Gl3ii. Ciry of The Hague Departmenr of Inrernational Affairs
International The Hague
to the Intemational Organizations ond Institutions
Welcome to International The Hague!
The Hague's repute in the Netherlands is both welt-established and well-defined. To the Dutch the city stands, of old, fo the seat of government, parliament and the judiciary. By comparison, its role as an international centre is of far more recent date. Still, the ever-increasing number of international organizations, institutions and embassies being established in The Hague indicates that the city's status in the international sphere is, likewise, on the rise.
The undersigned can but welcome this development, indeed take pride in steering and promoting the process. As wheels in the complex machinery which, spearheaded by City Executive and Municipal Council, directs the policy-making and day-to-day administration of our beloved city, we work hard to enhance its international quality and atmosphere. Together with interested parties in the private and public sectors alike we aspire to optimize working conditions and stimulate an altogether agreeable ambiance for the international community.
In its modest way, the present guide may serve as a case in point to stress our policy. 'Unknown, unloved', as the adage reads. This Guide is just another token of the many endeavours on our part to help familiarize the reader with the fascinating tale of our city. And to acquaint them, if ever so briefly, with the literally hundreds of organs and institutions that operate from The Hague and jointly guarantee that daily gamut of scientific and diplomatic, social and artistic outpourings within our truly 'global village'.
We sincerely hope that this guide - published in a handy travel size - may become the vademecum for all those interested in our international green city by the sea.
Wim Deetman Pieter van Woensel Mayor of The Hague Deputy Mayor for Economic and International Affairs Table of Contents
The Hague, The World In Small Compass 4-6 The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)
An Elegant Township The OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM)
Centre of Politics and Diplomacy Europol
The International Challenge Eurojust
A Tailor-Made Infrastructure
Non-Governmental Organizations 31-37
The World of Diplomacy 7-11 Global and Regional Organization
A Tradition of Four centuries Netherlands Association for the United Nations
The Honour of the State The Hague International Model United Nations
The Splendour of Court Life The Netherlands Atlantic Association
The Hundred Chosen European Integration: Information Office in the Netherlands of the Council of Europe and
The International Era of the European Parliament / Representation in the Netherlands of the European
Commission / Study Group for European Integration / European Movement Netherlands /
A Century of Internationalism 12-16 Europa Nostra / Stichting Europa Centrum
Tobias Asser International Law and Humanitarian Issues
The Hague Peace Conferences International Association of Prosecutors / International Association of Lawyers Against
International Arbitration Nuclear Arms / Coalition for the International Criminal Court / International Criminal Law
International Adjudication Network / International Institute for Criminal Investigations / Netherlands Red Cross
Arbitration Rekindled International Development and Co-operation
International Criminal Law Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation
Disarmament Issues Euronaid / Cordaid / Care Netherlands
The European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership
The Icon of The Hague Tradition 17-19 The Society for International Development, Netherlands Chapter
The Carnegie Foundation The Netherlands Development Organisation, SNV Netherlands
The Peace Palace The Netherlands Organisation for International Development Co-operation, NOVIB
The "World Centre of Internationalism" The Centre for Dignity and Rights, CEDAR / The International Dialogues Foundation /
The Foundation for Peace / The Science and Society Forum / The Foundation Arctic
International Courts and Tribunals 20-24 People Alert / The International Foster Care Organisation
Arbitration The Yi Jun Peace Museum and Academy Foundation
The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) Environment
The Iran-US Claims Tribunal (lUSCT) The United Nations Environmental Programme CPA Co-ordination Office
Adjudication The Institute for Environmental Security
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) Education
The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) Euroclio / Eblida / IFLA / Nederlandse Taalunie
The International Criminal Court (ICC) Urban Studies
The International Network for Urban Development / The International Society of City
Organs and Institutes for Conflict Monitoring and Disarmament 25-30 and Regional Planners / The International Federation for Housing and Planning /
The Hague Conference on Private International Law (HccH) The International Organization for Migration
NATO C3 Agency The Medical Sphere Research and Documentation Centres
The International Pharmaceutical Federation / The International Confederation of Midwives Institutes
Trade and Industry T.M.C. Asser Institute
The Assoriation of Dutch Chambers of Commerce in Europe / The Benelux Trademarks Institute Clingendael
& Designs Office Hague Institute for the Internationalisation of Law
Libraries
Expats The Royal Library and National Archives
The Administrative Committee to Coordinate English-speaking Services / Accueil des The Peace Palace Library
francophones de la Haye / Alliance Frangaise de la Haye / Anglo-American Theatre Group / Networks
British Choir / The Hague International Network / Holland Handbook / Expats Magazine / The Hague Legal Portal
Xpats Journal / Holland Horizon Magazine / Roundabout / The Hague On Line The Hague Academic Coalition
International Centres of Education 38-43 The Hague Municipality 47-48
Primary and Secondary Education Department of International Affairs
International Schools The Hague Hospitality Centre
The International School of The Hague / The British Schools / The American School / The International Exposition Centre
The German School / The Lycée frangais Vincent van Gogh / The Indonesian School in
the Netherlands / The Iranian Community School / The Pohsh School in The Hague International Awards 49
Tertiary Education Carnegie-Wateler Peace Prize
Professional Training The Hague Prize for International Law
The Hague Royal Conservatory
The International Association of Schools of Jazz And in the Immediate Vidnity... 50-51
The Royal Academy of Visual Arts European Patent Office (EPO, Rijswijk)
Hotelschool The Hague European Network of Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI, Ypenburg)
Mondriaan International Stream European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA / ESTEC, Noordwijk)
INHOLLAND University International Statistical Institute (ISI, Voorburg)
The Hague University of Professional Education (HHS) Unicef (Voorburg)
Civil Service and Public Sector Training Water Management
The Netherlands School of Public Administration International Water and Sanitation Centre / The Netherlands Water Partnership /
ROI International The UNESCO Institute for Water Education / The Netherlands Association for Water
Netherlands Defence College (NDC) The Hague Management / The Netherlands Waterworks Association / The Water Boards Association /
Development Studies The Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control
The International Institute for Communication and Development
The Hague Institute of Social Studies A Survey of International Organizations and Institutions 52-53
NUFFIC
The Netherlands Development Assistance Research Council Map of International The Hague 54-55
International Law and Relations
The Hague Academy of International Law Colophon 56
The Hague Campus and the Grotius Centre of Leiden University The Hague, The World In Small Compass The arts, too, flowered here. Celebrated painters of The Hague School, from Van Gogh and Mesdag to the Maris and Israels brothers, felt inspired by the An Elegant Township township's land- and seascapes. Prominent architects planned the city's Snugly lodged amidst lush pasture-lands and comfortably shielded from layout, from Daniel Marot to Richard Meier. Renowned conductors mesmerized fierce North Sea gusts by a sturdy belt of pristine dunes. The Hague has its orchestras, curators of fame managed the priceless collections of its of old been a city of charm, a venue for the chic and the abode of the museums, art galleries and libraries, and its dance companies made the more refined arts of life. Typically, the township never felt the need for city's name ring around the world. protective walls or moats. In the midst of the hustle and bustle of the day, rose-scented parks and dreamy estates, noble squares and stately avenues have preserved for The Hague that dignified calm and noble repose that befits a centre of intellectual, rather than industrial or commercial, pursuit. If the economic strategy of the energetic city council currently seeks to attract dynamic industry and high-tech businesses, The Hague is, traditionally, a 'white collar' community. A quarter of its labour force is involved in what is the largest civil sen/ice apparatus of the country. Not surprisingly, the city counted numerous men of science among its prominent sons, from the celebrated father and son Huygens in the 17th century to both Nobel Prize Winning Tinbergen brothers, in more recent days. The city also prided itself in its men Centre of Politics and Diplomacy of letters, from Cats to Couperus. It harboured lawyers Still, to the Dutch, The Hague stands out, if nothing else, as the time- of world renown from Hugo Grotius to Tobias Asser and honoured seat of government. Its Knights Hall was the proud chair of the attracted foreign scientists and philosophers such as Counts of Holland in far-off medieval days. Its Houses of Parliament were Simon Stevin, Benedict de Spinoza, René Descartes, at the heart of the Dutch Revolt, home of the Princes of Orange and pivot and Daniel Fahrenheit. of the administrative machinery of that glorious Republic and its sea-borne empire. The statues surrounding the Court: Lake recall the labour- and The 1899 international Peace Conference marked the dawn of the city as an growing-pains of a nation. international centre of justice and peace research. Gradually, and heaving on A patrimonial architecture all of its own bespeaks this long history of prince- the ebbs and floods of international organization, the once dreamy, elegant dom and royalty, government and diplomacy, officialdom and colonialism. township transformed itself into a booming crucible of cosmopolitanism, The centre of The Hague is made up of palaces, residences, and strings currently to identfy itself as the United Nations's fourth centre in the world. of ministerial buildings. It is surrounded by quarters featuring the noble If traditionally, to the Dutchman that is. The Hague equalled the Binnenhof, dwellings of consuls and ambassadors, and the proud retreats of sugar barons at present, and to the world at large, the city's acclaim is embodied in and colonial officials. From there, a set of dead straight, leafy avenues lures Andrew Carnegie's Peace Palace. one to the more light-hearted pursuits of the sea resort, and to Scheveningen As we speak, one third of the Hague population of 465.000 and nearly half harbour, where fishermen toil away at the heartbeat of the lighthouse. of its residents consist of immigrants and expats, representing a full hundred nationalities. Crowded on a surface of some 100 km', a third of which is The International Challenge green space, well over a hundred embassies are housed, some 150 inter- All this, and The Hague's acclaim in the world, were long established when, national organizations (be they UN- or EU-oriented, intergovernmental or a full century ago, the township entered upon an altogether new career. non-governmental), a similar number of major international business, law and accountancy firms, and nigh on 450 internationally oriented associations and foundations. English is the city's second language. Each and every year. The Hague welcomes some twenty million visitors on average. The city prides itself on prominent research-centres and well- equipped libraries, and international schools