Journal of the Royal Society of Western , 102: 98–133, 2019

The conservation significance of the biota of Barrow Island,

A. JASMYN J. LYNCH 1*, Robert J.S. BEETON 2 & PENELOPE GREENSLADE 3,4

1 Molonglo Conservation Group, Fyshwick ACT 2609, Australia 2 School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia Qld 4072, Australia 3 Centre for Environmental Management, School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Ballarat Vic. 3353, Australia

4 Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Acton ACT 2601, Australia * Corresponding author:  [email protected]; [email protected] Abstract

Offshore islands are often important in conservation because of the presence of locally endemic and for acting as refuges for native wildlife from the impacts of invasive species and inappropriate development. Barrow Island, a small, semi-arid island off the coast of north- western Australia, has maintained the integrity of its terrestrial and aquatic biota despite sporadic incursions by invasive species and the operation of commercial oil extraction and liquified natural gas processing for over 50 years. We collate information from a wide range of sources to provide a framework to inform the ongoing management of the terrestrial and aquatic fauna and flora species that have conservation significance on the island. These include endemic flora and fauna; species listed as threatened by state, national and international authorities; species that are rare or extinct in other parts of their original range; species of biogeographic significance; and migratory and marine fauna of national and international significance. In addition, Barrow Island has been of value in acting as a source area for translocations of vulnerable and endangered mammal species that have been eradicated in other parts of their range. The many species with conservation significance and their use in successful translocation programs demonstrates the island’s national and international importance for conservation. In addition, Barrow Island provides exemplary opportunities for research on effective co-management of development and conservation, on mitigation and prevention of the invasion and impacts of exotic species, and on the influence of historical biogeographic processes on the distributions and evolution of biota.

Keywords: island conservation, endemism, rarity, migratory fauna, invasive species, biogeography

Manuscript received 11 October 2018; accepted 9 September 2019

INTRODUCTION (Phillip Island, Victoria; Burrup, Western Australia; Fig. 1) are connected to the mainland by artificial causeways. Barrow Island (20°47′52.8″S, 115 24′21.6″E; Fig. 1) off the During periods of lower sea-levels, they were separated coast of north-west Western Australia is one of Australia’s from the mainland by coastal plains, mudflats or swamps most important island sanctuaries. Its significance has (Kirkwood & Johnston 2006; Stankowski & Johnson 2014). long been recognised with its declaration in 1910 as a Likewise, there are more species on Barrow Island ‘Class A’ Nature Reserve, the highest level of protection than on various other offshore arid or semi-arid islands available under Western Australian legislation. Although of similar size (Main & Yadav, 1971; Table 3). Endemic this small, semi-arid continental island covers just 236 species, subspecies and forms have developed on the 2 km and is located 56 km offshore, it has many resident island (Buckley 1983; Driskell et al. 2002) but inbreeding and migratory taxa of conservation significance, and a depression has been detected in some taxa (Eldridge et relatively high diversity of terrestrial fauna and flora. al. 2004). Only 11 (2%) of 512 Australian islands contain more mammal species than Barrow Island and most (9) of Conservation and development co-exist on Barrow those 11 islands are larger in area (Abbott & Burbidge Island. Commercial oil-production industry began on the 1995; Burbidge & Abbott 2017; Tables 1, 2). Three smaller island in 1964 and in 2009 liquefied natural gas (LNG) islands with the same or more native mammals than processing facilities were established to process gas from Barrow Island are located much closer to the mainland. the Gorgon reservoir, 70 km to the north-west of the Of these, Augustus Island (Fig. 1) lies within 6 km of island (Fig. 1). Ongoing expansion of sub-sea gas drilling Western Australia’s mainland, whereas the other two and transfer infrastructure from the Gorgon gas fields will sustain the LNG project for a lifespan of 40 years (Chevron 2018). Multi-purpose land-use on the island has been enabled by a strict quarantine and environmental management programme with regular surveillance and © Royal Society of Western Australia 2019 monitoring for invasive species (Burbidge 1999; Burbidge

A.J.J. Lynch et al.: Conservation significance of Barrow Island biota

Elevation (m) 400 300 200 100 20° 0 –20 Gorgon –50 gasfield MONTEBELLO –100 ISLANDS –200 elago –500 Hermite I er Archip –1000 Dampi rrup LOWENDAL IS u –2000 B Varanus I Dampier Peninsula BARROW Boomerang I ISLAND Karratha 50 km F L E Boodie I H 21° S

T S E Airlie I W

H T Thevenard I R O N Onslow

Exmouth Area 22°

Bigge l Exmouth Augustus l Gulf Rowley Shoals Kimberley

Doole I Pilbara o Reef World Heritage Carnarvon Cape Range Shark Bay

Ningalo

Perth Figure 1. The location 114° 115° 116° 500 km of Barrow Island within Western Australia.

& Manly 2002; Greenslade et al. 2013a, 2013b; Scott et the state authority in which the nature reserve is vested al. 2017). The recent opening of a university science (Conservation Commission of Western Australia 2003), the centre on the island will support further research into Western Australian Environmental Protection Authority environmental protection and industrial development in (2009), and a former senior state government scientist fragile ecosystems (Perera 2018). (ABC Radio National 2009). Stringent environmental Like Barrow Island, other areas of Western Australia conditions were imposed on the developers (Chevron, are subject to rapid development for extraction and ExxonMobil and Shell), including quarantine controls export of mineral and gas resources. For example, on all materials and personnel travelling to the island, several major offshore LNG projects have commenced in regular surveillance for exotic species, and a requirement recent years (Environmental Protection Authority 2007; for compliance with over 20 environmental management Government of Western Australia 2017). The petroleum plans. Additional commitments from the developers industry is the state’s second-most economically included conservation undertakings worth approximately valuable industry and offshore LNG is the most valuable AUD$150 million and funding to enable Department petroleum product, accounting in 2017 for $14.9 billion of Environment and Conservation staff to be based on (Government of Western Australia 2017). The North the island for management of any impacts on marine West Shelf, where Barrow lsland is located, produces conservation over the life of the project (Department of approximately 59% of the state’s oil and 93% of its gas State Development 2009). (Department of Environment and Conservation 2006). The agreement of the consortium reflects the high The establishment of LNG processing facilities on economic value of the regional LNG reserves but Barrow Island required approval from the Western also Barrow Island’s high national and international Australian and Australian governments. Approvals conservation significance. The flora and fauna (except were granted in 2007 and 2009, despite opposition from for some invertebrate groups) were well known because

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Table 1 Australian islands with equivalent or greater number of extant (and extinct) native and exotic or introduced mammals compared to Barrow Island, ranked by area (data from Abbott & Burbidge 1995; Burbidge & Abbott 2017).

Island Area (ha) No. native species No. non-native species

Phillip Island, Vic* 10 116 16 (+1 extinct) 10 (1 now absent) Burrup (Murujuga, Dampier Is), WA* 11 804 15 (+1 extinct) 5 Moreton Island, Qld 17 021 10 5 Bigge Island, WA 17 128 9 0 Bribie Island, Qld 17 500 12 2 Augustus Island, WA 18 929 13 0 Barrow Island, WA 23 569 13 2 (2 eradicated) North Stradbroke Island, Qld 26 344 17 3 Vanderlin Island, NT 27 690 11 5 Hinchinbrook Island, Qld 31 756 18 4 (2 now absent) Bruny Island, Tas 36 735 15 8 (1 now absent) Cape Barren, Tas 46 220 9 (+2 extinct) 5 King Island, Tas 109 100 13 (+4 extinct) 9 Flinders Island, Tas 135 900 15 (+2 extinct) 8 (1 now absent) Bathurst Island, NT 169 300 14 3 Fraser Island, Qld 165 280 2 3 (1 now absent) Groote Eylandt, NT 228 500 28 1 Kangaroo Island, SA 442 000 18 (+4 extinct) 13 (3 now absent) Melville Island, NT 578 000 21 4 Tasmania 6 452 000 33 (+1 extinct) 12

*Burrup and Phillip Island are coastal islands linked to the mainland by causeways. Burrup is also connected at low tide. Bigge Island is about 6 km offshore of sponsorship from the Western Australian Petroleum to the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and Exploration Company, which has operated oil wells over Environmental Review and Management Programme the southern part of the island since 1964. However, (Draft EIS/ERMP; see Chevron Australia, 2005) prepared intermittent surveys of fauna have been undertaken for the federal Department of the Environment and only since 1991; e.g. sampling of the stygofauna (aquatic Heritage and the Western Australian Environmental fauna living within groundwater systems) and troglobitic Protection Authority. The EIS documented the known fauna (air-breathing subterranean fauna living in caves, biological and physical resources of the island, including cavities and fractured rock; Humphreys et al. 2013). The the vegetation, floristics, vertebrate fauna, cave fauna government response to Chevron Australia’s (2005) draft (troglophytes and stygofauna), invertebrates, and marine environmental impact statement was that extensive flora and fauna. surveys would be undertaken and they should include This article provides an updated evaluation of the invertebrates. This has led to over 2000 new records of conservation significance and management approach species and new taxa being described. implemented for Barrow Island and its nearshore Broader inventories of the natural resources of environments based on the species present and their the island, assembled as part of the Gorgon LNG state and national conservation status. Our objective development approval process, contributed is to collate information from a wide range of sources

Table 2 The number of native and exotic mammals on islands in north and north-western Australia of similar size (10 000–60 000 ha) to Barrow Island (NT and WA data from Abbott & Burbidge 1995; WA data also from Burbidge & Abbott 2017).

Island Area (ha) No. native species No. exotic species

Burrup (Murujuga, Dampier Is), WA* 11 804 15 (+1 extinct) 5 West Sir Ed Pellow, NT 13 373 5 0 Bigge Island, WA 17 128 9 0 Augustus Island, WA 18 929 13 0 Marchinbar Island, NT 21 190 9 0 Barrow Island, WA 23 569 13 2 (eradicated) Elcho Island, NT 26 950 8 3 Vanderlin Island, NT 27 690 11 5 Croker Island, NT 31 000 1 6 Dirk Hartog Island, WA 58 640 5 (+10 extinct) 6 (2 now absent)

*Burrup is a coastal island in the Dampier Archipelago connected to the mainland at low tide and by a road and rail causeway built in the mid-1960s

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Table 3 Numbers of native and endemic plant taxa on various islands with arid or semi-arid vegetation.

Island Region Area No. native taxa Reference (km2) (no. endemic)

St Helena Angola–Namibian coast, Africa 122 70 (49) Rowlands (no date) Isla Santa Maria Galapagos Islands 171 258 van der Werff (1983) Sal Cape Verde Islands 216 147 Duarte et al. (2008) São Vicente Cape Verde Islands (Macaronesia) 227 296 Duarte et al. (2008) Barrow North-western Australia 234 406 (2) Chevron Australia (2005) Maio Cape Verde Islands 269 220 Duarte et al. (2008) El Hierro Canary Islands (Macaronesia) 269 426 Fernández-Palacios & Andersson (2000) Dirk Hartog North-western Australia 596 300 Abbott (1978) Isla San Cristóbal Galapagos Islands 552 291 van der Werff (1983) as a reference for ongoing management of this and Australia Migratory Agreement), or as protected other Australian islands that require multi-purpose marine or cetacean species; the International Union for management for conservation and development. Other Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of threatened small island nature reserves in north-western Australia species; and the Convention on International Trade in (i.e. Thevenard Island, Airlie Island, Varanus Island; Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). Fig. 1) also support oil and gas production facilities, and Comparison was also made (on 31 August 2018) with drilling for gas has been approved only 50 km from the protected listed on the Western Australian Fish Ningaloo Reef World Heritage Area (Fig. 1; ‘Shell drilling Resources Management Regulations 1995 Schedule 2 Parts permit for Ningaloo Reef approved’ 2011). Successful 1–3, which is under the Fish Resources Management Act management of industry within environmentally 1994. important areas depends on comprehensive, current knowledge of environmental values and management of the risks and potential impacts on these values within OVERVIEW OF THE ISLAND’S a precautionary scientific approach (Greenslade et al. GEOGRAPHY AND BIOTA 2013a). We further comment on the importance of the island as a resource for research on co-management Barrow Island is a continental island situated 56 km of development and conservation, mitigation and offshore. It is located near the edge of the continental prevention of the invasion and impacts of exotic species, shelf, regionally (115–122°E) termed the North West Shelf and the influence of historical biogeographic processes on (Fig. 1). This broad submarine limestone shelf has chains the distribution patterns and evolution of regional biotic of islands emerging roughly parallel to the mainland assemblages. coast. Of these, Barrow Island, the Montebello Islands and nearby Lowendal Islands are the largest and farthest offshore (Chevron Australia 2005). This island complex Methods includes over 315 low islands, islets and rocky stacks composed of limestone and cross-bedded sandstones The available literature on the terrestrial, subterranean (Department of Environment and Conservation 2006). and nearshore marine biota of Barrow Island was During Quaternary high sea-level phases, such as at reviewed. This included the Gorgon development present, the islands are isolated from the mainland by EIS (Chevron Australia 2005) and published scientific a shallow (0−20 m deep) intervening ocean. However, literature. The NatureMap database 1 (Western Australian during periods of lower sea levels, the islands are Department of Parks and Wildlife) also was used to connected to the mainland across an exposed swampy identify species present on Barrow Island. Lists of coastal plain (Veth et al. 2017). Archaeological evidence taxa were compared to their status as rare, threatened indicates that Indigenous people lived on Barrow Island or protected taxa (as of 21–24 August 2018) under from around 51–46 ka until about 7 ka, when rising current biodiversity conservation legislation and sea-levels caused the ultimate isolation of the island conventions. These were the Western Australian from the mainland (Veth et al. 2017). The first evidence Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 and the Department of of European awareness of the island is its inclusion on Environment and Conservation’s Threatened Flora a Dutch navigational chart from 1628 (Moro & Lagdon Rankings for rare or priority ; the Australian 2013). Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Barrow Island is 25 km long and 10 km wide, and Act 1999 (EPBC Act) using the SPRAT database 2 for rises to a maximum of 62 m above sea level (Department taxa listed as threatened, as protected migratory of Environment and Conservation 2006). It is composed species (i.e. under the Bonn Convention, the Japan– primarily of limestone outcrops and deposits overlain Australia Migratory Bird Agreement, the –Australia by sands and gravels, with extensive rock platforms and Migratory Bird Agreement, and the Republic of Korea– rocky headlands on the west and east coasts (Chevron Australia 2005). The local climate is semi-arid and seasonally wet, with a mean annual rainfall of 306 mm but 1 https://naturemap.dbca.wa.gov.au/ high inter-annual variability (Bureau of Meteorology 2011). 2 http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl

