transformation of Intercultural Relations in Colonial New Orleans New Orleans has been a hotbed of cultural interaction since its founding in 1718. Although certain aspects of this interaction can be inferred from contemporary studies of Creole culture, the initial contacts and exchanges that culminated in biological and cultural melding remain poorly understood. Utilizing data from five archaeological sites in the French Quarter, this paper presents historical and material evidence for group interaction during the eighteenth century. A comparative, diachronic analysis of the evidence suggests that the complex relationships of the colonial period cannot be understood with a single interpretive model, as they varied significantly over time and place.

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