abound. Magnetized by the city's new status, centres of secondary education have opened international branches and launched tailor-made programmes to satisfy the exploding number of pupils. Annual summer courses, such as of the reputed Hague Academy of international law, host hundreds of students from all over the world, only to add to the international flavour. A Tailor-Made Infrastructure of bicycle paths crisscrosses the virgin dunescape, the hundreds of hectares All this has not exactly been a matter of chance. The Hague has 'matured' of venerable forests, and the green meadows all around. To top it all, and tremendously over the past few decades and, thanks to the visionary policy never failing to cast its spell on people from all quarters of the world, a full of its dynamic city council, has considerably upgraded its overall infrastruc- twenty kilometres of wind-beaten coastline invite one to an early swim, to ture. Today, all of the above-mentioned institutions - dignitaries, officials, windsurfing or sunbathing, to flying a kite with the kids, or to a bracing employees and students alike - profit, be this for work or leisure, from the winter stroll. city's well-developed transport networks, which feature five train stations Much has changed since the closing decades of the 19th century, when the that lend ready access to Amsterdam airport, Rotterdam harbour, Brussels, celebrated hotel Des Indes along the Lange Voorhout and the Kurhaus spa Paris or London. Numerous are the bus- and tramways that connect the resort at Scheveningen first earned themselves a repute in Europe. many dozens of theatres and some of the most prestigious museums of the Nowadays, international life in the city triggers conferences all year around. Netherlands. And, speaking of Holland, a patchwork of no less than 250 km. Still, the Dutch can always be relied upon to foster private enterprise. Today, a string of modern hotels and conference centres is at the ready disposal of an ever more demanding audience. In similar vein, scores of restaurants link the charms of the traditional Dutch and Indonesian cuisines to the world's many flavours, so as to gratify the discriminating palate of its \ S . multicultural clientele. In short. The Hague, over the past few decades, has identified itself wondrously well with its present role as a truly inter- national venue. This guide focuses particularly on those aspects, which by now are at the core of the city's renown worldwide, to wit. The Hague's repute as a world centre for the administration of international justice, and a research centre for peace and security issues. The World of Diplomacy therefore, many of the embassies of the old European powers were found along the A Tradition of Four Centuries prestigious Voorhout and Vijverberg, Diplomacy has of old been a major instrument of international relations. immediately surrounding the In the days when travel was a time-consuming, cumbersome and dangerous Binnenhof quarters and undertaking, special envoys, consuls and ambassadors were a vehicle for Houses of Parliament, the the exchange of views, to cultivate mutual understanding - as much, of time-honoured political course, as for keeping the homeland posted to the point of espionage. and cultural centre of With the rise of the modern State System embassies soon took on a The Hague. This tradition permanent status. of centuries is eminently In The Hague this process took off when Prince Maurice of Orange reflected in the Ridderzaal or established his court in The Hague in the mid-1580s. The splendour of Knights' HaU. Here, in 1600, the the baroque world of diplomacy culminated in the mid-17th century, in trophies of Prince Maurice's celebrated victory over the Spanish at the days of his successors Frederic-Henry and William and Mary, when the Nieuwpoort were proudly displayed. Here, the Plenary of the Second Hague Republic reached its pinnacle as a prominent actor on the international Peace Conference of 1907 assembled. Here, the Queen delivers her annual political scene. With the gradual decline of the Republic's prominence in Address from the Throne. And here, UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan and H.M. the 18th century and the strict policy of neutrality of the (by then) Queen Beatrix attended the inauguration of the International Criminal Court Kingdom of the Netherlands during most of the 19th century, diplomatic in 2003. life in The Hague dwindled. The First Hague Peace Conference of 1899 The same holds good for that other prominent room, the Trèves-salon. changed this situation overnight. It owes its name to the Twelve Years Truce with the Spanish of 1609, an event that marked the de facto, if not yet the de jure, independence of the The Honour of the State Republic. Nearly three centuries later, in this very room, Tobias Asser first In the 17th century world of protocol and préséance the honour of the State convened his Conférence de la Haye of 1893. Again, in 1899, in this room a was strikingly reflected in its ambassador's dwellings. Not surprisingly. special committee drew up the Convention that established the Permanent Court of Arbitration. And currently, cabinet meetings are held here on a genius of Sir Constantine Huygens, that omnipresent man of letters, weekly basis. personal secretary to three successive Princes of Orange and father of the In a sense, all the heydays and pitfalls of the Glorious Republic were mirrored mathematical genius ._ in the waters of the Court Lake (Hofvijver). It saw the father of international Christiaen, great archi- law, Hugo Grotius, taken prisoner and the Republic's greatest politicians, tects such as Pieter Post, Johan Van Otdenbarneveld and Jan de Witt beheaded and lynched respectively. Jacob van Kampen and Winters were reputedly cold in Holland in those days. Around 1600, the first Hendrick de Keyser added French Ambassador, De Buzanval, an intimate of Grotius, was not alone in grandeur to Plein, Plaats, insisting on being recalled to and Noordeinde. The cure his gout. Still, on a Mauritshuis, treasury of sunny spring day, the most trophies of another Prince chivalrous Prince Maurice of Maurice, the Brazilian, stands out as perhaps the best specimen of this Orange might treat ambas- style. From these heydays of the Republic date some famous incidents of sadors to a spectacular tour préséance at the Hoornbrug, the city's limits near Rijswijk, where foreign in Simon Stevin's ingenious embassies were solemnly received. As in 1640, and again in 1660, when sailing chariot and race along shining coaches, bearing the coat of arms of French, Swedish or Danish the beach at dazzling speed ambassadors, did not wish to give way to each other, and became engaged all the way from in scuffles that left coachmen in the mud. Nearby, in the magnificent Huis te Scheveningen to Petten. Nieuwburg, another milestone of early modern diplomacy took place, the concluding of the Peace of Ryswyck in 1697. However, from here, diplomatic The Splendour of Court Life contacts slowly ebbed away to the point where, in the late 19th century, Court life boomed from the days the 'Winterking', Fredrick of the Pfaltz and the first ever American ambassador sighed that the perfect dullness of his spouse took refuge in The Hague, fallen victim to the Wars of Religion Court and official life at The Hague did not enable him to properly prepare after a span of rule that did not outlast a single winter. Spurred by the his daughter for a life in the beau monde of Europe. The Hundred Chosen of Dutch Renaissance salons and period Chinese and Japanese rooms. Small wonder, therefore, that the invasion by no less than a hundred pro- Plenaries were held in the epitome of the Golden Age interior decoration, minent delegates to attend the 1899 Hague Peace Conference, and in their the Orange Salon. The room had witnessed crowned heads of Europe dancing train many hundreds of pacifists, socialists, suffragettes, journalists and and Mozart and Beethoven peri'orming. All along the room's octagonal walls, reporters, took the dreamy, sleepy township by complete surprise. Ceremonies, its very design symbolizing peace, superb canvases by Jordaens and his team concerts, gala-dinners and exhibitions abounded. Citizens feasted their eyes depicted the feats of Frederic-Henry, Prince of Peace, who had secured the on the endless to and fro of coaches, the gay display of military gala uniforms sovereignty of the Republic at Westphalia in 1648. and the exotic dress of oriental ladies. Perfect strangers at first, delegates met in committees of all kinds to The centre of gravity of the Conference was the Huis ten Bosch, some two discuss the outstanding topics of politics and international relations. This kilometres down the road in the venerable Hague woods. Here a scene Peace Conference met not, as so often before, in the aftermath of war, with unrolled whose impact may perhaps have been somewhat underestimated by resentments still glowing, or in the face of acute crisis and with nerves on modern critics. For a full three months, diplomats, military men and lawyers edge, but in most general terms, in an almost detached tenor and as if it from all over the world gathered in literally splendid isolation, blessed with were purely an academic exercise. predominantly gorgeous weather, and enwrapped in a sumptuous ambiance To some extent, this lack of urgency and the absence of all media pressure may have made them indulge in rather too non-committal talks. But in the course of these months, over luncheons and dinners, during strolls at leisure and rounding the serpentine in the superb park layout, delegates came to appreciate each other's tenets to the point of establishing personal relations. If ^ The Huis ten Bosch was the experiment of a concept that had been fervently advocated by Hugo Grotius a full three centuries before, to wit, the idea of regular multilateral conferences that would only reach full maturity in the UN Era. In these months Tobias Asser must have hatched the idea of a Hague Academy. The International Era park areas, scattered with palatial villas, in the immediate vicinity of the Peace Palace. The constitution of the International Court in 1923 also introduced a new kind of diplomatic dignitary to The Hague. The Judges of the Court, as much representatives of their nation and culture as the ambassadors themselves, were warranted a diplomatic status on similar footing. To that extent, the arrival of ever new courts and tribunals also ensured the expansion of the, by now, impressive Hague diplomatic community. From thereon. The Hague would never be the same again. Internationalism As we speak, the had entered its veins and banished all former indolence. In 1907 the Netherlands main- Consolar office Second Hague Peace Conference took place and in 1913 the ceremonial tain diplomatic Passpflifs - Passit opening of the Peace Palace, which coincided with the centenary of the relations with 168 nation's regained independence after the Napoleonic Wars. From these States, 93 of which are Visas-Working permits decades of swift expansion date the park layouts of Van Stolkpark and represented in The Hague by an embassy. Again, in nearby Wassenaar, numerous diplomatic residences are to be found. Close to 6,000 foreign representatives enjoy the immunities specified in the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations, criss- crossing the city in CD, CDJ and CC licence-plated limousines. All this, in turn, has given birth to a whole range of social activities within the international community. International festivals abound and embassies pose as generous sponsors to events that spread the word of internationalism Park Zorgvliet in the up to then virgin dune area between The Hague and and multiculturalism, indeed echoing Hugo Grotius's adage that The Hague Scheveningen. In years to follow, with international contacts expanding, is the world in small compass. many new embassies were to find their residences in these comfortable
10 Embassies
Embassy of Algeria Van Stolklaan 1-3 Embassy of Libya Parkweg 15
Embassy of Australia Carnegielaan 4 Embassy of Luxembourg Nassaulaan S
Embassy of the People's Republic of Bangladesh Wassenaarseweg 39 Embassy of Malaysia Rustenburgweg 2
Embassy of The Kingdom of Belgium Alexanderveld 97 Embassy of Mexico Burgemeester Patijnlaan 1930
Embassy of Bosnia-Herzegovina Bezuidenhoutseweg 223 Embassy of New Zealand Carnegielaan 10