101 Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 102, 2019

There are 34 vegetation types on the island (Mattiske of priority species (Appendix 1, Table 1; see Appendix & Associates 1993), comprised primarily of coastal and 2 for a full list of taxa referred to in this paper). The inland arid zone plants (Buckley 1983). These include 406 island has been an important source for repopulating native species and 14 introduced vascular mammal species that have declined or become extinct plants (Chevron Australia 2005). The marine flora elsewhere. As part of the environmental offset programs, includes and seagrasses, macro- and micro- a few threatened mammal species and two bird species algae, and samphire plants in isolated, sheltered pockets have been translocated from Barrow Island to other in the upper intertidal zone (Department of Environment Western Australian islands (Table 4). Bettongia lesueur was and Conservation 2006). translocated to the Montebello Island group and Faure The terrestrial fauna includes 14 land mammals Island in Shark Bay, and also reintroduced to Boodie (including two bats), 128 terrestrial and migratory bird Island near Barrow Island (Burbidge & Abbott 2017). species, 43 terrestrial species, one frog species, 37 Similarly, there have been two conservation translocations subterranean vertebrates and invertebrates, and over 2200 of Isoodon auratus from Barrow Island (reintroduction to terrestrial invertebrates (Chevron Australia 2005; Callan Hermite Island, Montebello Island group; translocation et al. 2011; Moro & Lagdon 2013; Burbidge & Abbott to Doole Island, Exmouth Gulf; Fig. 1) and a reinvasion 2017). The marine fauna includes mammals (e.g. whales, of the nearby Boomerang Island (Fig. 1) after the species dolphins, dugong), waterbirds, sea turtles, sea , was eliminated during the eradication of Black rats , and a diversity of lesser known vertebrate and in 1983. Lagorchestes conspicillatus was reintroduced invertebrate species (Department of Environment and from Barrow Island to Hermite Island after its local Conservation 2006). extinction (Burbidge & Abbott 2017, suppl. material; Table 4). Three species (I. auratus, B. lesueur, Trichosurus There are 22 confirmed or putative non-indigenous vulpecula subsp. arnhemensis) have been translocated to invertebrates recorded from the island but currently no the mainland, with Water rats (Hydromys chrysogaster) non-indigenous vertebrates (Chevron Australia 2005; under consideration (Department of Environment and Callan et al. 2011). Barrow Island has been invaded in Conservation 2010, 2011; Table 4). Chevron’s Threatened the past by mice (Mus musculus; at least four times) and Species Translocation and Reintroduction Program Black rats (Rattus rattus) but both species were eradicated was valued at $10 million over 12 years (Department of (Burbidge and Abbott 2017, suppl. material). The absence Environment and Conservation 2011). of exotic vertebrates means that several mammal species are present that have been predated or out-competed on Many of the island’s and birds are of the mainland and some other offshore islands (Main & conservation significance. There are distinct races or Yadav 1971; Burbidge & Abbott 2017). evolutionary significant units in some reptile species and the non-migratory avifauna that may have developed Barrow Island lies within the Montebello–Barrow with the isolation of the island (Chevron Australia 2005). Island marine conservation reserve, comprising the A subspecies of and a blind appear to be Montebello Islands Marine Park (58 331 ha), Barrow endemic to the island, and the blind snake is listed as a Island Marine Park (4169 ha) and Barrow Island Marine priority species (Appendix 1, Table 1; see ‘Subterranean Management Area (114 693 ha). The reserve is in the fauna’). There is also an endemic subspecies of bird Pilbara Offshore marine bioregion (Department of (Malurus leucopterus edouardi, White-winged fairy wren) Environment and Conservation 2006). which is the most genetically distinct race within the Barrow Island Nature Reserve was listed on Australia’s species (Driskell et al. 2002), and which is listed as Register of the National Estate in 1978 followed by vulnerable nationally and in Western Australia. The land the marine area in 2000. However, the Register of the bird assemblage is depauperate, with only 16 of the 51 National Estate was removed from the Environment land bird species being residents or regular migrants. Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 on 19 However, non-migratory birds on the island (e.g. Bar- February 2012 and neither the island nor the marine shouldered dove Geopelia humeralis, Singing area is on Australia’s current Commonwealth Heritage Gavicalis virescens, Spinifexbird Eremiornis carteri) are List 3. However, the island retains its Western Australian assumed to have diverged genetically from mainland status and is subject to an intensive protection regime populations (Chevron Australia 2005). implemented by the State and petroleum interests. Twelve of the island’s birds are classified as threatened in Western Australia; two as endangered, nine as vulnerable and one as a priority species. Nine of these CONSERVATION VALUES state-listed birds are also classified as threatened under the federal EPBC Act although only with partial overlap Terrestrial vertebrate fauna between the state and national classifications. Four birds are classified nationally as critically endangered, two as Barrow Island is one of Australia’s most important endangered, and three as . A total of 43 mammal refuges and conservation areas. Four mammal birds are categorised under the EPBC Act as migratory subspecies and one island form are endemic to the island; taxa and 63 as protected marine species, with some of six species are listed as threatened under state or national these birds also being listed as threatened at state or legislation or both; and one species is on the state list national level. In relation to international conservation listings and conventions, five birds are classified as threatened (four endangered, one vulnerable) and seven as near threatened by the IUCN, with three birds listed 3 http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/places/commonwealth- heritage-list (viewed 15 September 2018) on CITES schedule 2 (Appendix 1, Table 1).

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Table 4 Conservation translocations of mammals and birds from Barrow Island to other WA islands and the mainland (from Burbidge & Abbott 2017, suppl. material; DEC 2010, 2011).

Animal Translocation site Region Intervention

Bettongia lesueur (Barrow Island Alpha Island Montebello Islands 40 translocated in 2011 burrowing bettong) B. lesueur Faure Island Shark Bay 36 animals translocated in 1993 and 17 in 2002 B. lesueur Boodie Island Barrow Island group 36 animals reintroduced in 1993 after eradication in 1985–88 probably due to poisoning from rodenticide. Now common B. lesueur Lorna Glen Northern Goldfields 65 animals translocated in 2010 Isoodon auratus (Barrow Island Hermite Island Montebello Islands 161 animals reintroduced in 2010 after their local golden bandicoot) eradication between 1912 and 1950 I. auratus Doole Island Exmouth Gulf 92 animals translocated in 2010 and 2011 I. auratus Boomerang Island Barrow Island group Reinvasion from Barrow Island I. auratus Lorna Glen Northern Goldfields 164 animals translocated in 2010 Lagorchestes conspicillatus Hermite Island Montebello Islands 111 animals reintroduced in 2010 after local (Barrow Island spectacled extinction between 1912 and 1950 hare-wallaby) Trichosurus vulpecula ssp. Cape Range South of Exmouth, 104 animals translocated in 2010 arnhemensis (Northern brushtail National Park Pilbara possum) Eremiornis carteri (Spinifex bird) Hermite Island Montebello Islands Reintroduction in 2010 with 35 birds and restocking in 2011 with 12 birds Malurus leucopterus edouardi Hermite Island Montebello Islands Reintroduction in 2010 with 27 birds and (Barrow Island black and restocking in 2011 with 10 birds white fairy wren)

Barrow Island is a significant staging post for appendix C3; Bamford & Moro 2011; Appendix 1, southward migrating birds, a destination site, and Table 1). Barrow Island supports over 1% of the species’ a staging site for many migratory species (Chevron population in the EAAF for the trans-equatorial Australia 2005). Some migrant species rest on the island migratory waders: Grey-tailed tattler, Ruddy turnstone, in the non-breeding summer season whereas other Red-necked stint (Calidris ruficollis), Greater sand birds ‘over-winter’ on the island (Chevron Australia ( leschenaultii) and Lesser sand plover 2005). The island supports large numbers of waders and (C. mongolus). It meets the staging criterion of at least waterbirds, including some species such as the Ruddy 0.25% of a species’ population during southward or turnstone (Arenaria interpres) and Bar-tailed godwit northward seasonal migrations for eight migratory (Limosa lapponica) that have declined over the last 30 years waders: Red-necked stint, Bar-tailed Godwit, Grey-tailed (Bamford & Moro 2011). There are 50 species of marine tattler, Ruddy turnstone, Greater sand plover, Common littoral avifauna on the island (Chevron Australia 2005). greenshank (Tringa nebularia), Lesser sand plover and The island has been designated an Important Bird Sanderling (Calidris alba) (Chevron Australia 2005; Area (IBA) under the Birdlife International programme Bamford & Moro 2011). due to its importance to migratory waders traversing via The island is regionally significant for containing the East Asian–Australasian Flyway (EAAF; Chevron 2.4 – 6.6% of the known populations of three migratory Australia 2005 appendix C3; Bamford & Moro 2011). species (Grey-tailed tattler, Ruddy turnstone, Red-necked Because of its importance for seven migratory waders, the stint) and at least 1% of the global population of the island ranks equal tenth among the 147 significant sites in Red-necked stint (Chevron Australia 2005, appendix Australia for migratory waders, the fifth most important C3; Bamford & Moro 2011; Appendix 1, Table 1). There for the Grey-tailed tattler (Tringa brevipes) and fourth most are also significant populations of two non-migratory important for the Ruddy turnstone (Bamford & Moro birds: the Fairy tern (Sterna nereis) which moves only 2011). locally, and the northern race (opthalmicus) of the Sooty The island also qualifies as an internationally (Haematopus fuliginosus) which is an island significant migratory wader site under the Ramsar resident (Chevron Australia 2005; Appendix 1, Table 1). Convention. It meets the 1% of EAAF population threshold for five species, the staging threshold of Marine vertebrate fauna supporting 0.25% of populations for eight species during Marine vertebrates of conservation significance found seasonal migrations, and a 1% of global population on or near Barrow Island include cetaceans, sea turtles, threshold for one species (Chevron Australia 2005 sharks and sygnathids (, sea-dragons and