Embassy of the Republic of Bulgaria Duinroosweg 9 Embassy of Nigeria Wagenaarweg 5
Embassy of Canada Sophialaan 7 Embassy of the Sultanate of Oman Koninginnegracht 27
Embassy of the People's Republic of China Adriaan Goekooplaan 7 Palestinian General Delegation Laan Copes van Cattenburch 73
Embassy of the Democratic Republic of Congo Violenweg 2 Embassy of the Republic of Peru Nassaiipiein 4
Embassy of the Republic of Croatia Amaliastraat 16 Embassy of the Republic of Poland Alexanderstraat 25
Embassy of the Republic of Cyprus Surinamestraat 15 Embassy of Romania Catsheuvel 55
Embassy of Denmark Koninginnegracht 30 Embassy of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Alexanderstraat 19
Embassy of the Arab Republic of Egypt Badhuisweg 92 Embassy of the Slovak Republic Parkweg 1
Embassy of the Republic of Estonia Parkstraat 15 Embassy of the Republic of South Africa Wassenaarseweg 40
Embassy of France Smidsplein 1 Embassy of the Democratic Socialist Republic
Embassy of the Republic of Ghana Laan Copes van Cattenburch 70 Embassy of the Republic of Sudan Laan Copes van Cattenburch 81
Embassy of the Republic of Guatemala Javastraat 44 Embassy of the Kingdom of Sweden Burgemeester van Karnebeeklaan 6a
Embassy of Hungary Hogeweg 14 Embassy of the Kingdom of Thailand Buitenrustweg 1
Embassy of Indonesia Tobias Asserlaan 8 Embassy of the Republic of Turkey Jan Evertstraat 15
Embassy of Iraq Johan de Wittlaan 16 Embassy of the United Arab Emirates Eisenhoweriaan 130
Embassy of Israel Buitenhof 47 and Northern Ireland Lange Voorhout 10
Embassy of Japan Tobias Asserlaan 2 Embassy of Uruguay Mauritskade 33
Embassy of the Republic of Kenya Nieuwe Parklaan 21 Embassy of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela Nassaulaan 2
Embassy of the State of Kuwait Carnegielaan 9 Embassy of the Republic of Yemen Surinamestraat 9
11 quest to improve on previous generations. Yet soon enough, the political Arbitration Rekindled deadlock between radically conflicting ideologies ushered in a Cold War Era It was state conflict, which, in the 1980s, was to rekindle arbitration at that would paralyse all progress for decades on end. The Hague. As a consequence of the Iranian revolution, the toppling of the The successor to the PCIJ, the International Court of Justice, did, however, Pahlavi regime, and the confiscation of foreign assets, tensions between live up to its promise, that is, within the deliberately constrained perime- the Iran and USA administrations flared up high. They were appeased in the ters of its mandate. By virtue of sound legal scholarship and thanks Algiers Accords, which stipulated the establishment, in The Hague, of the to structural reform, it overcame, if not without some temporary Iran-US Claims Tribunal, which, over the past two decades, has considerably damage, the many hurdles posed by the rapid social change enhanced the status, and enriched the jurisprudence, of the mechanism. of the post-colonial era. Thus, it proved itself worthy of its popular title of World Court. In keeping with the claims International Criminal Law forwarded in its Statute, it identified itself, both in terms Again, it was fratricide in the Balkans following the breakdown of Communism of composition and legal thought, with the juridical legacy of that revived at The Hague another branch of its legacy from the 1899 and the entire world. But, for all the staunch judgments and advisory 1907 Peace Conferences, to wit, adjudication in the sphere of international opinions generated by this bench of fifteen, the international criminal and humanitarian law. dispensation of justice nevertheless remains, to the present day, Modern humanitarian concepts had first surfaced in reply to the massacres dependent on the voluntary participation of sovereign nations. inflicted by warfare of the Industrial Age as exemplified by the Crimean War Over past decades, many expert bodies at work within the UN organization, and the American Civil War. In 1874, a Brussels Conference, drew up a such as the International Law Commission, the Sixth Committee and the comprehensive code of the laws and customs of war, which paved the way Human Rights Commission, have aspired to improve on this situation and for the epochal Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907. In 1899, at The speed up the faltering process to durably enforce the Rule of Law. Hague, a first call for the adjudication of war crimes was heard. The notion They expanded on the legal and judicial framework and availed themselves of an International Criminal Court first surfaced in the wake of the Armenian of those rare moments of international détente to try and enforce its implemen- genocide in 1915 and of German atrocities in WW I. Still, at the time, the tation, still, so far, it was human tragedy if nothing else that dramatically idea was deemed premature by most League members. triggered progress. After WW II, the Allied Powers launched the Nuremberg and Tokyo Inter- national Military Tribunals to bring Axis war criminals to justice. In 1948, Disarmament Issues the UN General Assembly adopted the pivotal Genocide Convention. From The closing decade of the 20th century witnessed similar progress with there, however, the Cold War stalemate paralysed further progress, in spite respect to what had precisely occasioned the 1899 Conference and most of decades of efforts by the Human Rights Commission and the painstaking disillusioned its champions at the time, to wit, the disarmament paragraph. research on criminal jurisdiction and an international criminal court by Back in 1899, many prominent delegates, largely diplomats of the old successive Special Rapporteurs of the International Law Commission. stamp, had dismissed the issues of the peaceful settlement of dispute Soon after the breakdown of the bipolar system, in the fading 1980s, Europe or the codification of warfare as predominantly legal and fairly academic, found its newly-won ambition to finally realize The United Europe of the Free better left to the realm of that new, somewhat disconcerting, phenomenon melting down in the crucible of the Balkans. Faced with alarming reports of - the international lawyer. By comparison, the riddles as how to bend the genocide in the former Yugoslavia, the Security Council, in a rare moment spiralling armaments race, or check the amazing, indeed widely acclaimed, of unanimity, agreed on concerted action. At the proposition of UN triumphs of military technology of the Industrial Age, were felt to be Secretary-General Boutros-Ghali (an alumnus of the Hague Academy), almost primarily political, acutely pragmatic, and indeed far more urgent issues. overnight an ad hoc criminal tribunal was implemented in The Hague, the After having very nearly reached agreement on the ban of chemical weapons, ICTY. It was at that juncture, in 1993, a full century after Asser's first ini- the Conference had finally disbanded without agreeing on any tangible tiative, that the city's ambition to become the world's Judicial Capital was resolutions. More significantly, the issues of arms control and conflict first voiced. prevention were abandoned altogether in 1907. Neither Wilson's celebrated The vicissitudes of the ICTY served, if anything, to underscore the urgency Fourteen Points address of 1918, nor the Briand-Kellogg Pact of the League of that long overdue, and generally endorsed, international penal code. era, which solemnly abjured war as an instrument of national policy, made In 1998, at the long-awaited summit in Rome to resolve on such a code any real headway. As little, indeed, as the 1925 Geneva Protocol on bacte- and the establishment of an International Criminal Court, the Netherlands riological and chemical weapons ever stopped the nations from producing successfully brandished a bid book to underpin the keen candidacy of The these agents, to which WW II was to bear witness. Not only did the League's Hague. After a long and winding journey that started at the Huis ten Bosch Collective Security System fail dramatically neither was much progress made in 1899, the inauguration of the ICC in 2003 found the nations once more in terms of mentality, to finally supplant the conflict-based Westphalian reassembled in The Hague. dogma and its ingrained suspicion and antagonism of sovereign states by
15 a model of consensus and based on law. raid in the Tokyo subway in 1995 only made them speed up its entry into The opening decades of the UN Era did not warrant much hope either. force, thus to enable the establishment, in The Hague in 1998, of the The world seemed cramped in the bipolar system of conflicting ideologies. Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons. Until, that is, the merest inkling of détente and rapprochement was exploited in the historic Helsinki Act of 1975. With hindsight, it was the Helsinki In the above survey we have summarily dealt with the stepping-stones that Process which, once the ideological helped The Hague reach its current position as a world centre of justice and deadlock had finally been broken, peace. Meanwhile, over past decades, the presence of a host of international facilitated the 1990 Paris Charter for courts, tribunals, organs, and bureaus in The Hague has, quite naturally, a New Europe, and the genesis of the prompted initiatives of various kinds. It has generated centres of research and OSCE in 1995. The staunch advocacy documentation in the sphere of international law and affairs, such as the SK5NATURE DE LA CONVENTION of human rights by successive Dutch T.M.C. Asser and Clingendael Institutes and, recently, The Hague Institute D INTEROCTION DES ARMES CHMK3UES Paris 13-15 Janvier 1993 administrations secured for The Hague for the Internationalization of Law. It has stimulated education and training the Bureau of the OSCE High programmes at all levels. In recent years, Leiden University has opened a Commissioner on National Minorities. Hague Campus and Grotius Centre, while The Haagse Hogeschool has In similar vein, within EU context, launched international law courses. It has attracted a variety of facilitating the stipulations against international organs and institutions. Non-governmental organizations related to law and organized crime and terrorism couched in the Maastricht Treaty hailed the peace studies have migrated to The Hague by the dozen, international law establishment in The Hague, of the Europol and Eurojust bureaus. In terms firms abound. Again, fairly recently, a number of keenly interested parties, of arms control, a much similar process asserted itself. In 1972, in Geneva, coordinated by The Hague Department of International Affairs, has the nations agreed on a Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention, without assembled in the so-called Hague Academic Coalition (HAC). Last year, otherwise living up to their promise to subsequently explore a comprehen- the prestigious Hague Prize For International Law was launched. In the sive and unconditional ban of all chemical weaponry. It took the Iraqi's following pages, a full panorama of this gamut of outpourings will be abuse of toxic agents against the Kurds to make the nations assemble anew presented. Still, to conclude this historical survey, we will first briefly in 1993 in Paris to open up such a Convention. Subsequently, the terrorist review the genesis of the icon of The Hague Tradition, the Peace Palace. The Icon of the Hague Tradition On a regular basis, former Prime Ministers and Ministers of Foreign Affairs have chaired the Board, Messrs. van der Stoel, Kooijmans and van den Broek The Camegie Foundation In 1903, the Scottish-American entrepreneur and philanthropist Andrew Camegie donated a stupendous US $ 1.5 million to the State of the AY/ yk^ Hi, FIRST ^ &atiy. /'f/m,f„/ aytaii^ t, Netherlands for the construction of premises to host the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the institution that was born out of the First Hague Peace Conference of 1899. Pragmatic considerations dictated that the administra- tion of the gift be entrusted to a Foundation. Over the past century, the Carnegie Foundation, which was established in June 1904, has acquitted itself of this assignment. The Foundation directs the overall management — of the premises, including the renowned Peace Palace Library. Members are recent examples. Since 1974 the day-to-day management of the Foundation of the Board also constitute the Administrative Council of The Hague is entrusted to a General Director. The Supervisory Council of the Foundation Academy of International Law. By the same token, it facilitates the work is presided over by the Minister of Foreign Affairs and composed of of the international courts hosted in the grounds: the Permanent the Ministers of Justice, Finance and Education, along with the Court of Arbitration and the International Court of Justice. Presidents of the Chambers of the States General, the Vice- Priding itself on its illustrious pedigree, the Carnegie President of the Council of State, and the President and Foundation confidently aspires at securing the unique Attorney-General of the Supreme Court of the Netherlands. role of the Peace Palace as the world's foremost symbol Through its Hague Academy of International Law, the of peace and justice and figurehead of the renown of Carnegie Foundation is one of the founding members of The Hague as Judicial Capital of the World. The Carnegie the Hague Academic Coalition. The complexities involved Foundation is a Dutch institution, governed by a Board in the stewardship of Carnegie's gift over the past century and a Directorate. The Board consists of seven Members, have been numerous. From the records of the Carnegie including a representative of the Permanent Court of Arbitration Foundation emerges a panorama of human endeavour to uphold an ideal amidst the often sobering realities of The many charms of the Peace Palace are undisputed. The lofty halls, the life. Lack of funds have often impaired the belle époque interior decoration, the scores of gifts from around the world, Board's aspirations. Maintenance and restoration and the many canvases and busts celebrating the pioneers of peace and the of the Palace turned out to be a cumbersome staunch advocates of the Rule of Law, are a feast for the eye. Meanwhile, process. In recent years, an ever more ambitious critics have often, and perhaps too rashly, commented unfavourably on the programme of renovation and extension is being clash of styles. For one thing, the Palace mirrors the transition period of developed to match the rapid expansion of the the old and new paradigms of art. But more than this, its corridors and institutions operating within the Palace grounds. conference rooms reflect the sincere aspiration to synthesize endeavours and By 2006 a new conference and Library centre will outpourings from all over the world. This is no less of a challenge in terms replace the former Academy building. of art as it has proven to be in terms of legal concepts and traditions of dispute resolution.
The Peace Palace The building history of the Peace Palace was not unproblematic. The search for an appropriate site and the subsequent international prize competition among architects prompted considerable controversy. On 30 July 1907, in the midst of the Second Hague Peace Conference, the cornerstone of the Palace was laid. On that occasion, the 44 attending nations pledged them- selves to submit raw materials for the construction of Carnegie's Peace Temple and to offer specimens of their arts and crafts to decorate the Palace and grounds. On 28 August 1913, with the Netherlands celebrating the centenary of its regained independence after the Napoleonic wars, and The Hague in festive apparel, the Peace Palace was solemnly inaugurated. With Queen Wilhelmina attending, Andrew Carnegie and his spouse featured as guests of honour. .H-i-H PAX BELL
The classical style of the Peace Palace gardens and rosaries was arranged The area covered stretched from the Hubertus Hill to the Wassenaarse Slag by the celebrated British landscape architect, Thomas H. Mawson. Gardens and was crossed by a traffic artery, the Paradère, measuring some 100 m. are traditionally the realm of philosophers. Over the decades, judges and in width and 10 km. in length. At the Hubertus Hill end a Leap or fly-over arbitrators, diplomats and conferees, and the many thousands of students of linked the Paradère to the Wittebrug. A Wagnerian theatre was projected the Hague Academy of International Law have sauntered along the win- in its elbow. One kilometre to the north, the Peace Palace was projected ding lanes in the grounds, savouring the glorious palette of colours, to stand out on the highest hilltop as a beacon to sailors. the exotic fragrances and amiable conversation. The plan ran counter to that of the Camegie Foundation and, for years on end, Eijkman and the Board stood horns locked. By The "World Centre of Internationalism" (1905) 1907, progressive architects, headed by Berlage, Kromhout The current ambition of The Hague to pose as a world and De Bazel were up in arms against alleged irregularities capital of justice, peace and security has a long in the Prize Competition among architects launched pedigree. In 1905, a "Preparatory Bureau for the by the Carnegie Foundation for the Peace Palace, Foundation of Internationalism" was founded at against the Jury's Report and Cordonnier being the van Lennepweg in The Hague. The primary aims awarded the first prize. In this, personal resentment of this Bureau, which was headed by a Dr. Eijkman and had its say too. In the end, all discontents rallied under Mr. Horrix, were to create a World Centre of Internationalism the banners of Eijkman in an official address to Parliament, in the immediate vicinity of The Hague. To this end the prominent which failed. Eight architects then instituted legal proceedings architect De Bazel developed a gigantic design, which envisioned for against the Carnegie Foundation. In 1909 they lost the suit, lodged conference halls, academies, an experimental garden city and, in the heart an appeal, only to find the judgement upheld in 1911. of the area at the Mussenberg, Carnegie's Peace Palace. The Palace was linked The history of Eijkman's project, as visionary as it was quixotic, constitutes to the world by the electric train that ran from the Kurhaus to Rotterdam. one of the most colourful events in the history of The Hague internationalism. The layout reflected De Bazel's theosophical tenets. It featured Renaissance To conclude its tale, the headquarters of the Intemational Criminal Court, concepts of the cita ideale, notably an octagon, symbol of harmony, that which are anticipated for 2010-12, are projected on the very spot where was later integrated by Berlage in his extention plans for The Hague. Eijkman had envisioned the Peace Palace in 1907.
19 International Courts and Tribunals embraced the Court's mechanisms, and not surprisingly so. By 1900, the fairly rudimentary jurisdiction of the PCA addressed inter-State disputes exclusively. Arbitration A full century later, the Court's flexible procedural rules are tailor-made to meet the changing dispute resolution needs of a very different world order. The Permanent Court of Arbitration Today, the PCA administers arbitration, conciliation, and fact-finding in Founded in 1899 and the most tangible result of the First Hague Peace disputes involving various combinations of States, private parties and inter- Conference, the PCA was the first international dispute settlement mechanism governmental organizations. Membership of the PCA has grown to well over to be established worldwide. Its rules of procedure were to be of paramount 100 Member States and its case-load is at an all-time high. influence on the framing of procedural rules for later institutions. Belying The Governing Body of the PCA is the Administrative Council made up widespread scepticism at its inception, the Court made a most promising of the ambassadors of Contracting Parties to The Hague Conventions start. Prior to WW I, it settled a number of thorny issues through arbitral of 1899 and 1907. The Council meets regularly under the chair- tribunals and with the help of Commissions of Inquiry operating under its manship of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands. auspices. As a consequence, international agreements providing for arbitra- Day-to-day work is carried out by the Court's secretariat, the tion exploded. International Bureau, headed by its Secretary-General and consis- These early successes made its advocates call for appropriate housing. ting of an experienced, internationally recruited staff. Its qualified The Peace Palace, opened in 1913, was the answer to this call. However, multilingual counsel and administrators provide legal support to World War I imposed the urgency of even more stringent mechanisms tribunals and commissions, be this at the Court's seat in The Hague of dispute settlement, notably adjudication. Throughout or elsewhere. the Interbellum period, the newly founded Permanent In recent years, the PCA has grown into a veritable forum Court of International Justice under the auspices for legal discourse. It constitutes working groups and of the League of Nations captured the limelight steering committees to identify gaps in the interna- and the appeal of the PCA to the nations dis- tional dispute resolution framework. Meanwhile, its tinctly dwindled. In past decades the interna- own research department, its International Law tional community has once more wholeheartedly Seminars for practitioners and academics, and its
20 publications, notably its Peace Palace Papers, ensure the PCA a place at the establishment of an international arbitral tribunal as the exclusive authority forefront of current developments in dispute resolution. to deal with certain types of outstanding claims. The following May, the Tribunal first met in the Peace Palace under the auspices of the PCA. The Iran-United States Claims Tribunal It moved to premises of its own in Spring 1982. The lUSCT is the greatest challenge ever faced in the history of the mechanism The Claims Tribunal consists of nine members. Each government is invited to of arbitration, both on account of the complex nature of its substance matter appoint three members, the remaining three are 'third country' arbitrators. and the myriad procedural intricacies involved. Its birth heralded by intense Among these latter is the President of the Tribunal, who is selected by the political and cultural conflict, the lUSCT has become legendary in six national members by mutual consent. The Tribunal operates either in showing that a properly appointed body of arbitrators can cross a full or in Chambers of three, made up by a representative of each 'blood minefield of political pitfalls and come out unscathed, while group' and, again, chaired by its third-country member. The expenses of upholding the rule of law. the Tribunal are borne equally by the two governments. The Islamic Revolution in Iran, in February 1979, which toppled The Tribunal has jurisdiction over three types of claims. Firstly, claims and the Pahlavi monarchy, also put a dramatic halt to years of mutu- counterclaims of US nationals against Iran, and vice versa, arising out of ally beneficial relations with the USA. Friction heightened in the debts, contracts, expropriations and other measures affecting outstanding surprise attacks, in November 1979, on the American Embassy in property rights. Secondly, official claims arising out of contractual agreements Tehran and its Consulates in Tabriz and Shiraz. In Tehran, 52 between the two nations. Thirdly, claims regarding the interpretation of American diplomats and consular personnel were held hostage. The the Algiers Declarations. official US reaction was gradually stepped up from the blocking of Iranian After initial tension, the lUSCT has functioned in a businesslike manner. assets and deposits, the discontinuance of diplomatic relations and economic It has substantially enriched the law of international arbitration. Through sanctions, to the dramatic incursion into Iranian territory in April 1980, its jurisprudence on property expropriation and compensation it has made in an abortive attempt to rescue the hostages. incisive inroads into customary international law, and has developed criteria In January 1981, crisis was resolved through the mediation of the Algerian to establish the concept of "dominant and effective nationality". The happy government. The Algiers Accords stipulated the release of the hostages, the conclusion of the Tribunal, in the foreseeable future, will constitute a major lifting of the freeze and, in a separate Claims Settlement Declaration, the triumph for the mechanism of arbitration.