103 Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 102, 2019 ). All 40 species of cetaceans likely to be present A few well-studied taxa, generally few in species, in the area (Appendix 1, Table 1) are protected under vagile or of possible economic importance, are relatively the EPBC Act. Three species of turtle regularly nest on well known. For instance, all species of the Odonata (four Barrow Island (Green turtles Chelonia mydas; Flatback species), Embiidina (one species) and Isoptera (27 species) turtles Natator depressus, Hawksbill turtles Eretmochelys can be named and are widespread (Callan et al. 2011; imbricata), whereas occasional nesting by Loggerhead Jones 2013). However, in some groups, the percentage of turtles (Caretta caretta) has been recorded and another described species is low and the knowledge of endemism three species are likely to be present near the island and conservation status is poor. This reflects the species (Appendix 1, Table 1; Department of Environment and richness of these groups, a paucity of older and more Conservation 2006). The Western Australian Hawksbill regionally extensive surveys, and limited taxonomic population is the largest remaining in the . expertise. All Australian sea turtles are protected under state and The Gorgon development EIS (Chevron Australia 2005) national conservation legislation, by the Bonn Convention identified 22 terrestrial invertebrate taxa as endemic to for the protection of migratory animals and under CITES Barrow Island and one marine invertebrate as restricted Schedule 1 (Appendix 1, Table 1). All waters within a to sand bars in the Montebello–Lowendal–Barrow Island 20 km radius of Barrow Island were identified in the region (Appendix 1, Table 2). These taxa are considered to National Recovery Plan for Marine Turtles in Australia be ‘short range endemics’ (SRE; i.e. invertebrates restricted (Environment Australia 2003) as critical habitat for the in range by poor dispersal abilities or opportunities survival of Green turtles. Sharks are protected under that are restricted to areas of less than 10 000 km2; state and national conservation legislation; species that Harvey 2002). Surveys on Barrow Island have found visit the Barrow Island area include the Whale shark over 40 potential SRE taxa, including species of , (Rhincodon typus), Grey nurse shark (Carcharias taurus) pseudoscorpions, centipedes, millipede, scorpions and and Great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias). Two land snails (Chevron Australia 2005). For example, there species of recorded near the island are protected are eight species of and two terrestrial millipedes under national legislation: Spiny seahorse (Hippocampus that are endemic to the island based on current records histrix) and Yellow seahorse (H. kuda) whereas two others (Appendix 1, Table 2). Three species of camaenid land are protected in Western Australia: Leafy seadragon snails (Quistrachia montebelloensis, Rhagada barrowensis, R. (Phycodurus eques) and Common seadragon (Phyllopteryx plicata) found on Barrow Island and nearby islands have taeniolatus). maximum ranges of only 22–70 km (Johnson et al. 2013). In relation to Western Australia’s conservation Less conclusively, there is a terrestrial mollusc legislation, five marine vertebrates found near Barrow that, on current records, is an endemic whereas one Island are listed as endangered, eight as vulnerable, four pseudoscorpion is probably endemic (J. Majer pers. as priority taxa, one as conservation dependent, and two comm. 2011) and seven species of Collembola may be as other specially protected fauna. Five species are listed endemic (Greenslade 2013; see below). Several new as protected fish (Appendix 1, Table 1). Most of these species of silverfish (Heterolepisma parva, Qantelsella taxa are also considered to be threatened nationally; two maculosa, Q. aurantia, Hemitelsella transpectinata (syn. marine vertebrates are listed as critically endangered Acrotelsella transpectinata), Xenolepisma perexiguum) were nationally, five as endangered nationally, and nine as described from specimens collected on Barrow Island vulnerable nationally. Four of the marine vertebrates by Smith (2013, 2015), but he noted that further work is have also been classified by the IUCN as threatened: one needed on the group. Similarly, Mound (2013) referred as critically endangered (Leaf-scaled to a few thrip (Thysanoptera) species only known from foliosquama), one as endangered (Whale shark), and 11 as Barrow Island (Desmothrips barrowi, Gynaikothrips sp., vulnerable; with 24 identified as data deficient. Twenty- Podothrips barrowi) but reasoned that the poor knowledge two marine vertebrates potentially present in the area of the mainland fauna meant that these species could are protected migratory species, 47 are protected marine not be considered yet as endemic to the island. The species, and 52 are listed under CITES. booklouse species Lithoseopsis humphreysi (Psocodea: Amphientomidae) is currently known only from Barrow Terrestrial invertebrates Island and Cape Range (Taylor 2013). In the terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Oniscidea), Judd & Perina (2013) The invertebrate taxa of Barrow Island are an important indicated that at least six of the 18 described species are component of the fauna of the island because of their potential SREs. high species richness and contribution to ecosystem processes (Chevron Australia 2005). However, their More taxonomic studies as well as surveys in the conservation significance cannot be evaluated because Pilbara and Cape Range are required to clarify the true a high proportion are yet to be described. Based on an level of invertebrate endemism. Using the Collembola as intensive survey of terrestrial invertebrates on Barrow an example, they have been intensively collected over a Island from 2005 to 2009, Callan et al. (2011) recorded period of four years in all the island’s habitats, including 1873 species and morphospecies from 321 families the intertidal zone and subterranean habitats. Sampling and 27 orders, of which only 292 are named species. used pitfall traps, sweeping, extraction of soil cores, Majer et al. (2013) estimated 2481 invertebrates are leaf litter samples, emergence traps and yellow pans. present while noting that the fauna varied considerably Collembola abundance is largely dependent on rainfall between seasons, years and even weeks, and with recent and at least one species was only detected after a heavy rainfall as well as with distance from the coast. Further rainfall. Seventy-one species have been distinguished descriptions and reporting on these surveys were collated including 14 species from the marine littoral zone, in Gunawardene et al. (2013). one new generic record (Calx, family Entomobryidae)

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A.J.J. Lynch et al.: Conservation significance of Barrow Island biota for Australia, and two possibly three exotic species A subterranean blind snake (Anilios longissimus syn. (Greenslade 2013). The level of island endemism is low Ramphotyphlops longissimus) was collected in 1995 when with most species probably also present elsewhere in it emerged with well casing that may have punched northern Australia (Greenslade 2013). However, only through a deep cavern (Aplin 1998). The blind snake 25% of the taxa had been described or were from a is known from only one specimen but is extremely known species group (Greenslade 2013). Some taxa (e.g. distinctive and not obviously allied to any other Calx sp. and two intertidal species cf. Kenyura sp. and known taxon (Aplin 1998). It may be the only known Caufrenyllodes sp.) are only known from one location. Two troglobitic reptile globally (Chevron Australia 2005) and species of Drepanura (family Entomobryidae) are endemic is on the state priority species list. Similarly, the millipede to Barrow Island based on current records (Ma et al. Speleostrophus nesiotes is the first known troglobitic 2015; P. Greenslade pers. comm. 2019). At least one, and spiroboloid millipede and is likely to be a short range possibly more, subterranean Collembola is endemic (see endemic restricted to Barrow Island (Chevron Australia ‘Subterranean fauna’ below). 2005; Car et al. 2013). Car et al. (2013) also reported a new Endemism is also low in the ants (Hymenoptera) from species of Haplodesmidae millipede endemic to Barrow Barrow Island. Of the approximately 117 species with Island that is probably troglobitic and likely to be a new 76 named, five may be endemic with four of these being , and an endemic epigean millipede Boreohesperus un-named taxa (Heterick 2013). Similarly, only one of dubitalis. Another notable endemic of Barrow Island 11 species of parasitoid wasps in the genus Elasmus is is the troglobitic scorpion Aops oncodactylus; it is the potentially endemic but again further work is needed on only known troglobitic urodacid, the only one known the wasp fauna of Barrow Island and the Pilbara (Stevens from continental Australia, and its ancestor appears et al. 2013). to represent an early branch in the family Urodacidae (Volschenk & Prendini 2008). Eleven of the stygofauna and two other troglobites on Barrow Island are listed Subterranean fauna under Western Australian legislation as vulnerable The north-western Australian region may contain one species, while the Blind cave gudgeon and Blind cave of the more systematically diverse subterranean faunas eel are also recorded as nationally vulnerable under the globally, with many relict obligate stygofauna and a EPBC Act (Appendix 1, Table 1). considerable level of regional endemism (Eberhard et al. 2005; Humphreys et al. 2013). Sixty-three species Terrestrial flora of stygofauna and 19 troglobitic fauna have been With 406 native plant species (Chevron Australia 2005), documented for Barrow Island (Humphreys et al. 2013). Barrow Island has a relatively high level of species However, there are likely to be more species on the island richness compared to other islands of similar size and as many areas have not been surveyed (Humphreys vegetation type (Table 3). In contrast, tropical islands in et al. 2013). In the Collembola, one endemic species north-eastern Australia have higher rainfall and more Acanthocyrtus barrowensis which lacks pigmentation plant species: Whitsunday Island, Qld (20°15’S 148°58’E, is known but further investigation is needed to assess 109 km2) has 495 species and Hinchinbrook Island, whether this is due to the taxon occupying a subterranean Qld (18°20’S 146°14’E, 399 km2) has 600 plant species habitat or just developing in low light intensity (Batianoff & Dillewaard 1997). (Greenslade unpubl. report). Three other subterranean species (Pseudosinella sp., Megalothorax sp., Cyphoda sp.) The Barrow Island flora does not display as high a level also may be island endemics (Greenslade 2013). of endemism as the vertebrate fauna but is regionally significant because of rare and priority taxa, other taxa Most of the stygofauna are invertebrates, primarily that may be restricted to the island, and many that are at of the phyla Arthropoda and Annelida. The anchialine their limit of range (Chevron Australia 2005). There are amphipod fauna (inhabiting underground waters with two plant forms or variants that are endemic to the island marine influence) is particularly notable for endemicity (Appendix 1, Table 3). These are a variant of with 12 species described from Barrow Island specimens variabilis (Telford et al. 2011) and a dwarf form of (Bradbury & Williams 1996a, 1996b; Bradbury 2002). trudgeniana (Maslin & van Leeuwen 2008). There are also There are two vertebrate stygial taxa (order Chordata): two priority plant taxa on the island (Appendix 1, Table the endemic Blind Cave Gudgeon Milyeringa justitia 3): Helichrysum oligochaetum and Corchorus congener. The that has been only recorded from three bores on Barrow island has 50 species at the northern limit for plants of Island, and a cave synbranchid (Swamp eel) Ophisternon Cape Range and southwards, 122 at the southern limit of sp. which was photographed at one site but not collected range for plants of the Kimberley region, and 193 at the (Larson et al. 2013). The Swamp eel is presumed, at the western limit for plants of the Pilbara region (Chevron moment, to be O. candidum, which is widely distributed Australia 2005, appendix C1 p7 – attachment A). In on Cape Range peninsula and in the west Pilbara region addition, Chevron Australia (2005) referred to five plant (Humphreys et al. 2013). taxa that are of conservation significance on Barrow The most common troglobite on Barrow Island is the Island as they are restricted to creek beds and gullies— schizomid bramstokeri, which is also known habitats that have been reduced locally through human from Cape Range (Chevron Australia 2005; Humphreys disturbance (Appendix 1, Table 3). et al. 2013). Other troglobitic or stygobitic fauna of the island include species of arachnid, pseudoscorpion, Marine flora and invertebrate fauna , isopod, hexapod, millipede and a blind The marine flora generally is widespread, being snake (Aplin 1998; Car et al. 2013; Humphreys et al. 2013; connected with assemblages in the Dampier Archipelago Appendix 1, Table 2). and the Rowley Shoals to the north by the Leeuwin

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Current (Department of Environment and Conservation regressive evolution. Barrow Island and Cape Range 2006; Fig. 1). Most marine flora (and fauna) species in the occur in geologically similar sub-basins within the bioregion are tropical and widely distributed throughout Northern Carnarvon geologic basin. Their thick Mesozoic the Indo-West Pacific region due to natural oceanographic sequences of limestone, claystone, sandstone and links. calcarenite differ from the adjacent onshore parts of the Nevertheless, there may be many endemic and Carnarvon Basin which are dominated by Palaeozoic undescribed species because of habitat diversity strata with a veneer of Mesozoic and Cainozoic sediments (Department of Environment and Conservation 2006). (Hocking et al. 1987). These differ substantially from the Even at a small scale, habitat differentiation (e.g. from volcanic and metamorphic rocks of the Precambrian wave energy) has been shown to influence benthic species Pilbara Craton farther east and north-east on the distributions across the region and specifically between mainland (Hocking et al. 1987). offshore and nearshore assemblages; some intertidal Stygobionts have endured in this semi-arid region molluscan genera (e.g. Conus, Modiolus, Rhinoclavis) because the subsurface habitats provide lower demonstrate this with some species restricted to the west temperatures and relatively stable environmental coast of Barrow Island with congenerics along the east conditions (Bradbury & Williams 1997). Some of the coast (Department of Environment and Conservation amphipod stygofauna on Barrow Island live in waters 2006). Six species of macro-algae have only been recorded with marine influence and are derived from closely from near Barrow Island but the region has not been allied marine ancestors (thalassostygobionts e.g. the systematically surveyed. anchialine troglobite Liagoceradocus). Others occupy A recent study of scleractinian corals found 15 subterranean freshwater habitats but are derived from species not recorded elsewhere in Western Australia and marine ancestors and their ranges overlap with areas of assessed the diversity of corals in the Pilbara vicinity of marine transgressions during the Cretaceous (e.g. many Barrow Island to be significant at regional, national and hadzioids such as Barrow Island’s Nedsia species and international scales (Richards & Rosser 2012). Thirty- Bogidomma genus; Bradbury & Williams 1996a, 1997). The nine coral species in the Barrow–Montebello Island biogeography of the stygofauna, anchialine fauna and assemblage are listed by the IUCN as vulnerable to troglofauna is strongly linked with Gondwana, the Tethys extinction, including one of the locally dominant species, and rainforests, respectively (Humphreys et al. 2013). The Pectinia lactuca (Richards & Rosser 2012; Appendix 1, antiquity of elements of the biota is further indicated by Table 4). The area may provide a high latitude refuge the presence of endemic genera (e.g. Bogidomma) and for these and other coral species from climate change a relict scorpion (Aops oncodactylus), whose ancestor (Richards & Rosser 2012). is believed to belong to an early branch of the family Urodacidae.