21 Adjudication proceedings without its prior formal consent. However, once it has consented to the jurisdiction of the ICJ, it is bound to accept the Court's verdict as The International Court of Justice final Nations who become parties in a case, but are not represented on the In Spring 1945, in San Francisco, it was decided to have the Court of the bench, may appoint an ad hoc Judge. League period, the PCIJ, replaced by a new court that was to be an integral Proceedings before the ICJ join aspects of the Common Law and the Civil part of the UN Organisation, its Statute annexed to the UN Charter. In April Law tradition and run through a written phase of pleadings followed by an 1946, the ICJ was installed at the Peace Palace. One of the six main Organs oral phase of public hearings. After the hearings Judges retire for individual of the United Nations and its principal judicial Organ, the ICJ is at the apex research followed by collective internal deliberations, after which a of mechanisms for the peaceful settlement of inter-State dispute worldwide. drafting committee finalizes the text of the Judgment or Advisory In a world torn by violence and conflict, the ICJ embodies the vision of the Opinion. Judges may append individual statements to set out their Rule of Law. It guarantees the impartial assessment of rights and obligations, argument in fuller detail. These are called Separate Opinions if irrespective of prestige and size and devoid of political pressure or economic essentially in agreement with the majority verdict, and Dissenting bargaining. Opinions if avowing fundamental disagreement. The Judgment or The ICJ consists of a bench of 15 judges. Judges are elected according to a Opinion is read, either in French or English (the two official lan- formula of regional grouping: five from the Western world, three from Africa, guages of the lU) at a public hearing in the Great Hall of Justice three from Asia, two from Latin-America and two representing the Eastern of the Peace Palace. European countries. Judges are elected at UN Headquarters in secret ballots Before the Court can address the merits of a case it often has to deal held simultaneously within the General Assembly and the Security Council. with preliminary issues: a party contesting the Court's jurisdiction or the The role of the Court is basically twofold: to settle disputes between admissibility of the case; a request to intervene by third parties; or a sovereign States and to render Advisory Opinions on questions of law at request for interim measures of protection by a party so as to prevent the the request of the Security Council and the General Assembly or, through aggravation of a dispute or the causing of irreparable prejudice. Initiatives the GA, of such organizations as ILQ, FAO, IMF and WHO. The Court is open to speed up procedures have resulted in the establishment of Chambers to all sovereign States. In fact, by signing the UN Charter nations become composed of 5 Judges only, but with the full prestige of the Court. ipso facto parties to the ICJ Statute. No nation can be made a partly to The Court is assisted by an internationally recruited Registry, which features
22 heavy Legal and Linguistic Departments. Over the past decade, the ICJ is Chambers and one Apeals Chamber. Trial Chambers have, as a rule, 3 perma- experiencing a period of unparalleled activity. It would seem that the nent and up to 6 ad litem judges. The composition of the Appeals Chamber growing awareness of humanity's many shared goals is increasingly leading is identical to that of the Rwanda Tribunal (ICTR). In all, there are 7 appeals nations to identify and protect their self-interest by seriously contemplating judges, five at the ICTY and 2 at the ICTR; 5 of them sit per appeal. the peaceful resolution of their disputes. The Office of the Prosecutor is a fully autonomous body, headed by the Prosecutor-General and currently consisting of well over 600 expert jurists, The Intemational Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia trial attorneys, crime analysts and police officers. The Office conducts In Spring 1993, the UN Security Council faced with persistent reports of investigations, prepares indictments and prosecutes the accused. It collects ^ atrocities perpetrated in the territory of the former Yugoslavia, acknow- evidence, also in situ, and identifies witnesses. ledged the need to address the acute threat to international peace The Registry, a staff of currently 700, renders administrative and judicial ^^^k and security in the region and to provide a judicial response to gross support to the Tribunal It schedules hearings, translates documents, inter- breaches in the humanitarian sphere. By successive resolutions prets Court proceedings, carries out diplomatic functions and handles public and acting under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, that same year relations. Through its special Victims and Witnesses Section it ensures free the ICTY was established in The Hague. and safe testimonies. It also manages the Special Detention Unit in The The mission of the ICTY is fourfold: to bring to trial persons charged Hague, where the accused are held. with violations of international humanitarian law; to render justice Proceedings at the ICTY are conducted in accordance with Rules designed to their victims; to deter further violations of the law; finally, to help to combine the Civil and Common Law traditions. They feature aspects of restore peace in the region by promoting reconciliation. The Tribunal is the adversarial and inquisitorial systems, so as to ensure a fair trial by all composed of 16 permanent and up to 9 so-called ad litem judges, who are standards. There is no jury sitting at the Tribunal The maximum sentence appointed for a specific case only. Judges are elected by the UN General allowed at the ICTY is life imprisonment. Over the past decade the ICTY Assembly for four-year terms. The terms of permanent judges are renewable. has contributed considerably to the development of international criminal From their midst, judges elect a President and Vice-President. and humanitarian law. Its role and record was of invaluable help to the The ICTY consists of three Organs: the Chambers; the Office of the Prosecutor; 1998 Statute of Rome and the establishment of the ICC. and the Registry. Judges are divided between the Chambers: three Trial
23 The International Criminal Court elected. On 11 March following, they were solemnly sworn-in during a The establishment of the ICC in 2002 marked the opening of an era. ceremony in the hallowed Knights' Hall in The Hague. The ICC is a fully For the first time in history, a Standing Court, representing all major legal independent organization. Its relationship with the United Nations is gover- traditions of the world, was empowered to render verdicts over crimes of ned by an Agreement approved by the Assembly of States Parties. genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. Brandishing a Statute The Court consists of four Organs. Firstly, the Presidency, consisting of a duly signed and ratified by a fair and growing number of sovereign States, a President and two Vice-Presidents, elected by the Judges for renewable terms strictly defined province and a clear-cut procedure, the ICC is by far the best of three years. Secondly, the Judiciary, a body selected from among the Judges bid ever to the implementation of genuine, and composed of a Pre-Trial Division, a Trial Division, and an Appeals Division. evenly balanced and impartial justice li>l.n,>iK.ii4l<:fiiiiin;il(c>uii Thirdly, the Registry, which deals with management and all non-judicial in the international criminal sphere. A Bid r<>t Juiucc services. Its staff is recruited on the basis of equitable geographical coverage The Court embodies a new phase in and the fair representation of the principal legal systems worldwide, and of the ethics of human relations. gender. Finally, the Office of the Prosecutor, an independent organ that The ICC is the outcome of a diplomatic conducts all investigations and prosecutions. conference that took place in Rome in The jurisdiction of the ICC is strictly limited to States Parties to the Rome July 1998 and concluded a process of Statute, and is complementary to municipal jurisdictions. In other words, the a full century. It was in The Hague, in ICC only investigates crimes not properly dealt with by domestic authorities, ^^\s. ^^^^ J(}_ 1899, that a first call for adjudication be this from lack of power or absence of will. All natural persons aged 18 of war crimes was heard. The Rome < 1 n.niiKlk' liiicrtuii» ..Ic and over are liable to its jurisdiction. Proceedings can be initiated by the Conference successfully dealt with a host > .iiitlidjlc J L Justki- UN Security Council a State Party, or the Court's Prosecutor, and are treated of politically sensitive and procedurally with the utmost circumspection and transparency to secure the rights of minute issues. Its Statute defined the individual as the bearer of obligations the accused to a fair trial. The ICC's effective implementation of the Rome and responsibilities, and dismissed all appeals on 'superior orders'. Statute in State practice will be a major leap forward for mankind. The Statute entered into force by 1 July 2002. In February 2003, 18 Judges, representing all regions and principal legal systems of the world, were duly Organs and Institutions for Conflict negotiating process, with the purpose of drafting multilateral treaties or conventions. Preparatory work and basic research rests with the Permanent Monitoring and Disarmament Bureau, the Hague-based Secretariat of the HccH. The actual drafting of the Conventions is entrusted to Special Commissions of governmental experts. The Hague Conference on Private International Law The negotiating and adoption of Conventions is reserved to the Plenary of Founded in 1893, the Hague Conference was the first ever international the Conference, the diplomatic venue of Member-States. body to be established in The Hague. It is also the only legislative body among the many legal institutions in town. It was the brainchild of the Over the past 50 years, no less than 35 international conventions were foremost Dutch internationalist of the period, Tobias Asser, Nobel Peace adopted under HccH auspices. Most widely ratified are the Conventions on Prize winner in 1911 and a pivotal figure in the process of codifying and civil procedure, evidence, legislation, and the conventions dealing with harmonizing private international law. Boasting over 60 Member various aspects of family law, such as testaments, maintenance States and 110 years of accumulated experience, the HccH builds obligations, protection of minors, child abduction and inter- bridges between legal systems and reinforces legal certainty country adoption. The HccH has developed a wide range of and security. As from 1955, the HccH is a permanent inter- 'post Convention services', to support effective implementation governmental organization. and consistent application of its Conventions among contracting The Hague Conference works for the progressive unification of States. It organizes conferences and seminars forjudges and "private international law" rules, the rules adopted by States to others involved in the implementation of its Conventions. resolve differences between their legal systems that affect personal It publishes a judicial newsletter on international child protection and family or commercial relations. This involves finding internationally- and maintains the International Child Abduction Database (INCADAT), which agreed approaches to issues such as jurisdiction of the courts, applicable lends ready access to recent judicial decisions regarding its 1980 Convention, law, and the recognition and enforcement of judgements in a wide range of now in force in well over 70 countries. In this way, the Hague Conference areas, from commercial law and banking law to international civil procedure, has increasingly become a centre for international judicial and administrative and from child protection to matters of marriage and personal status. co-operation, while at the same time influencing the lives and doings of The principal method of the Hague Conference to reach its goals is the millions of people in a very practical way.
25 NATO C3 Agency totypes with extensive operational user involvement. Finally, using evolu- The NATO Consultation, Command and Control Agency is a non-profit, tionary acquisition and spiral development techniques to quickly field new customer-funded organization, which provides support to NATO through systems and equipment. the provision of unbiased scientific support and acquisition for NATO C4ISR The NATO C3 Agency functions in a matrix structure comprised of twelve (Consultation, Command, Control Communications, Intelligence, Surveillance, Integrated Programme Teams (IPTs), ten Resource Centres, and supporting and Reconnaissance) systems. The Agency operates as an integrated team staff, who provide the necessary human resources, financial administrative, of nearly 600 professionals, of which 90% are civilian and about 10% are facility, security, information technology, and other internal services. The military, all recruited from NATO member nations. Agency maintains close ties to a variety of NATO Agencies and Organizations. The Agency plays a key role in ensuring interoperability and architectural Its major customer is Allied Command Transformation (ACT), located in coherence across all NATO C4ISR systems. It is intricately involved in all Norfolk, Virginia, USA. aspects of lifecycle C4ISR capability generation to support NATO's forces in The Agency is a dynamic organzation built around NATO's recurring and both fixed and deployed environments. In addition, the Agency's products increasing requirement to augment its political and military arms with state and services are also available to individual or subsets of NATO nations. of-the-art technology. Major recent accomplishments include the replacement The NATO C3 Agency was established on July 1st 1996 from the amalgamation of NATO's satellite communications of the SHAPE Technical Centre (STC), which had since long been based in system, as well as its voice and The Hague, and the NATO Communications and Information Systems Agency message communications infrastruc- (NACISA). The Agency operates from two locations: one in Belgium adjacent ture. In the near future, the Agency to NATO Headquarters in Brussels, the other one in The Hague. The Head will be engaged in helping NATO of the Agency is the General Manager, who is immediately supported by Programme Offices to develop a a Director of Operations, a Director of Knowledge, and an Executive Staff. robust Theatre Missile Defence NATO C3 Agency strategy is rooted in three key principles. Firstly, recruiting capability and an Alliance Ground highly qualified engineering and scientific staff and providing them with Surveillance System, allowing NATO the proper environment for optimal exploitation of current technologies. to respond to a wider range of Secondly, developing and implementing laboratory test beds and field pro- evolving threats and scenarios. A
The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons The primary aims of OPCW are fourfold: to monitor the non-proliferation of The 1899 Hague Peace Conference adopted the first international document chemical weapons; to verify the destruction of all existing chemical weapon on chemical arms control banning the diffusion of "asphyxiating and delete- arsenals; to provide assistance and protection to member States; and to rious gases". It did not prevent the use of poison gas in WW I. Neither did a promote international co-operation in peaceful chemistry. Our world cannot 1925 Geneva Protocol meant to ban the use of bacteriological and chemical weaponry, stop governments from producing and stockpiling these weapons. Again, the States parties to the Geneva Biological and Toxic Weapons Convention of 1972 needed the reminder of Iraq's use of these weapons in the 1980s to rekindle debate. This debate finally resulted in the 1993 Paris "Convention on the Prohibition of Development, Production, Stockpiling, and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction", and in the creation of the OPCW. The timeliness of these efforts became apparent in the aftermath of the toxic sarin terrorist raid in the Tokyo subway in 1995. In April 1997 the CWC Convention entered into force. That same month the organization committed to carry out the terms of the Convention opened its doors in The Hague. OPCW is a fully independent international organization. It prides itself on a staff of well over 500, representing 66 nationalities. Its principal organ is survive without the chemical industry. Still what makes chemicals hazardous the Conference of States Parties, which meets annually. Political guidance agents is their potential dual use. Apart from "discrete organic chemicals", and the monitoring of operations rests with the Executive Council OPCW's OPCW has defined three categories of chemicals: agents like sarin or VX, main organ, in which 41 member States are represented for two-year terms which pose the highest risks; agents which have some commercial applica- on a regional rotating basis. This Council serves as spinning-wheel for the tions; and toxic chemicals which were perhaps used as chemical weapons in Technical Secretariat, which supervises the implementation of the Paris the past, but play an important role in everyday operations of a peaceful Convention with the help of some 200 international inspectors in the field. chemical industry. OPCW explicitly seeks a ban on trading in the first and
27 second categories with any non-member States. the slightest of détentes noticeable in the bipolar stalemate of the Cold War Aiming at universal membership, the current status of the Convention still Era, the "Helsinki Process" was launched. Fifteen years later, in November leaves an unsettling number of 16 sovereign States beyond the pale, some 1989, with the collapse of Communism and the fall of the Berlin Wall the of them in the most explosive regions of the globe. This renders the world 1975 Helsinki Act of the CSCE served as blueprint for the 1990 Paris Chart;er a potential chemical weapons powder keg. Meanwhile, the legacy of chemi- for a New Europe and the founding in 1995 of the Organisation for Security cals from the Cold War Era is gigantic. Even so, OPCW has established a and Co-operation in Europe, the regional security organization for conflict credible, transparent regime of verification, and effectively contributes to prevention and crisis management. Boasting Member-States from Europe, international security and stability. It is, by any standards, a daring and Central Asia and North America, the OSCE is intended to warrant durable encouraging product of global co-operation to make this world an ultimately security and co-operation "from Vancouver to Vladivostok". safer place for all. From early on, the Netherlands have played an active rote in OSCE, notably in promoting and protecting human rights. The Dutch were among the The OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities founding members of the Vienna Mechanism and in 1990, at the Copenhagen The quest for a political organization of Europe to prevent conflict, address Summit, helped formulate the rights of national minorities. Two years later, security risks and promote co-operation is as old as the Westphalian System in Prague, the Netherlands initiated the establishment of the Bureau of a itself, indeed, in a sense, it is the natural consequence of this conflict model High Commissioner on National Minorities. In recognition of this initiative, based on the idol of nationality and the aggressive assertion of sovereignty the Bureau was established in The Hague, at the Prinsessegracht, and the Over the centuries, any aspirations to curb the license of despots, be they Dutchman Max van der Stoel appointed High Commissioner. Habsburg, Bourbon or Hohenzollern, were frustrated by military encounter. The role of the HCNM is to identify and seek early resolution of ethnic To that extent, the Balance of Power concept developed after the Peace of tensions that might endanger the peace, stability, and friendly relations Utrecht (1713) proved as little effective as the "solemn, holy, and eternal" among the OSCE-Member States. To that end, the HCNM conducts on-site alliances of the 19th century "Concert of Europe", or the Collective Security missions and engages in silent, preventive diplomacy. The High Commissioner System aspired to by the League of Nations in the interbellum period. After seeks to promote dialogue and to further confidence and co-operation. WW II, the initiative taken in 1950 for a Pan-European Security Conference Over the past decade, the HCNM was actively and often successfully involved was wrecked by conflicting ideologies. Until that is, in the mid-1970s, with in minority conflicts in Europe's formerly Communist zone.