Resident terrestrial taxa closely related to Pilbara biota BIOGEOGRAPHIC AFFINITIES This biogeographic pattern is shown by resident The composition of the biota of Barrow Island reflects terrestrial taxa, a few of which have a low level of several biogeographic patterns and the disparate subspecific variation from mainland taxa in the Pilbara evolutionary pathways of its constituent species through and broader region. The fauna, including invertebrates the Quaternary. On a geological timescale, Barrow such as ants for example, is generally a subset of the Island is more typically a land-bridge island and an Pilbara biota, has low endemism and, in the case of extremity of the Australian mainland rather than a birds, is depauperate in species with only 16 of the 51 remote offshore continental island (Fig. 1). The last 2.4 species of terrestrial avifauna being residents or regular Ma of the Quaternary have encompassed over 20 major migrants to the island (Main & Yadav 1971; Chevron climatic fluctuations with the continental shelves exposed Australia 2005; Heterick 2013). Nevertheless, there are at least eight times (Galloway & Kemp 1981; Colhoun & four endemic subspecies and one island form amongst Peterson 1986). Based on modelling of sea levels, Barrow the resident small mammals, and one endemic subspecies Island may have been geographically isolated from the of an epigean (i.e. not subterranean) reptile and of a Australian mainland (i.e. sea levels were up to 20 m non-migratory bird. In addition, two forms or variants lower than present) for only about 25% of the last 500 ka of vascular plants are endemic to the island, and about (Bintanja et al. 2005) or about 14% of the last 150 ka (Grant 30 terrestrial invertebrate taxa are short-range or island et al. 2012). The biogeographic patterns reflect at least endemics. Notably, two closely related species of the three types of species history (see Appendix 1, Table 5). highly vagile family (Diptera) have been recorded, one that is endemic to Barrow Island and Endemic species with close relationships to onshore the other to Cape Range (Bickel 2013). Forty-one species conspecifics or congeners of this family are known from the Pilbara. Bickel (2013) Many subterranean taxa are endemic to Barrow Island surmised that some of the Dolichopodidae distributions and have close relationships with conspecifics or reflect a sweepstake effect of progressive species congeners at Cape Range and to a lesser degree the impoverishment towards the Pilbara of tropical and Pilbara coastal plain (Eberhard et al. 2005, table 1). The monsoonal taxa that are able to persist in protected mesic subterranean fauna of the Barrow Island – Cape Range sites, but also that a widespread richer mid-Tertiary biota – Pilbara coastal region is one of the most biodiverse has since fragmented into isolated pockets. globally, which Bradbury and Williams (1997) attributed Overall, the level of endemism amongst the terrestrial to the stranding of ancestral founder populations taxa of Barrow Island indicates selective pressure on in small discrete subterranean basins followed by resident taxa from intermittent isolation with sea-level

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A.J.J. Lynch et al.: Conservation significance of Barrow Island biota and climatic changes through the Quaternary. Amongst The biota of Barrow Island is significant for the many the birds for example, the subspecific divergence evident taxa that are endemic, threatened, diminished elsewhere in the White-winged fairy wren relates to their localised in their range, protected under national or international distribution and lack of genetic interchange between conventions, or of biogeographic interest. As such, the populations on Barrow Island and other parts of the island represents an important conservation and scientific species’ range. There has been persistence of habitats for resource. Some of the small mammals from the island these taxa even with higher past sea levels—for example, have been used to re-establish populations in other parts at 128 ka, the sea level has been estimated to have been of their range where they have been eliminated through about 7 m higher than today, which may have caused predation by invasive feral animals. The number of the inundation of about one-fifth of the island (Appendix animals translocated and their successful establishment 1, Table 6). However, storm surges would have further elsewhere (Table 4) suggests that these species have been reduced the available habitats, as would intermittent stable or increasing on the island and that there has been disturbance of habitats from cyclones. Barrow Island careful assessment of animals suitable for relocation. is located in an area of comparatively high cyclone We described three main biogeographic patterns for frequency and intensity (Jaffrés et al. 2018, fig. 15) and the biota of the island, although these could be further has experienced the strongest winds recorded globally delineated. There are clear biological signals of the (408 km/h) during the passage of Cyclone Olivia in 1996 geological, geographic and climatological history of the (Bureau of Meteorology 2018). Many non-vagile species area through the Quaternary, and of taxonomic links are likely to be highly vulnerable to extirpation by such dating back to the Tertiary. Changing sea levels and events on Barrow Island, although some of these taxa, climatic regimes are likely to have affected local species like Aboriginal people, would have traversed the coastal assemblages and divergence from mainland taxa. This plain environments exposed during lower sea levels. provides opportunities to investigate biogeographic and evolutionary processes given the overlay of these patterns Taxa generally lacking localised variation and the level of endemism represented in the island’s The third biogeographic pattern is evident in the many biota. The drivers and refined understanding of these currently vagile or widespread species that have been patterns could be explored through additional genetic recorded for Barrow Island and is reflective of their studies. dispersive abilities. These taxa generally lack any In terms of conservation co-existing with development, localised variation related to their presence on or close it is clear that the conservation program since 1910 to Barrow Island. This group includes migratory and with industrial development since the 1960s has been migrant taxa, aquatic taxa and vagile taxa with flying a success. Although the economic efficiency of the capability at some stage of their life cycle. For example, management regime has been debated in the scientific most of the bird assemblage are migrants that regularly literature (Moore et al. 2010, 2012; Greenslade et al. 2013a, travel between the Pilbara mainland and offshore islands 2013b), the core criticism was more general as it related or are trans-equatorial migrants (Chevron Australia to appropriate use of decision modelling, with Barrow 2005). Island used as one example. Moore et al. (2012) conceded This group also includes most of the plant species. that there had been no contention that the management Phytogeographically, Barrow Island is complex and strategy for the island had been ‘wrong’. Nevertheless, particularly notable for having plants that are at their the island’s management also has attracted media western, southern or northern limits of range. The flora criticism and political objections (e.g. Toohey 2015), so the is somewhat typical of the adjacent mainland in having recent establishment of an in situ research centre along 23% of the Pilbara region’s taxa, but there are also floral with enhanced transparency may assist in alleviating or affinities with the Cape Range (particularly in coastal addressing such concerns. areas) and affinities with the Kimberley region (Chevron Australia 2005; Eberhard et al. 2005). The only indigenous The extensive period of effective operation of island Eucalyptus on the island, E. xerothermica, is widespread ‘arks’ such as Barrow Island is relevant to conservation across the Pilbara to Cape Range region. Some of these management on the mainland. An increasing number taxa may have persisted through glacial cycles on the of predator proof reserves are being established to island whereas others experienced a more recent influx. protect fauna from invasive species, but the intensive management strategy imposed on Barrow Island is unlikely to be economically or logistically affordable CONCLUSIONS by many other organisations. Furthermore, there is evidence of inbreeding depression in some island Our comprehensive compilation of the available data populations (Eldridge et al. 2004), a factor that requires on the taxa of conservation significance of Barrow consideration if island populations are to be utilised Island demonstrates the very high regional, national for translocations or for maintaining viable, genetically and international significance of the biota and the diverse populations on the mainland in predator- (and ongoing importance of the island for conservation. It small-mammal) proof, enclosed reserves over the long- is commendable that the integrity of the terrestrial and term. Species in enclosed protected areas will still require aquatic biota has been maintained despite the operation intensive population management including genetic of commercial oil extraction and liquified natural gas evaluation and manipulation. Society should be informed processing for over 50 years. Partly this is due to effective of the opportunity costs or tradeoffs and limitations of quarantine protocols, inspections, regular monitoring, conservation choices focused on ecosystems, species, and eradication of invasive species that have intruded populations or DNA. Preservation of genetic diversity, sporadically.

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biosecurity protects high-conservation-value island nature Telford Irk, Sebastian P, Bruhl J J & Renner S S 2011. Cucumis reserve. Scientific Reports 7, 772. () in Australia and eastern Malesia, including ‘Shell drilling permit for Ningaloo Reef approved’ 2011 newly recognized species and the sister species to C. melo. The Australian online, 8 July 2011. Online at http://www. Systematic Botany 36(2), 376–389. theaustralian.com.au/travel/news/shell-drilling-permit- Toohey P 2015. ‘The island where nature and big industry for-ningaloo-reef-approved/story-e6frg8ro-1226090856323 coexist but you’re not allowed to see it’. News Corp Australia (accessed 16 August 2011). Network. Online at https://www.news.com.au/national/the- Smith G 2013. A new species of Heterolepisma from Barrow Island island-where-nature-and-big-industry-coexist-but-youre-not- (Zygentoma: Lepismatidae). Records of the Western Australian allowed-to-see-it/news-story/25429bd2a5dfbbd9918de86fb43a Museum Supplement 83, 229–240. 7d8b (accessed 1 October 2018). Smith G 2015. New silverfish species (Zygentoma:Lepismatidae) van der Werff H 1983. Species number, area and habitat from Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum diversity in the Galapagos Islands. Vegetatio 54, 167–175. 30, 98–131. Veth P, Ward I, Manne T, Ulm S, Ditchfield K, Dortch J, Hook Stankowski S & Johnson M S 2014. Biogeographic discordance F, Petchey F, Hogg A, Questiaux D, Demuro M, Arnold L, of molecular phylogenetic and phenotypic variation in Spooner N, Levchenko V, Skippington J, Byrne C, Basgall a continental archipelago radiation of land snails. BMC M, Zeanah D, Belton D, Helmholz P, Bajkan S, Bailey R, Evolutionary Biology 14(2) http://www.biomedcentral. Placzek C & Kendrick P 2017. Early human occupation of com/1471-2148/14/2. a maritime desert, Barrow Island, North-West Australia. Quaternary Science Reviews 168, 19–29. Stevens N B, Rodman S M, O’keeffe T C & Jasper D A 2013. The use of the biodiverse parasitoid Hymenoptera (Insecta) to Volschenk E S & Prendini L 2008. Aops oncodactylus, gen. et sp. assess diversity associated with topsoil stockpiled nov., the first troglobitic urodacid (Urodacidae:Scorpiones), for future rehabilitation purposes on Barrow Island, with a re-assessment of cavernicolous, troglobitic and Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, troglomorphic scorpions. Invertebrate Systematics 22, 235–257. Supplement 83, 355–374. Taylor C K 2013. The genus Lithoseopsis (Psocodea:Amphientomidae) in the Western Australian fauna, with description of the male of Lithoseopsis humphreysi from Barrow Island. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 83, 245–252.

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S Schedule S E CIT

1

Marine/ Cetacean Marine/

KAMBA O R - Migratory

Migratory - JAMBA - Migratory

Migratory - CAMBA - Migratory

Migratory - Bonn - Migratory

PBC E - Migratory

. 2013; EPBC Act list 21–24 August 2018; Nature - Act list 21–24 et al . 2013; EPBC IUCN Red List Red IUCN

LC LC EN NT VU

threatened Nationally

EN VU VU VU VU

priortiy

State threatened/ State P2 P4 EN CD VU VU VU VU

subspecies Island endemic Island sp.

form

Island subsp. subsp. subsp. subsp. subsp.

population Significant bird Significant

(Barrow Island Spectacled hare-wallaby) Macropus robustus isabellinus (Barrow robustus Macropus (Northern brushtail possum; Kimberley) et al. 2016) (Barrow and Boodie Islands subspecies; Barrow Island abl e s sp. 1 (Westermans sp. 1 (Westermans (Western chestnut mouse) Pseudomys nanus (Western (Barrow Island Golden bandicoot) Isoodon auratus barrowensis Bettongia lesueur Burrowing bettong) pantherinus acripes (Barrow Island leopard skink) (Water rat) chrysogaster (Water Hydromys vulpecula arnhemensis Trichosurus Anilios longissimus (Barrow Island blind snake; stygofauna) Osphranter robustus isabellinus / syn. Osphranter robustus Island Euro) lateralis (Black-flanked rock-wallaby) Petrogale Lagorchestes conspicillatus conspicillatus conspicillatus Lagorchestes Map (WA Department of Parks and Wildlife) search 22/2018. and Wildlife) Department of Parks Map (WA Table 1 Table Australia 2005; Humphreys significanceFauna (fromspecies on Sedgwick Barrow 1978; Island Chevron of conservation APP E NDIX 1 T Scientific name (Common name) MAMMALS Dasyuridae Planigale Peramelidae Potoroidae R E PTIL S Scincidae Muridae Phalangeridae Typhlopidae

Macropodidae

111 Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 102, 2019 2 2 M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC EN NT EN VU

IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA, EN IA, VU IA, VU

j c, i b, c, i (Great egret, Eastern great egret) (Pallid cuckoo) Cuculus pallidus (Pallid (Black-faced cuckoo-shrike) Pandion haliaetus (Osprey) (Fork-tailed swift) E. neglectus (Beach Stone-curlew) Ardea alba (Oriental ) Ardea sacra (Eastern reef egret) (Little egret) syn. (Australian pratincole) Haematopus fuliginosus (Sooty oystercatcher) albatross) (Nankeen Kestrel) cenchroides Falco ariel (Lesser frigatebird) Fregata maldivarum Glareola Stiltia isabella Stiltia Cacomantis pallidus / syn. Cacomantis Cuculus optatus / syn. C. saturatus (Oriental cuckoo) (Atlantic Yellow-nosed syn. Diomedea chlororhynchos chlororhynchos/ Thalassarche (Grey plover) squatarola Pluvialis golden plover) fulva (Pacific Pluvialis (Oriental plover) Charadrius (Eupoda) veredus Charadrius (Charadrius) ruficapillus (Red-capped plover) Vulnerable in WA at subsp. level in WA Vulnerable Mongolian plover) Charadrius (Charadrius) mongolus (Lesser sand plover, Charadrius (Charadrius) leschenaultii (Greater sand plover) Coracina novaehollandiae Coracina Esacus magnirostris / Esacus magnirostris Egretta sacra / Egretta Egretta garzetta Egretta Apus (Apus) pacificus Hirundapus caudacutus (Spine-tailed swift, White-throated needletail) Ardea modesta / syn. Pandion cristatus / syn. Haliastur indus (Brahminy kite) Haliaeetus (Pontoaetus) leucogaster (White-bellied sea-eagle) Table 1 . (cont.) Table H aematopodidae Falconidae Fregatidae