28 EUROPOL such as on threat assessments; provides expertise and technical support for The unprecedented capacities of modern technology have also put interna- investigations, promotes crime analysis and harmonizes investigation tech- tional organized crime onto a new footing. In the 1992 Maastricht Treaty the niques. European Union, acknowledging the urgency of co-ordinating the criminal Funded by contributions from EU Member-States according to their GNP, intelligence of its Member-States, agreed upon the establishment of a law Europol is accountable to the EU Council of Ministers for Justice and Home enforcement organization so as to effectively combat organized crime and Affairs. This body also appoints Europol's budget and its Director and three terrorism. Two years later a pioneering European Drugs Unit opened its Deputy Directors, who are responsible for the day-to-day administration. doors in The Hague. By October 1998 the Europol Convention, duly ratified The Council forwards Annual Reports on the work of Europol to the European by all EU Member-States, came into Parliament. Europol's overall activities are supervised by a Management force. Europol started full activities as Board, which comprises one representative from each Member-State, and from July 1999. appoints the Financial Controller. Europol assists competent authorities in * * Europol staff is up to 500, including some 75 Liaison Officers, who are the EU Member States in the prevention seconded to Europol from national law enforcement agencies, such as police, and combating of all serious forms of EUROPOL* customs, gendarmerie, and immigration services. In its recruitment policy. international organized crime, with * Europol aims at a balanced representation of gender and of Member States special emphasis on terrorism, illicit nationals. drugs and vehicles trafficking, illegal In past years. Europol has dismantled illicit drugs laboratories and major immigration networks, trafficking in hash and cocaine gangs; damaged gangs that enslaved and trafficked human beings, child pornography, and the forgery, counterfeiting and laun- women, and dissolved networks of vehicle-trafficking and child pornography dering of money. Other priorities include crimes against persons, financial on Internet. It successfully monitored the introduction of the Euro and, crime and cyber crime. in response to 9/11, launched a special Counter Terrorist Task Force. Europol supports EU Member-States by facilitating the exchange of informa- Meanwhile, it signed operational or strategic agreements with numerous tion, in accordance with national law, and with the help of Europol Liaison nations worldwide and with various international organizations. Officers, seconded to Europol by Member-States. It generates strategic reports
29 EUROJUST from each Member State, who derive their powers from their domestic legal In October 1999, a mere three months systems. Among themselves they elect a President and two Vice-Presidents after Europol was officially launched in for terms of three years. The College established four committees to deal The Hague, the European Council at with Casework, Communications, Strategy and Evaluation. In September Tampere in Finland agreed on the esta- 2002, Eurojust's first Administrative Director was appointed, who heads blishment of a complementary body for the Administration and reports to the College through the President. judicial co-operation to improve the Eurojust stimulates co-operation and co-ordination among EU Member-States, fight against international organized and facilitates mutual legal assistance and extradition requests. It hosts crime within the EU zone. Prosecutors meetings of investigators and prosecutors to deal with strategic issues and investigators dealing with international criminal cases, in trying to or specific types of criminality. It advises practitioners on comparative streamline mutual legal assistance and extradition procedures, found them- procedural and substantive laws so as to cut through the differences in selves faced with a host of problems and hurdles: disparate procedural legislation, languages and judicial systems. requirements for evidence gathering; differences in responsibilities and in As a key interlocutor with the European Parliament, Council and Commission, understanding of legal systems and inquisitorial and accusatorial processes; Eurojust fulfils a unique role as a forum of deliberation and research. It has and requirements of dual criminality in some countries. Added to this were privileged partnerships with the European Judicial Network (EJN), Liaison high level data protection regimes, the absence of a central body to monitor Magistrates, and law enforcement bodies such as Europol and Interpol, and linked investigations, and of an expert supra-national investigative police force the European Anti-Fraud Office (OLAF). and, finally, widespread reservations to apply newly emerging technology. In reply to urgent social circumstances and the recent expansion of the EU, A provisional judicial co-operation unit, called Pro-Eurojust, started work the staff, internal fabric, network, and activities of Eurojust have expanded in Brussels in March 2001. The instrument that created the definitive rapidly. Still, success in countering international terrorism and organized Eurojust was adopted by the European Council in December 2001 and as of crime will require strenuous efforts and determination by all the law enfor- 1 December 2002 Eurojust was located permanently in The Hague. In Spring cement agencies in Europe. 2003, Eurojust became fully operational the first body of its kind in the world. Eurojust is composed of a College of 25 National Members, one seconded
30 Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO's) GLOBAL AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATION The Netherlands Association for the United Nations was founded in 1987 In discussing the 'legal capital', what comes to mind first are the interna- and promotes awareness in the Netherlands of the objectives of the UN, tional courts and tribunals, along with the other major intergovernmental the urgency of international co-operation, and the establishment of the organizations, be they UN-, NATO-, OSCE-, or EU-oriented that deal with Rule of Law. The NVVN joins idealists ad professionals in excursions to UN the peaceful settlement of disputes, conflict prevention and disarmament. Specialized Agencies, in arranging conferences, lectures and informal dis- The listing presented in the previous pages is far from exhaustive. The Hague cussions on a wide range of topical issues, through its periodical VN-Forum, hosts other specialized intergovernmental bodies of research and consultation, and its extensive networking with other NGO's in the spheres of human such as the International Nickel Study Group (INSG), or the Intemational rights, environment, and peace research. The NVVN is a standing member Statistical Institute (ISI). Even so, in view of the above, one might easily of the "World Federation of United Nations Associations" (WFUNA), which overlook the already impressive, and steadily growing number of non-govern- has a consultative status in New York and direct access to all UN Organs. mental bodies dealing with very similar issues. Recently, thanks to concerted The Hague International Model United Nations (THIMUN) is a non-profit action, these organs managed to capture the attention of the public at targe. educational foundation and a non-governmental organization in Roster In Spring 1999, and spurred by the centenary of the First Hague Peace Consultative Status with the UN Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) Conference of 1899, a wide range of NGO's presented themselves at a highly and associated with the UN Department of Public Information. Among the impressive manifestation, information market and conference week held Foundation's main activities are THIMUN: a five-day simulation of the UN at the Congress Centre in The Hague. Eversince, the presence of NGO's has for secondary school students; MINIMUN, a one-day Model UN in The Hague been felt in The Hague on an almost daily basis. Conferences and festivals, for schools in The Netherlands and Belgium; and THIMUN Youth Assembly, open days at centres of education, any occasion has prompted a never a five-day discussion for youngsters (16-25 years) on global issues from abating display of brochures and pamphlets at stalls manned by volunteers which ensue Action Papers. These conferences take place annually in The mostly. The growing awareness of global issues among the city's population Netherlands Congress Centre (NCC). has not in the least been the outcome of these tireless efforts. The establish- The Netherlands Atlantic Assodation has, since its founding in 1952, ment of NGO's in The Hague is a ongoing process. In view of these dynamics, been providing information on transatlantic security issues and promoting the thematical listing presented below cannot be comprehensive. the study of relations between Europe and the United States, NATO, and
31 European Security, to further public discussion on all such issues. The NAA INTERNATIONAL LAW AND HUMANITARIAN ISSUES organizes conferences, seminars, panel discussions and lectures, activities The presence in The Hague of a host of international courts and tribunals, supported by both ad hoc and permanent committees. The NAA publishes a and the city's time-honoured reputation as a venue for international law, periodical, Atlantisch Perspectief, conference papers, educational brochures, relations, and diplomacy, over the years quite naturally attracted a variety and study guides. The Association co-operates actively with government of institutes and associations that reflect special concern for very specific institutions, non-governmental organizations and scientific and political aspects of international law and relations. To mention just a few. The institutions at home and abroad. Hague harbours the International Association of Prosecutors (lAP), the world's first and only organization of its kind, which vaunts some 1300 EUROPEAN INTEGRATION individual members and close to 100 member organizations, and was gran- Apart from the above-mentioned offices of Europol and Eurojust, and the ted special consultative status with ECOSOC in 2001. Another impressive major centres of ESTEC/ESA and the European Patent Office (EPO) in the conglomerate is the International Assodation of Lawyers Against near vicinity of town. The Hague can pride itself on numerous European Nuclear Arms (lALANA). organizations covering a wide range of areas. The city harbours the In similar vein, the Coalition for the International Criminal Court con- Information Office in the Netherlands of the Council of Europe and of stitutes a network of well over a thousand non-governmental organizations the European Parliament, and the Representation in the Netherlands advocating the creation of a fair, effective, and independent ICC. of the European Commission. The Hague also vaunts various bodies promo- The International Criminal Law Network (ICLN) was founded in 2002 ting European integration from different perspectives, such as the to organize global interaction between academics, policy-makers and legal Interdisciplinary Study Group for European Integration (ISEI). The professionals in the field. The International Institute for Criminal European Movement Netherlands, an independent organization, stimulates Investigations (IICI) is an independent, apolitical non-profit non-govern- critical opinion-building on the process of European integration. Europa mental organization which operates in close co-operation with the UN and Nostra, the Pan-European Federation for Heritage, links over 200 non- the duly constituted international court and ad hoc tribunals. It trains pro- governmental organizations representing millions of citizens. Finally, the fessional international criminal investigators in the techniques to impartially Stichting Europa Centrum provides information for youngsters on living, investigate war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide, and quickly studying, trainee and working conditions in Europe. deploys interdisciplinary teams to investigate such crimes and gather
32 > Qon\érenc2 be Revision be Convention be Genève
evidence. In similar fashion, it will also assist Truth Commissions. EuronAid Also at The Hague are the headquarters of the Netherlands Red Cross, In the 1970s the European Community started to use its huge food surpluses which seeks to prevent and alleviate human suffering by improving the as an instrument of its development co-operation policy, and invited the living conditions of refugees and victims of war and conflict, and by offering European NGO community to take part in this new approach. As a result, relief in case of natural disasters. Established in 1867, the NRC currently NGOs created a consortium for the handling and management of the food features 350 branches covering the country, a staff of 450 and some allocated to them so that low-cost operations and a high level of efficiency 34,000 volunteers. The NRC is part of the International Red Cross and Red were guaranteed. Crescent Movement, which consists of the International Committee of the EuronAid was registered in 1981 in The Netherlands, traditionally a nation Red Cross and 181 national societies, and upholds international humanita- of traders and shippers and therefore an excellent base for the agency. rian law according to the seven fundamental principles defined by its Today, EuronAid boasts 36 active members and is a specialized and world- Geneva Conventions. wide operational network of well over a hundred European NGO's active in food aid and food security. It acts as an interface between NGO's and the INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND CO-OPERATION EC, committed to the pledge of eradicating poverty and alleviating the Various other NGO's in the city seek to reach much similar goals from different causes of hunger and food shortages. angles or focusing on specific issues or areas. Prominent among the many The European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership organs based in The Hague that operate in these spheres is UNPO, the EDCTP's mission is to accelerate the development of new clinical interven- Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation. Founded in The Hague tions to fight HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis in developing countries, in 1991, UNPO consists of well over 50 members, nations and peoples around particularly sub-Saharan Africa, and to improve the quality of research in the world, representing over 100 million persons. The organization offers an relation to these diseases. These objectives are reached by stepping up co- international forum for occupied nations, indigenous peoples, minorities, operation of European National Programmes, notably through EDCTP's Joint and even oppressed majorities who struggle to regain their lost countries, Programme; by the promotion of technology transfer; by making research preserve their cultural identities, protect their basic human and economic effectively address the urgent needs and priorities of developing countries; rights, or safeguard the natural environment. finally, by interesting the private sector and mobilising funds.