Cuculidae Diomedeidae

Charadriidae Campephagidae Burhinidae

Apodidae

Ardeidae

BIRDS Accipitridae

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A.J.J. Lynch et al.: Conservation significance of Barrow Island biota M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC NT NT NT EN VU

CR EN VU VU

IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA EN VU VU IA, VU IA, VU ssp.

i a h i? i? b, c, f b, c, d, e

(Silver Gull) (Silver shearwater) (Wedge-tailed (Caspian tern) Larus novaehollandiae / syn. Sterna anaethetus (Bridled tern) (Australasian pipit, Richard’s pipit, A. australis (Australasian pipit, Richard’s Sterna bengalensis (Lesser crested tern) Childonias leucoptera (White-winged Childonias black tern) Sterna caspia syn. / (Little tern) Sterna albifrons Tringa hypoleucos (Common sandpiper) Tringa syn. Sterna bergii (Crested tern) Sterna bergii syn. pacificus (Gull-billed tern) (Sharp-tailed sandpiper) syn. (Red-necked stint) shearwater) (Hutton’s (Roseate tern) (Sanderling) Calidris ferruginea (Curlew sandpiper) Calidris ruficollis Calidris canutus (Red knot; also vulnerable subsp. in WA) Calidris alba Calidris acuminata Arenaria interpres (Ruddy turnstone) interpres Arenaria Actitis hypoleucos/ syn. Australian pipit) Ardenna pacifica / Puffinus huttoni Anthus novaeseelandiae / syn. Thalasseus bergii / syn. Thalasseus bergii Malurus leucopterus edouardi (Barrow Island black and white fairy wren) ornatus (Rainbow bee-eater) Merops Thalasseus bengalensis/ Sternula nereis (Fairy tern) Sternula nereis Onychoprion anaethetus Sterna dougallii Sterna hirundo (Common tern) Gelochelidon nilotica / syn. caspia Hydroprogne / syn. Sternula albifrons Chlidonias leucopterus/ Chlidonias Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae Chroicocephalus Anous tenuirostris (Lesser noddy) Anous tenuirostris (Wilson’s storm petrel) Oceanites oceanicus (Wilson’s Hirundo rustica (Barn swallow) ( martin) nigricans / syn. Hirundo (Tree Petrochelidon swallow) Hirundo neoxena (Welcome Todiramphus sanctus (Sacred kingfisher) Todiramphus

Scolopacidae Motacillidae Maluridae Meropidae

Laridae H ydrobatidae

H irundinidae H alcyonidae

113 Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 102, 2019 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1, 2 C C C C C C C M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI

LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC CR EN EN EN EN NT EN NT EN NT VU VU DD DD DD

CR CR CR EN EN EN EN VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU

IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA IA EN EN EN EN EN CD VU VU VU VU VU VU VU IA, P4 IA, VU IA, VU sp.

c c b, c, g (Eastern curlew) is VU in WA and CR nationally and CR is VU in WA (Hawksbill turtle) (Blind cave eel) (Blind cave (Olive ridley turtle, Pacific ridley turtle) ridley turtle, Pacific (Olive (Terek sandpiper) (Terek terek Tringa (Flatback turtle) (Bar-tailed godwit) (Bar-tailed menzbieri syn. ssp. bedouti (Masked booby) (Loggerhead turtle) (Black-tailed godwit) from which it was separated M. veritas taxonomically from in which 2013 it was Natator depressus Natator depressus Lepidochelys olivacea Eretmochelys imbricata Eretmochelys Balaenoptera borealis (Sei whale) Balaenoptera borealis (Bryde’s whale) Balaenoptera edeni (Bryde’s Balaenoptera musculus (Blue whale) Balaenoptera physalus (Fin whale) Megaptera novaeangliae (Humpback whale) Chelonia mydas (Green turtle) Sula dactylatra Sula Sula leucogaster Sula (Brown booby) Ardeotis australis (Australian bustard) Ophisternon candidum Eubalaena australis (Southern right whale) (Barrow cave gudgeon)—listed nationally Milyeringa justitia (Barrow and cave internationally (Minke whale) Balaenoptera acutorostrata Caretta caretta caretta Caretta Xenus cinereus/ Xenus cinereus/ Tringa stagnatilis (Marsh sandpiper) Tringa Tringa nebularia (Common greenshank) Tringa Tringa brevipes (Grey-tailed tattler) brevipes Tringa sandpiper) (Wood glareola Tringa Numenius phaeopus (Whimbrel) Numenius madagascariensis Numenius minutus (Little curlew) Limosa limosa Limosa lapponica Calidris tenuirostris (Great knot) Calidris tenuirostris Limosa lapponica

Sulidae

O tididae as Synbranchidae E S E BRAT MARIN E V E RT Balaenidae O FAUNA) FIS H (STYG E leotridae Balaenopteridae Cheloniidae

Table 1 . (cont.) Table

114

A.J.J. Lynch et al.: Conservation significance of Barrow Island biota 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M X X X X X X X X MI MI MI MI MI MI MI MI

LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC CR CR VU VU VU VU DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD

CR CR EN

P4 P4 P4 OS CR CR VU

(Spectacled sea snake) (Olive-headed sea snake) (Olive-headed Spinner dolphin) (Yellow-bellied sea snake) platurus (Yellow-bellied Pelamis (Australian Snubfin dolphin / Irrawaddy dolphin) (Australian Snubfin dolphin / Irrawaddy O. brevirostris Acalyptophis peronii (Horned sea snake, peronii Acalyptophis Disteira major Disteira kingii (Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin) S. chinensis (Indo-Pacific (Leaf-scaled sea snake) (Fine-spined sea snake) (Leatherback turtle, Leathery turtle) H. ornatus (Ornate reef sea snake) (Striped dolphin) (Dubois’ seasnake, Reef Shallows Sea Snake) (Dubois’ (Rough-toothed dolphin) (eastern tropical Pacific population, Southeast Asian populations; population, Southeast (eastern tropical Pacific (Risso’s dolphin) (Risso’s (Pygmy killer whale) syn. / sp. (Stokes’ sea snake) stokesii (Stokes’ stokesii / syn. Astrotia Hydrophis Spiny-headed Sea snake) platurus / syn. Hydrophis / syn. peronii Hydrophis Hydrophis major / syn. major Hydrophis Hydrophis kingii / syn. kingii Hydrophis (Elegant sea snake, Bar-bellied elegans (Elegant sea sea snake) snake, Bar-bellied Hydrophis Hydrophis czeblukovi Hydrophis (North-western sea snake) mangrove (North-western greyi Ephalophis (Turtle-headed sea snake) annulatus (Turtle-headed Emydocephalus Aipysurus foliosquama sea snake, Golden Aipysurus laevis (Olive sea snake) Delphinus delphis (Common dolphin) Feresa attenuata Feresa Globicephala macrorhynchus (Short-finned pilot whale) macrorhynchus Globicephala melas (Long-finnedGlobicephala pilot whale) Grampus griseus (Spine-tailed sea snake, Stagger-banded Aipysurus eydouxii (Spine-tailed sea sea snake) snake, Stagger-banded (Fraser’s dolphin) Lagenodelphis hosei (Fraser’s Lagenorhynchus obscurus (Dusky dolphin) Lagenorhynchus Lissodelphis peronii (Southern right whale dolphin) Lissodelphis peronii heinsohni / syn. Orcaella (Killer whale) orca Orcinus electra (Melon-headed Peponocephala whale) Pseudorca crassidens (False killer whale) Pseudorca Sousa sahulensis / syn. Stenella attenuata Aipysurus duboisii Dugong dugon (Dugong) (Short-nosed sea snake) Aipysurus apraefrontalis Pantropical spotted dolphin) Pantropical Stenella coeruleoalba (Long-snouted Stenella longirostris Steno bredanensis Tursiops aduncus (Spotted bottlenose dolphin, Indo-pacific Bottlenose Dolphin) Tursiops (Bottlenose dolphin) truncatus s. str. Tursiops Dermochelys coriacea

Hydrophis Hydrophis

Delphinidae

Dugongidae E lapidae (Sea snakes)

Dermochelyidae

115 Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 102, 2019 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 C C C M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M X X X MI MI MI LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC LC EN VU VU VU VU VU DD DD DD DD VU VU VU Prf Prf VU VU P2, Prf OS, Prf VU, Prf

(Short-bodied pipefish) (Narrow-bellied seahorse) (Brock’s pipefish) (Brock’s (Leafy seadragon) (Dwarf sperm whale) K. simus (Dwarf Trachyrhamphus longirostris (Straight stick-pipefish) longirostris Trachyrhamphus Trachyrhamphus bicoarctatus (Bentstick pipefish, short-tailed pipefish) bicoarctatus Trachyrhamphus (Double-ended pipehorse, Alligator pipefish) Syngnathoides biaculeatus (Double-ended pipehorse, Phycodurus eques or Common sea dragon) Phyllopteryx taeniolatus (Weedy belcheri (Black Phoxocampus rock pipefish) Micrognathus micronotopterus (Tidepool pipefish) micronotopterus Micrognathus Hippocampus histrix Hippocampus (Spiny seahorse) Yellow seahorse, Estuary seahorse) kuda (SpottedHippocampus seahorse, Hippocampus angustus Hippocampus penicillus (Beady Hippichthys pipefish, steep-nosed pipefish) Haliichthys taeniophora (Ribboned Haliichthys sea dragon) spinirostris (Spiny-snout pipefish) spinirostris Halicampus Halicampus nitidus (GlitteringHalicampus pipefish) Halicampus grayi (Mud Halicampus pipefish) Halicampus brocki brocki Halicampus Filicampus tigris (Tiger Filicampus pipefish) scalaris (Ladder pipefish) (Cleaner pipefish, Janss’ pipefish) janssi (Cleaner pipefish, Janss’ suillus (Pig-snouted pipefish) Choeroichthys Choeroichthys latispinosus (Murion Island pipefish) Choeroichthys Choeroichthys tricarinatus (Three-keel Campichthys pipefish) (Braun’s pughead pipefish, Pug-headed pipefish) brauni (Braun’s (Great white shark) carcharias Carcharodon Carcharias taurus (Grey nurse coast shark Carcharias population) – west Kogia breviceps (Pygmy sperm whale) breviceps Kogia Kogia sima / syn. Kogia (Sperm whale) Physeter macrocephalus Rhincodon typus (Whale shark) rockcod) cod, Potato Epinephelus tukula (Potato cyanopterus (Blue-finned ghost pipefish, Robust ghost pipefish)

Syngnathidae Lamnidae O dontaspididae Kogiidae Physeteridae Rhincodontidae Serranidae Solenostomidae (Ghost pipefish) Table 1 . (cont.) Table

116

A.J.J. Lynch et al.: Conservation significance of Barrow Island biota 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 C C C C C C C C C C C CD – Conservation dependent fauna; LC LC DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD DD ) of the species (Chevron 2005, appendix C3).

IA – IA Migratory birds protected under an international agreement; et al ., 2002); b – meets 1% of EAAF population threshold; c – meets staging threshold (0.25% of dflyway); – Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 ). Protection ( Environment – Vulnerable

– Endangered; VU E N E – Endangered; V – Vulnerable; (Longman’s beaked whale, (Longman’s – Critically Endangered; Mesoplodon pacificus CR CR – Critically Endangered; syn. (Strap-toothed beaked whale) CR – Critically Endangered; EN – Endangered; VU – Vulnerable; NT – Near Threatened; DD – – Critically Data Endangered; Deficient;EN CR LC– –Endangered; LeastVU Concern– (IUCNVulnerable; 2018). Hyperoodon planifrons (Southern bottlenose whale) planifrons Hyperoodon (Arnoux’s beaked whale) Berardius arnuxii (Arnoux’s Indopacetus pacificus / Indo-pacific Beaked Whale) beaked whale) Mesoplodon bowdoini (Andrews’ beaked whale) (Blainville’s Mesoplodon densirostris beaked whale) Mesoplodon grayi (Gray’s beaked whale) Mesoplodon hectori (Hector’s Mesoplodon layardii beaked whale) Mesoplodon mirus (True’s beaked whale) beaked whale, Tasman shepherdi (Shepherd’s Tasmacetus beaked whale, Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale) (Cuvier’s Ziphius cavirostris

Ziphiidae

Footnotes: Significant bird population : a – most genetically distinct race in the species (Driskell meets 1% of global population threshold (Bamford & Moro 2011); e – 2.4 % of known trans-equatorial migratory population supported seasonally; f – 5.5 % of known trans-equatorial migratory population supported seasonally; g – 6.6 % of known trans-equatorial migratory population; j – significant resident site (1.1 % of known population) ofpopulation northern race ( ophthalmicus supported seasonally; h – 8.3 % of known population; i – State staging conservation codes: criterion of 0.25% a species OS – Other specially protected fauna Conservation Act 1950 ); ( Wildlife P2 – Priority species 2; Poorly known species; P4 – Priority monitoring; species Prf Management Act 1994 ). – Protected fish ( Fish Resources 4; Rare, near threatened and other species in need of Nationally threatened codes: CR IUCN:

117 Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 102, 2019 listed species Nationally species State listed X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X? X? X? X? X? X? X? X? X? X? X? X? endemic or short-range Island endemic

X sand bars Lowendal/ E ndemic to Montebello/ Endemic genus Endemic genus Barrow islands @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ ‘harveyi’ ‘harveyi’ sp. 1 Ideoblothrus nesotymbus

G E NUS SP E CI S Amoria macandrewi Barrowammo waldockae Barrowammo Tyrannochthonius garthhumphreysi garthhumphreysi Tyrannochthonius Majerthrips barrowi Senithrips psomus Synothele butleri (brush-footed trapdoor spider) serrata Miturga ‘barrow’ Orchestina Trichocyclus barrow Wydundra Karaops burbidgei Acanthocyrtus barrowensis ‘barrow‘ sp. nov. Synsphyronus Desmothrips barrowi barrowensis Rhagada rhodorcha Jacotia Podothrips barrowi Anaphothrips barrowi Neohydatothrips barrowi Spinasteron Spinasteron liuae Drepanura Rhagada plicata Rhagada Drepanura polychaeta Drepanura Pseudoparentia niharae Pseudoparentia montebelloensis Quistrachia Metacoelura majeri sp. (female) Aops oncodactylus Teuchophorus sp. Teuchophorus ‘barrow’ sp. nov. Urodacus Gunawardenea linnaei darwini Horouta Elasmus curticornis barrowensis Suhpalacsa dubitalis Boreohesperus Genus and species indet. Anagarypus heatwolei Syarinidae

FAMILY Volutidae Ammoxenidae Chthoniidae Phlaeothripidae Phlaeothripidae Barychelidae Miturgidae Oonopidae Pholcidae Prodidomidae Selenopidae Entomobryidae Garypidae Aeolothripidae Camaenidae Phlaeothripidae Phlaeothripidae Thripidae Zodariidae Entomobryidae Camaenidae Entomobryidae Dolichopodidae Camaenidae Paronellidae Dolichopodidae Urodacidae Dolichopodidae Urodacidae Cicadellidae: Cicadellidae Eulophidae Ascalaphidae Paradoxosomatidae Haplodesmidae Garypidae

Pseudoscorpiones

Table 2 Table taxa significance. on Barrow Invertebrate Island of conservation O RD E R E S E BRAT MARIN E INV E RT (Class Gastropoda) Hypsogastropoda E S E BRAT T E RR STRIAL INV E RT Araneae () Pseudoscorpiones Thysanoptera Thysanoptera Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Araneae Collembola (springtail) Pseudoscorpiones Thysanoptera () Stylommatophora (land snails) Thysanoptera Thysanoptera Thysanoptera Thysanoptera Araneae Collembola Stylommatophora Collembola Diptera () Stylommatophora Collembola Diptera Scorpiones (scorpions) Diptera Scorpiones Hemiptera (true bugs) Hemiptera (true bugs) Hymenoptera (ants) Neuroptera (lace wings) (millipede) Polydesmida Polydesmida Pseudoscorpiones (pseudoscorpions)

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A.J.J. Lynch et al.: Conservation significance of Barrow Island biota P2 P4 VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU VU

X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X? X? X? X? X? X? X? X? X?

also in Cape Range @

& & & & & & sp. 1 sp. 1 sp. 1 sp. 2 sp. 2 ^ & 2 ^ ^ & & (Barrowcyclops) consensus (Barrowcyclops)

^

nov. 1 ^ nov. sp. 4 sp. 2 sp. nov. 1 ^ sp. nov. sp. nov. sp. Buddelundia Armadillidae genus 1 Armadillidae genus 2 Armadillidae genus 3 Armadillidae genus 4 pholeta ^ Haptolana Nocticola nesiotes (Barrow Island Millipede) ^ Speleostrophus Halosbaena tulki ^ Halosbaena Draculoides bramstokeri (Barrow Island Schizomid) ^ Trinemura Buddelundia hirsuta Buddelundia Armadillidae genus 3 Trinemura Trinemura Nedsia fragilis Liagoceradocus subthalassicus (Barrow Liagoceradocus Island liagoceradocus amphipod) ^ amphipod (Barrow Island) freshwater (Chevron’s Nedsia chevronia Nedsia halletti Nedsia humphreysi ^ Nedsia humphreysi Nedsia hurlberti ^ Nedsia macrosculptilis Nedsia sculptilis ^ Nedsia stefania Nedsia straskraba ^ Nedsia urifimbriata Bogidomma australis (Barrow Bogidomma Island Bogidomma amphipod) ^ Phyllopodopsyllus wellsi Phyllopodopsyllus Dussartcyclops Inermipes humphreysi Inermipes humphreysi (Speak-beaked cave shrimp) ^ stylifera (Speak-beaked Stygiocaris cave pseudopyrgoniscus Barrowdillo et al. (2013);

; @ ; New (1984); & Armadillidae Armadillidae Armadillidae Armadillidae Armadillidae Cirolanidae Trigoniulidae Halosbaenidae Nicoletiidae Armadillidae Armadillidae Armadillidae Nicoletiidae Melitidae Hadziidae Melitidae Melitidae Melitidae Melitidae Melitidae Melitidae Melitidae Melitidae Melitidae Bogidiellidae Tetragonicipitidae Tetragonicipitidae Ameiridae Atyidae Armadillidae et al. (2013)^; Johnson et al . (2013); Isopoda Isopoda Isopoda Isopoda Isopoda Isopoda Spirobolida (millipede) TR O GL BITIC FAUNA () : Judd & Perina (2013) : Judd & Perina barrowensis Suhpalacsa amphipods: Bradbury & Williams (1996a, amphipods: 1996b), Bradbury Bradbury & (2002); Williams millipedes: Bickel (2013) and Car (2008); & Harvey : Edward Tyrannochthonius Hemiptera: Fletcher & Moir (2008), Fletcher (2009); Collembola: Greenslade (2013), Ma et al . (2015, 2016); (2012); & Taylor Elasmus curticornis : Gunawardene (2007); & Edward Ideoblothrus nesotymbus : Harvey Camaenid land snails: Humphreys Thermosbaenacea (palpigrades) fish) Zgygentoma (silver Isopoda Isopoda Isopoda Data sources: Australia (2005 p. 245 and appendix C4) Chevron Zygentoma Amphipoda O FAUNA STYG Amphipoda (sand hoppers) Amphipoda Amphipoda Amphipoda Amphipoda Amphipoda Amphipoda Amphipoda Amphipoda Amphipoda Amphipoda Copepoda Copepoda Copepoda Decapoda slaters) Isopoda (woodlice,

119 Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 102, 2019 31 -

.

35 – 388. – 21

, 29

4105(4), 381 4105(4), Records ofRecords the Western Australian of Hymenoptera Research

articulata. Zootaxa

Journal 103. – 99, 1 Metacoelura

CN, Gland. Online at http://www.iucnredlist.org/ (viewed 21 ZooKeys

108. – 14(4), 85 14(4), list list from Barrow Island, Western Australia (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). Cicadellidae). (Hemiptera: Australia Western Island, from Barrow

Horouta C 2016. A plethora of planigales: genetic variability and cryptic species in a genus of dasyurid marsupials from marsupials from dasyurid of a genus in species cryptic variability and genetic of planigales: plethora A 2016. C

The Western AustralianWestern The Natura (Collembola: Paronellidae) Paronellidae) (Collembola: from and redescription ofAustralia, 311.

RAJEWSKI – K (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) species from Barrow Island, Western Australia. Australia. Western Island, Barrow from species Eulophidae) (Hymenoptera, 303

PA &

64,

OLLEY Metacoelura Elasmus et al . (2001) W K,

arrow Island avifauna. Island arrow B RMSTRONG A A,

INTZ H Australian Journal of Zoology P 2016. A new species of of species new A P 2016. CK 2012. New records of of records CK New 2012.

268. – MJ,

AYLOR T : Volschenk & Prendini (2008); : Volschenk ENSLADE MS 2011. The spider family Selenopidae (Arachnida, Araneae) in Australasia and the Oriental Region. Region. the Oriental Australasia and in Araneae) (Arachnida, Selenopidae spider family The MS 2011.

& LACKET 25, 265 RE B G from Mound & Minaei & (2007), Mound Mound (2010); & and Matsumoto (2009), Pereyra NR

ARVEY M,

H C &

from Karanovic (2003), Karanovic EH 1978. A populationof study the

MJ 2009.MJ new speciesof A deltocephaline leafhoppersof the genus

Museum August 2018). northern Australia. HAO SC & Z

Y,

ESTERMANS A UNAWARDENE REWS LETCHER EDGWICK C F G Species. IU ofList Threatened Red The 2018. IUCN Resources) Natural and of Nature Conservation for (International Union IUCN M S W Aops oncodactylus Thysanoptera Copepoda References additional to those in main text.

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Table 3 Vascular plant species on Barrow Island of conservation significance (from Chevron Australia 2005, appendix C1; Maslin & van Leeuwen 2008; Telford et al. 2011; and NatureMap 2018).

Family Island or short-range State habitat reduced by Scientific name endemic species/ form/ variant priority flora human disturbance

Amaranthaceae Amaranthus sp. Barrow Island D200 (R.Buckley 6884) % X Asteraceae Helichrysum oligochaetum P1 Chenopodiaceae Dysphania kalpari * X Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sp. Barrow Island (D.W. Goodall 1264) P2 Cucumis variabilis X euphorbiaceae Euphorbia sp. A X Acacia trudgeniana (dwarf form) * X Malvaceae Abutilon otocarpum # X Corchorus congener * P3 Gossypium australe # X Hibiscus sturtii var. platychlamys X

* Listed in Chevron (2005) as Acacia inaequilatera (dwarf form) and Corchorus interstans Halford ms # Listed in Chevron (2005) but not in Florabase (25/8/18) as present on Barrow Island % From NatureMap query 22/8/18

121 Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia, 102, 2019

Table 4 Corals of Barrow Island and Montebello Islands of international conservation significance (from Richards & Rosser 2012; status checked 1/10/18).

FAMILY GENUS SPECIES IUCN listing

Acroporidae Acropora aculeus VU Acropora acuminata VU Acropora anthocercis VU Acropora donei VU Acropora horrida VU Acropora listeri VU Acropora lovelli VU Acropora microclados VU Acropora palmerae VU Acropora polystoma VU Acropora solitaryensis VU Acropora spicifera VU Acropora verweyi VU Acropora willisae VU Isopora brueggemanni VU Montipora crassituberculata VU Montipora turtlensis VU Agariciidae Pachyseris rugosa VU Pavona decussata VU Pavona venosa VU Dendrophylliidae Turbinaria bifrons VU Turbinaria mesenterina VU Turbinaria patula VU Turbinaria peltata VU Turbinaria reniformis VU Euphyllidae Euphyllia (Fimbriaphyllia) ancora VU Galaxea astreata VU Physogyra lichtensteini VU Lobophylliidae Acanthastrea hemprichii VU Lobophyllia diminuta VU Lobophyllia flabelliformis VU Moseleya latistellata VU Merulinidae Caulastraea curvata VU Echinopora ashmorensis VU Para montastraeasalebrosa / syn. VU Montastrea salebrosa Pectinia lactuca VU Platygyrayaeyamaensis VU Poritidae Goniopora burgosi VU Porites nigrescens VU

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Table 5 Short-range endemism, affinities and vulnerability for taxa of Barrow Island.

Taxon group habitat Vulnerability to Geographic Level of endemism preference sea level changes affinities (+ve and -ve)

Flora Terrestrial – coastal High vulnerability Pilbara IBRA Low. Two plant forms or variants and inland arid region, plus Cape of 406 species zone Range and Kimberley Ants Terrestrial High vulnerability Low. Potentially 5 of 117 species endemic (Hymenoptera) Terrestrial Terrestrial High vulnerability Four subspecies and one island mammals form endemic Reptiles Terrestrial High vulnerability None known Reptiles Troglobites Low vulnerability Endemic skink and blind snake Fish Stygobites Low vulnerability Cape Range and Endemic gudgeon and short range west Pilbara endemic blind cave eel Birds Littoral or terrestrial High vulnerability for Endemic subspecies. Depauperate land or arboreal or resident birds, low for birds but non-migratory species assumed migratory migratory birds to be genetically distinct Marine Marine to intertidal Low vulnerability None known vertebrates or littoral Invertebrates – Terrestrial High in situ, low Low. Often are vagile species and Odonata, vulnerability for widespread Embiidina, vagile life stages Isoptera, Termites Terrestrial Terrestrial moist High vulnerability 22 endemic to island: 8 , invertebrates areas or rock 2 millipedes, 3 Camaenid land snails, crevices 1 mollusc, 1 pseudoscorpion, 5 silverfish, 3 thrips, 1 booklice, 6 Isopods Collembola Terrestrial or 7 of 71 species endemic (low endemism marine littoral most spp in northern Aust). Collembola Subterranean Low vulnerability 1+ subterranean species endemic and 3 others potential endemics Elasmus Terrestrial High vulnerability Low. 1 of 11 species is potential endemic (parasitoid wasps) Dolichopodidae Terrestrial - moist High vulnerability Pilbara, tropical and Low. 1 island endemic and one short range (Diptera) areas or rock crevices monsoonal Australasia endemic of 41 species in the Pilbara Marine Marine water Low vulnerability One endemic to island complex invertebrates Stygofauna Freshwater Low vulnerability 7 endemic Nedsia species, 1 endemic genus invertebrates Bogidomma Stygofauna Marine or brackish Low vulnerability 1 anchialinetroglobite (Liagoceradocus) invertebrates water Invertebrates - Troglobytes Low vulnerability Cape Range One species endemic to BI and Cape Range Schizomid Invertebrates - Troglobytes Low vulnerability Two short range endemic species millipede Invertebrates - Terrestrial (epigeal) One endemic species millipede Invertebrates - Troglobitic One endemic which may be the most basal scorpion member of the family

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Table 6 Approximate sea level depths over the last 150 000 years in the Barrow Island region and effect on its isolation from other Western Australian islands and the mainland (based on data in Grant et al. 2012, suppl. material).

Age (ky) Depth * (m) Trend Effect on Barrow Island

Current 0 Rising Isolated from other islands and landmasses 5 -10 Rising Isolated from mainland but connected to Montebello Islands and Lowendal Islands 10 -28 Rising On edge of coastal plain. Connected to coast swampy to east and north with rugged topography to NW Cape 15 -78 Rising Midway across coastal plain. Midway across coastal plain. Connected to coast sandy desert to east and north-east. Rugged topography to NW Cape 20 -97 Rising “ 22. -110 Peak low “ 25 -104 Falling “ 29 -105 Minor fluctuations “ 30 -101 Falling “ 35 -84 Falling “ 40 -83 Fluctuations “ 60 -70 Fluctuations “ 65 -100 Peak low “ 75 -70 Falling with fluctuations “ 85 -36 Peak high Midway across coastal plain. Connected to coast wetlands to east and north with some water barriers. Rugged topography to NW Cape 87.5 -73 Peak low “ 106.5 -30 Peak high “ 110 -50 Peak low ” 119 -20 Falling On edge of coastal plain 122.5 -10 Falling Isolated from mainland but connected to Montebello Islands and Lowendal Islands 128 +7 Peak high Partial Inundation of island. Isolated from other islands and landmasses 130 -10 Rising Isolated from mainland but connected to Montebello Islands and Lowendal Islands 132 -20 Rising On edge of coastal plain 133 -60 Rising Midway across coastal plain. Connected to coast sandy desert to east, wetlands to north east, with rugged topography to NW Cape 140 -90 Rising “ 150 -90 Minor fluctuations (<5 “

* Modelled relative sea level (RSL ProbMax) with 2 standard errors approximately +/- 3.5 m

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Appendix 2. Taxa referred to in main text and Appendix 1.

& species

Class or above Order Family genus PLANTS — ANGIOSPERMS Amaranthaceae Amaranthus sp. Barrow Island (R. Buckley 6884) in Chevron Australia (2005) Asteraceae Helichrysum oligochaetum F. Muell. Chenopodiaceae Dysphania kalpari Paul G. Wilson Cucurbitaceae Cucumis sp. Barrow Island (D.W. Goodall 1264) Cucumis variabilis P. Sebastian & I. Telford Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia sp. A in Chevron Australia (2005) Fabaceae Acacia trudgeniana Maslin (dwarf form) in Chevron Australia (2005) Malvaceae Abutilon otocarpum F. Muell. Corchorus congener Halford Gossypium australe F. Muell. Hibiscus sturtii var. platychlamys Benth. Myrtaceae Eucalyptus xerothermica L.A.S. Johnson & K.D. Hill

VERTEBRATE ANIMALS (Phylum Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata) TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS (Class Mammalia) Subclass Marsupalia Order Dasyuromorphia Dasyuridae Planigale sp. 1 in Westermans et al. (2016) Order Diprotondontia Macropodidae Lagorchestes conspicillatus Gould, 1842 Lagorchestes conspicillatus conspicillatus Gould, 1842 Osphranter robustus isabellinus (Gould, 1842) [syn. Macropus robustus isabellinus in Chevron Australia (2005)] Petrogale lateralis lateralis Gould, 1842 Phalangeridae Trichosurus vulpecula arnhemensis Collett, 1897 Potoroidae Bettongia lesueur (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) Order Peramelemorphia Peramelidae Isoodon auratus (Ramsay, 1887) Isoodon auratus barrowensis (Thomas, 1901) Subclass Eutheria Order Rodentia Muridae Hydromys chrysogaster Geoffroy, 1804 Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 (exotic species) Pseudomys nanus (Gould, 1858) Rattus rattus (Linnaeus, 1758) (exotic species)

MARINE MAMMALS Order Cetacea Balaenidae Eubalaena australis (Desmoulins, 1822)

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Appendix 2. (cont.)

Balaenopteridae Balaenoptera acutorostrata Lacépède, 1804 Balaenoptera borealis Lesson, 1828 Balaenoptera edeni Anderson, 1878 Balaenoptera musculus (Linnaeus, 1758) Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus, 1758) Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski, 1781) Delphinidae Delphinus delphis Linnaeus, 1758 Feresa attenuata J.E. Gray, 1874 Globicephala macrorhynchus J.E. Gray, 1846 Globicephala melas (Traill, 1809) Grampus griseus (Cuvier, 1812) Lagenodelphis hosei Fraser, 1956 Lagenorhynchus obscurus (J.E. Gray, 1828) Lissodelphis peronii (Lacépède, 1804) Orcaella heinsohni Beasley, Robertson & Arnold, 2005 [syn. O. brevirostris in Chevron Australia (2005)] Orcinus orca (Linnaeus, 1758) Peponocephala electra (J.E. Gray, 1846) Pseudorca crassidens (Owen, 1846) Sousa sahulensis Jefferson & Rosenbaum, 2014 [syn.S. chinensis in Chevron Australia (2005)] Stenella attenuata(J.E. Gray, 1846) Stenella coeruleoalba (Meyen, 1833) Stenella longirostris (J.E. Gray, 1828) Steno bredanensis (Lesson, 1828) Tursiops aduncus (Ehrenberg, 1832) Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821) Dugongidae Dugong dugon (P.L.S. Müller, 1776) Kogiidae Kogia breviceps Duvernoy, 1851 Kogia sima (Owen, 1866) [syn. Kogia simus in Chevron Australia (2005), SPRAT database 2018] Physeteridae Physeter macrocephalus Linnaeus, 1758 Ziphiidae Berardius arnuxii Duvernoy, 1851 Hyperoodon planifrons Flower, 1882 Indopacetus pacificus(Longman, 1926) [syn. Mesoplodon pacificusin Chevron Australia (2005)] Mesoplodon bowdoini Andrews, 1908 Mesoplodon densirostris (Blainville, 1817) Mesoplodon grayi Von Haast, 1876 Mesoplodon hectori (J.E. Gray, 1871) Mesoplodon layardii (J.E. Gray, 1865) Mesoplodon mirus True, 1913 Tasmacetus shepherdi Oliver, 1937 Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier, 1823

BIRDS (Class Aves) Order Apodiformes Apodidae Apus (Apus) pacificus(Latham, 1801) Hirundapus caudacutus (Latham, 1801) Order Burhinidae Esacus magnirostris Vieillot, 1818 [syn. Esacus neglectus in Chevron Australia (2005)] Charadrius (Charadrius) leschenaultii Lesson, 1826 Charadrius (Charadrius) mongolus Pallas, 1776 Charadrius (Charadrius) ruficapillusTemminck, 1821 Charadrius (Eupoda) veredus Gould, 1848

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Pluvialis fulva (Gmelin, 1789) Pluvialis squatarola (Linnaeus, 1758) Glareolidae Glareola (Glareola) maldivarum J.R. Forster, 1795 Stiltia isabella (Vieillot, 1816) Haematopodidae Haematopus fuliginosus Gould, 1845 Haematopus fuliginosus opthalmicus Castelnau & Ramsay, 1877 Laridae Anous tenuirostris (Temminck, 1823) Chlidonias (Chlidonias) leucopterus (Temminck, 1815) [syn. Chlidonias leucoptera in Chevron Australia (2005)] Chroicocephalus novaehollandiae (Stephens, 1826) [syn. Larus novaehollandiae in Chevron Australia (2005), NatureMap 2018] Gelochelidon nilotica (Gmelin, 1789) Hydroprogne caspia (Pallas, 1770) [syn. Sterna caspia in Chevron Australia (2005)] Onychoprion anaethetus (Scopoli, 1786) [syn. Sterna anaethetus in Chevron Australia (2005)] Sterna (Sterna) dougallii Montagu, 1813 Sterna (Sterna) hirundo Linnaeus, 1758 Sternula albifrons (Pallas, 1764) [syn. Sterna albifrons in Chevron Australia (2005)] Sterna nereis Gould, 1843 Sternula nereis (Gould, 1843) [syn. Sterna nereis in Chevron Australia (2005)] Thalasseus bengalensis (Lesson, 1831) [syn. Sterna bengalensis in Chevron Australia (2005)] Thalasseus bergii (Lichtenstein, 1823) [syn. Sterna bergii in Chevron Australia (2005)] Scolopacidae Actitis hypoleucos (Linnaeus, 1758) [syn. Tringa hypoleucos in Chevron Australia (2005)] Arenaria interpres (Linnaeus, 1758) Calidris (Erolia) acuminata (Horsfield, 1821) Calidris (Crocethia) alba (Pallas, 1764) Calidris (Calidris) canutus (Linnaeus, 1758) Calidris (Erolia) ferruginea (Pontoppidan, 1763) Calidris (Ereunetes) ruficollis(Pallas, 1776) Calidris (Calidris) tenuirostris (Horsfield, 1821) Limosa lapponica (Linnaeus, 1758) Limosa lapponica menzbieri Partenko, 1936 Limosa limosa (Linnaeus, 1758) Numenius (Numenius) madagascariensis (Linnaeus, 1766) Numenius (Mesoscolopax) minutus Gould, 1841 [syn. Numenius minutes in Chevron Australia (2005)] Numenius (Phaeopus) phaeopus (Linnaeus, 1758) Tringa (Heteroscelus) brevipes (Vieillot, 1816) Tringa (Rhyacophilus) glareola Linnaeus, 1758 Tringa (Glottis) nebularia(Gunnerus, 1767) Tringa (Rhyacophilus) stagnatilis (Bechstein, 1803) Xenus cinereus (Güldenstädt, 1775) [syn. Tringa terek in Chevron Australia (2005)] Order Ciconiiformes Ardeidae Ardea (Casmerodius) modesta J.E. Gray, 1831 [syn. Ardea alba in Chevron Australia (2005)] Egretta garzetta (Linnaeus, 1766) Egretta sacra(Gmelin, 1789) [syn. Ardea sacra in Chevron Australia (2005)] Order Columbiformes Columbidae Geopelia humeralis (Temminck, 1821) Order Coraciiformes Halcyonidae Todiramphus (Todiramphus) sanctus (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) Meropidae Merops (Merops) ornatus Latham, 1801 Order Cuculiformes Cuculidae Cacomantis (Vidgenia) pallidus (Latham, 1801) [syn. Cuculus pallidus in Chevron Australia (2005)] Cuculus (Cuculus) optatus Gould, 1845 [syn. C. saturatus in Chevron Australia (2005)]

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Appendix 2. (cont.)

Order Falconiformes Accipitridae Haliaeetus (Pontoaetus) leucogaster (Gmelin, 1788) Haliastur indus (Boddaert, 1783) Pandion cristatus (Vieillot, 1816) [syn. Pandion haliaetus in Chevron Australia (2005)] Falconidae Falco (Tinnunculus) cenchroides Vigors & Horsfield, 1827 Order Gruiformes Otididae Ardeotis australis (J.E. Gray, 1829) Order Passeriformes Campephagidae Coracina (Coracina) novaehollandiae (Gmelin, 1789) Hirundinidae Hirundo (Hirundo) neoxena neoxena Gould, 1843 Hirundo (Hirundo) rustica Linnaeus, 1758 Petrochelidon (Hylochelidon) nigricans (Vieillot, 1817) [syn. Hirundo nigricans in Chevron Australia (2005)] Maluridae Malurus (Musciparus) leucopterus edouardi A.J. Campbell, 1901 Megaluridae Eremiornis carteri North, 1900 Meliphagidae Gavicalis virescens (Vieillot, 1817) Motacillidae Anthus (Anthus) novaeseelandiae (Gmelin, 1789) [syn. A. australis in NatureMap 2018) Order Pelecaniformes Fregatidae Fregata ariel (G.R. Gray, 1845) Sulidae Sula dactylatra bedouti Mathews, 1913 Sula leucogaster (Boddaert, 1783) Order Diomedeidae Thalassarche chlororhynchos (Gmelin) [syn. Diomedea chlororhynchos in Chevron Australia (2005)] Oceanitidae Oceanites oceanicus (Kuhl, 1820) Procellariidae Ardenna pacifica(Gmelin, 1789) [syn. Puffinus pacificusin Chevron Australia (2005)] Puffinus (Puffinus) huttoni Mathews, 1912

FISH MARINE FISH Order Lamniformes Lamnidae Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus, 1758) Odontaspididae Carcharias taurus Rafinesque, 1810 Order Orectolobiformes Rhincodontidae Rhincodon typus Smith, 1828 Order Perciformes Serranidae Epinephelus tukula Morgans, 1959 Order Solenostomidae Solenostomus cyanopterus Bleeker, 1854 (Dawson & Allen, 1978) Campichthys tricarinatus Dawson, 1977 Choeroichthys brachysoma (Bleeker, 1855)

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Choeroichthys latispinosus Dawson, 1978 Whitley, 1951 Doryrhamphus janssi (Herald & Randall, 1972) (Günther, 1870) Filicampus tigris (Castelnau, 1879) Halicampus brocki (Herald, 1953) Halicampus grayi Kaup, 1856 Halicampus nitidus (Günther, 1873) Halicampus spinirostris (Dawson & Allen, 1981) Haliichthys taeniophora Gray, 1859 Hippichthys penicillus (Cantor, 1849) Hippocampus angustus Günther, 1870 Hippocampus histrix Kaup, 1856 Hippocampus kuda Bleeker, 1852 Micrognathus micronotopterus (Fowler, 1938) (Kaup, 1856) Phycodurus eques (Günther, 1865) Phyllopteryx taeniolatus (Lacépède, 1804) Syngnathoides biaculeatus (Bloch, 1785) Trachyrhamphus bicoarctatus (Bleeker, 1857) Trachyrhamphus longirostris Kaup, 1856 STYGIAL FISH Order Perciformes Eleotridae Milyeringa justitia Larson & Foster, 2013 Order Synbranchiformes Synbranchidae Ophisternon candidum (Mees, 1962)

REPTILES (Class Reptilia) TERRESTRIAL LIZARDS Order Squamata Scincidae Ctenotus pantherinus acripes Storr, 1975 STYGIAL SNAKES Order Squamata Typhlopidae Anilios longissimus (Aplin, 1998) [syn. Ramphotyphlops longissimus in Aplin (1998)] MARINE SNAKES Order Squamata Aipysurus apraefrontalis Smith, 1926 Aipysurus duboisii Bavay, 1869 Aipysurus eydouxii Gray, 1849 Aipysurus foliosquama (Smith, 1926) Aipysurus laevis Lacépède, 1804 Emydocephalus annulatus Krefft, 1869 Ephalophis greyi Smith, 1931 Hydrophis czeblukovi (Kharin, 1984) Hydrophis elegans (Gray, 1842) Hydrophis kingii (Boulenger, 1896) [syn. Disteira kingii in Chevron Australia (2005), SPRAT database 2018] Hydrophis major (Shaw, 1802) [syn. Disteira major in Chevron Australia (2005), SPRAT database 2018] Hydrophis peronii (Duméril, 1853) [syn. Acalyptophis peronii in Chevron Australia (2005), SPRAT database 2018] Hydrophis platurus (Linnaeus, 1766) [syn. Pelamis platurus in Chevron Australia (2005), SPRAT database 2018 Hydrophis stokesii (Gray, 1846) [syn. Astrotia stokesii in Chevron Australia (2005), SPRAT database 2018] Hydrophis Sonnini & Latreille sp. [syn. H. ornatus in Chevron Australia (2005), SPRAT database 2018, NatureMap 2018) TURTLES Order Testudines Cheloniidae Caretta caretta(Linnaeus, 1758) Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758)

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Appendix 2. (cont.)

Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) Lepidochelys olivacea (Eschscholtz, 1829) Natator depressus (Garman, 1880) Dermochelyidae Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761)

INVERTEBRATES MARINE INVERTEBRATES GASTROPODS (Phylum Mollusca, Class Gastropoda) Order Cerithimorpha Cerithiidae Rhinoclavis sp. Swainson, 1840 Order Hypsogastropoda Conidae Conus sp. Linnaeus, 1758 Volutidae Amoria macandrewi (Sowerby, 1887) BIVALVES (Phyllum Mollusca, Class Bivalvia) Order Mytilida Mytilidae Modiolus sp. Lamarck, 1799 CORALS (Phylum Cnidaria, Class Anthozoa) Order Scleractinia Acroporidae Acropora aculeus (Dana, 1846) Acropora acuminata (Verrill, 1864) Acropora anthocercis (Brook, 1893) Acropora donei Veron& Wallace, 1984 Acropora horrida (Dana, 1846) Acropora listeri (Brook, 1893) Acropora lovelli Veron & Wallace, 1984 Acropora microclados (Ehrenberg, 1834) Acropora palmerae Wells, 1954 Acropora polystoma (Brook, 1891) Acropora solitaryensis Veron & Wallace, 1984 Acropora spicifera (Dana, 1846) Acropora verweyi Veron & Wallace, 1984 Acropora willisae Veron & Wallace, 1984 Isopora brueggemanni (Brook, 1893) Montipora crassituberculata Bernard, 1897 Montipora turtlensis Veron & Wallace, 1984 Agariciidae Pachyseris rugosa (Lamarck, 1801) Pavona decussata (Dana, 1846) Pavona venosa (Ehrenberg, 1834) Dendrophylliidae Turbinaria bifrons Brüggemann, 1877 Turbinaria mesenterina (Lamarck, 1816) Turbinaria patula (Dana, 1846) Turbinaria peltata (Esper, 1794) Turbinaria reniformis Bernard, 1896 Euphylliidae Euphyllia (Fimbriaphyllia) ancora Veron & Pichon, 1980 Galaxea astreata Lamarck, 1816 Physogyra lichtensteini (Milne Edwards & Haime, 1851) Lobophylliidae Acanthastrea hemprichii (Ehrenberg, 1834) Lobophyllia diminuta Veron, 1985 Lobophyllia flabelliformisVeron, 2000 Moseleya latistellata Quelch, 1884

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Merulinidae Caulastraea curvata Wijsmann-Best, 1972 Echinopora ashmorensis Veron, 1990 Paramontastraea salebrosa (Nemenzo, 1959) Pectinia lactuca (Pallas, 1766) Platygyra yaeyamaensis (Eguchi & Shirai, 1977) Poritidae Goniopora burgosi Nemenzo, 1955 Porites nigrescens Dana, 1846

TERRESTRIAL INVERTEBRATES PHYLUM ARTHROPODA Class Arachnida SPIDERS (Order Araneae) Ammoxenidae Barrowammo waldockae Platnick, 2002 Barychelidae Synothele butleri Raven, 1994 Miturgidae Miturga serrata in Chevron Australia (2005) Oonopidae Orchestina (Simon, 1882) ‘barrow‘ in Chevron Australia (2005) Pholcidae Trichocyclus (Simon, 1908) sp. 1 in Chevron Australia (2005) Prodidomidae Wydundra barrow Platnick & Baehr, 2006 Selenopidae Karaops burbidgei Crews & Harvey, 2011 Zodariidae Spinasteron (Baehr, 2003) ‘harveyi’ in Chevron Australia (2005) SCORPIONS (Order Scorpiones) Urodacidae Aops oncodactylus Volschenk & Prendini, 2008 Urodacus (Peters, 1861) sp. nov. ‘barrow’ in Chevron Australia (2005) PSEUDOSCORPIONS (Order Pseudoscorpiones) Garypidae Anagarypus heatwolei Muchmore, 1982 Synsphyronus (Chamberlin, 1930) sp. nov. ‘barrow‘ in Chevron Australia (2005) Syarinidae Ideoblothrus nesotymbus Harvey & Edward, 2007 Chthoniidae Tyrannochthonius garthhumphreysi Edward & Harvey, 2008 Class Collembola SPRINGTAILS (Order Entomobryomorpha) Entomobryidae Acanthocyrtus barrowensis Zhang, Deharveng, Greenslade & Chen, 2009 Calx (Christiansen, 1958) sp. in Greenslade (2013) Drepanura liuae Ma, Chun & Greenslade, 2015 Drepanura polychaeta Ma, Chun & Greenslade, 2015 Pseudosinella (Schäffer, 1897) sp. in Greenslade, 2013 Neanuridae cf. Kenyura Salmon, 1954 in Greenslade (2013) Neelidae Megalothorax (Willem, 1900) sp. in Greenslade, 2013 Odontellidae Caufrenyllodes Greenslade & Deharveng, 1984 Paronellidae Cyphoda (Delamare-Deboutteville, 1948) sp. in Greenslade, 2013 Metacoelura majeri Ma, Zhao & Greenslade, 2016

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Appendix 2. (cont.)

Class Diploda MILLIPEDES (Order Polydesmida) Paradoxosomatidae Boreohesperus dubitalis Car & Harvey, 2013 Haplodesmidae Genus and species indet. in Car et al. (2013) Class Insecta FLIES (Order Diptera) Dolichopodidae Pseudoparentia niharae Bickel, 2013 Teuchophorus (Loew, 1857) sp. in Bickel (2013) Thinophilus (Wahlberg, 1844) sp. in Bickel (2013) TRUE BUGS (Order Hemiptera) Cicadellidae Gunawardenea linnaei Fletcher & Moir, 2008 Horouta darwini Fletcher, 2009 Order Hymenoptera Eulophidae Elasmus Westwood, 1833 spp. Elasmus curticornis Gunawardene & Taylor, 2012 LACE WINGS (Order Neuroptera) Ascalaphidae Suhpalacsa barrowensis New, 1984 BOOKLICE (Order Psocodea) Amphientomidae Lithoseopsis humphreysi (New, 1994) THRIPS (Order Thysanoptera) Aeolothripidae Desmothrips barrowi Pereyra & Mound, 2010 Phlaeothripidae Gynaikothrips Zimmermann, 1900 sp. Jacotia rhodorcha Mound & Minaei, 2006 Majerthrips barrowi Mound & Minaei, 2006 Podothrips barrowi Mound & Minaei, 2007 Senithrips psomus Mound & Minaei, 2006 Thripidae Anaphothrips barrowi Mound & Matsumoto, 2009 Neohydatothrips barrowi Mound & Tree, 2009 SILVERFISH (Order Zygentoma) Lepismatidae Hemitelsella transpectinata Smith, 2015 Heterolepisma parva Smith, 2013 Qantelsella maculosa Smith, 2015 Qantelsella aurantia Smith, 2015 Xenolepisma perexiguum Smith, 2015 PHYLUM MOLLUSCA Class Gastropoda LAND SNAILS (Order Stylommatophora) Camaenidae Quistrachia montebelloensis Preston, 1914 Rhagada barrowensis Johnson, Stankowski, Whisson, Teale & Hamilton, 2013 Rhagada plicata Preston, 1914

TROGLOBITIC AND STYGIAL INVERTEBRATES PHYLUM ARTHROPODA Class Arachnida PALPIGRADES (Order Schizomida) Hubbardiidae Draculoides bramstokeri Harvey & Humphreys, 1995

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Class Diplopoda MILLIPEDE (Order Spirobolida) Trigoniulidae Speleostrophus nesiotes Hoffman, 1994 Class Insecta COCKROACHES (Order Blattodea) Nocticolidae Nocticola sp. nov. 1 in Humphreys et al. (2013) Order Zgygentoma Nicoletiidae Trinemura sp. nov. 1 in Humphreys et al. (2013) Trinemura sp. nov. 2 in Humphreys et al. (2013) Class Malacostraca SAND HOPPERS (Order Amphipoda) Bogidiellidae Bogidomma Bradbury & Williams, 1996 Bogidomma australis Bradbury & Williams, 1996 Hadziidae Liagoceradocus Barnard, 1965 Liagoceradocus subthalassicus Bradbury & Williams, 1996 Melitidae Nedsia Barnard & Williams, 1995 Nedsia chevronia Bradbury, 2002 Nedsia fragilis Bradbury & Williams, 1996 Nedsia halletti Bradbury, 2002 Nedsia humphreysi Bradbury & Williams, 1996 Nedsia hurlberti Bradbury & Williams, 1996 Nedsia macrosculptilis Bradbury & Williams, 1996 Nedsia sculptilis Bradbury & Williams, 1996 Nedsia stefania Bradbury, 2002 Nedsia straskraba Bradbury & Williams, 1996 Nedsia urifimbriata Bradbury & Williams, 1996 Order Decapoda Atyidae Stygiocaris stylifera Holthuis, 1960 WOODLICE, SLATERS (Order Isopoda) Armadillidae Barrowdillo pseudopyrgoniscus Dalens, 1993 Buddelundia hirsuta Dalens, 1992 Buddelundia sp. 2 in Judd & Perina (2013) Buddelundia sp. 4 in Judd & Perina (2013) Genus 1 sp. 1 in Judd & Perina (2013) Genus 2 sp. 1 in Judd & Perina (2013) Genus 3 sp. 1 in Judd & Perina (2013) Genus 3 sp. 2 in Judd & Perina (2013) Genus 4 sp. 2 in Judd & Perina (2013) Cirolanidae Haptolana pholeta Bruce & Humphreys, 1993 Order Thermosbaenacea Halosbaenidae Halosbaena tulki Poore & Humphreys, 1992 Class Maxillopoda Order Cyclopoida Cyclopidae Dussartcyclops (Barrowcyclops) consensus (Karanovic, 2003) in Karanovic, Eberhard & Murdoch (2011) Order Harpactidoida Ameiridae Inermipes humphreysi Lee & Huys, 2002 Tetragonicipididae Phyllopodopsyllus wellsi Karanovic, Pesce & Humphreys, 2001

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