33 Cordaid is an international non-governmental network of individuals and organizations In 2000 three Dutch development organizations with specific objectives to promote social justice and foster democratic participation. Through in the sphere of poverty prevention joined forces, in order to cut costs of locally driven international programmes and activities, SID strengthens overhead, data management and purchases, and to share offices and fund- collective empowerment and facilitates dialogue and knowledge sharing raising activities. These unified bodies are: Kinderstem, which supports worldwide. In addressing issues from a multidisciplinary perspective, the children in slumbs; Memisa, the medical mission action which helps deve- Society emphasizes systematic and long-term approaches with a central lop structural health care; and Mensen in Nood, which meets emergency focus on social and institutional transformation. situations. Cordaid is now among the foremost development organizations The Netherlands Chapter (SID NL) has launched an international multidisci- in the country, featuring half a million contributors. In 2005 Cordaid was plinary Project on the Future of Asylum and Migration. In November 2002 joined by yet another organization, Vastenaktie, which aims at combating this Project produced the Declaration of The Hague on the 'Future of Refugee poverty in a structural way and on a small scale. and Migration Policy, launched in the Peace Palace and offered to UN Care Netherlands Secretary-General Mr. Kofi Annan. CARE Nederland is part of an extensive emergency and rehabilitation orga- The Netherlands Development Organisation, SNV Netherlands nization, which works with poor communities in more than 70 countries SNV is a 40-year old development agency dedicated to a society where all around the world to find lasting solutions to poverty. Its mission is to people enjoy the freedom to pursue their own sustainable development. rebuild and secure the livelihoods op people who are enduring or recove- SNV advisors contribute to this by strengthening the capacities of local ring from emergencies, to facilitate their adaptation to a different context, organizations. At the moment SNV supports 1761 organizations in 26 and to reduce their vulnerability to future calamities. CARE looks at the countries and in five regions: West Africa, East and Southern Africa, Latin overall picture of povert:y and goes beyond the symptoms to confront under- America, Asia and the Balkans. lying causes. With a broad range of programmes based on empowerment, SNV works above grassroots level and mostly below national level and con- equity and sustainability, CARE facilitates lasting change by strengthening tacts organizations that can play a critical role in fighting poverty effectively the capacity for self-help, providing economic opportunity, influencing By giving advice, not money, SNV strengthens the capacity to become self- policy decisions at all levels, and by adressing discrimination in all its forms. sustaining. Services provided are demand-driven, and clients are in control. The Sodety for International Development (SID) - Netherlands Chapter SNV's current policy focuses on four global practice areas: Collaborative iOIN HANDS F0R| f LUCATIQN
Forest Management; Responsive and Accountable Local Government; Market CEDAR co-operates with development and human rights organizations Access for the Poor; Sustainable Tourism. On a global scale SNV also works worldwide in comparative, policy-oriented research, training programmes, together with partner-organizations. The Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs conferences and publications. is an important funder of SNV. Recently the World Tourism Organisation and The International Dialogues Foundation promotes just and fair interna- SNV agreed to undertake joint activities. SNV believes that the key to achieve tional relations, as does the Foundation For Peace. Again, The Sdence and the Millennium Development Goals is to connect with other organizations, Sodety Forum (SSF), an independent association of non-profit organizations, be it on local national or supranational level. stresses the role of science in the social debate, notably on environmental The Netherlands Organisation for Intemational Development issues. The Foundation Arctic People Alert informs politicians, media, and Co-operation (NOVIB) was founded in 1956, in response to the generous the public at large on the indigenous peoples and environment of the Arctic foreign aid to The Netherlands following its disastrous floodings of 1953, as region. The International Foster Care Organisation (IFCO) strengthens the a means to combat poverty and injustice worldwide. Its network currently services of family foster care for children, youth, and adults by exchanging covers some 3,000 local organizations. In 1994 NOVIB entered partnership information among persons and organizations of different nations. with Oxfam International an alliance of 12 independent organsations co- The Yi Jun Peace Museum and Academy Foundation operating to create a just world for all. NOVIB lobbies with the World Bank, Around 1900, the empire of Korea was victimized by the conflicting expan- EU and national policy-makers, finances projects in developing countn'es sion of Russia and Japan. It became a vassal State of Japan in 1904 and and generally promotes a growing awareness of social injustice worldwide. was proclaimed a Protectorate in 1906. On the eve of the Second Hague In this, NOVIB appeals to five basic rights: the right of durable existence Peace Conference of 1907 a delegation from Korea came to The Hague to (fair trade and income); the right of basic social facilities (education for plead its cause, but was not officially accepted as a sovereign delegation. girls); the right of life and security; the right of social and political parti- The delegation found lodgings in a hotel in the Wagenstraat in The Hague. cipation; the right of identity. During the Conference, its chief delegate, Yi Yun, died under circumstances The Centre for Dignity and Rights (CEDAR), founded in 2000 and based at which have never been adequately explained, prompting rumours of murder the T.M.C. Asser Institute, is an international forum for the implementation or suicide. He was buried in The Hague, and a Museum was founded in the of (ESC) economic, social and cultural rights. If dignity is the source of human former hotel to commemorate the incident and the martyr of patriotism. rights, the main function of human rights law is precisely to protect dignity.
35 UNEP
GPA - The Hague
ENVIRONMENT of life-supporting eco-systems. IES is headquartered in The Hague, with UNEP/GPA Co-ordination Office liaison offices in Brussels and Washington, D.C. lES's work programme. The United Nations Environment Programme GPA Co-ordination Office in Horizon 21, features a multidisciplinary approach, integrating the domains The Hague co-ordinates the tasks and activities of UNEP as Secretariat of of science, diplomacy, law, finance and education. Its key objectives are to the Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment create enhanced decision tools for foreign policymakers; to help enhance from Land-based Activities (GPA). The GPA was adopted by 108 Governments, the effectiveness of the system of international law and governance; to and the European Commission, in Washington D.C. in 1995. Implementation innovate the prevailing financial mechanisms for the maintenance of eco- of the GPA is primarily the task of Governments, in close partnership with systems; and to enhance environmental awareness from the wider perspective all stakeholders including local communities, public organizations, NGO's of promoting sustainable development and poverty alleviation. and the private sector. The role of the Secretariat is to promote and facili- tate implementation at the national regional and sub-regional levels EDUCATION through revitalization of the UNEP Regional Seas Programme and the GPA In the sphere of education, Euroclio links history teachers throughout information and data clearing-house. The Secretariat also plays a catalytic Europe. Eblida, the European Bureau of Library, Information and role with other organizations and institutions in the implementation of the Documentation Assodations, promotes the interests of Europe's national GPA at the international level. libraries and archives, and is housed in the Royal Library, along with IFLA, Funding for the GPA Co-ordination Office is derived from the regular budget the International Federation of Library Assodations and Institutions. of UNEP (Environment Fund) and a Technical Co-operation Trust Fund The Nederlandse Taalunie is a co-operative management body of the financed by the Netherlands Government. A General Trust Fund is open to Netherlands, Belgium, and Surinam to promote the role of the Dutch financial contributions for activities to be undertaken by the GPA Co-ordi- language and literature in the world. nation Office. Projects for GPA implementation by Governments could be financed by sources such as the Global Environment Fund (GEF). URBAN STUDIES The Institute for Environmental Security The Hague has likewise built itself a reputation in the sphere of urban stu- The IES was established in 2002 as a think-tank to advance global environ- dies. Thus, the International Network for Urban Development encourages mental security by promoting the maintenance of the regenerative capacity the exchange of information and experience on urban development and
36 nternatlonal 'harmaceutlcall federation
MP -oundatlon or Education md Research
renewal across the world. In similar vein, the International Society of EXPATS City and Regional Planners (ISOCARP) is a global association and network The first organization worth mentioning here is ACCESS, the Administrative of professional planners founded in 1965. The IFHP, the International Committee to Co-ordinate English-Speaking Services, which aims at Federation for Housing and Planning is a wortdwide network of professionals assisting the many thousands of English-speaking Expats in The Hague stimulating the international exchange of knowledge and experience through from the day they settle in the Netherlands and throughout their sojourn. a range of activities. Thematically related to the above-mentioned bodies is Access provides telephone information, counselling services and referrals, the International Organization for Migration (lOM), an intergovernmental offers workshops, and a package to newcomers. Its Honorary Board is made organization for orderly and planned migration. up of the Ambassadors of all English-speaking nations represented in the Netherlands, the Mayors of The Hague and Rotterdam, and the Secretary- THE MEDICAL SPHERE General of the Chamber of Commerce. Access also provides opportunities to In the medical sphere, the International companies and individuals to inform the English-speaking public about Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP) represents their services and activities. more than a million pharmacists and sdentists A much similar purpose is served by the Accueil des francophones de la around the world. The International Confederation of Midwives supports Haye, and the Alliance Fran^aise de la Haye, which is part of a worldwide the interests of pregnant women, mothers, children, and midwives and network to spread the knowledge of the French language and culture. The prides itself on 85 member organizations from over 75 countries worldwide. Alliance organizes all sorts of cultural activities and offers a range of group courses and individual teaching programmes. TRADE AND INDUSTRY The growing international community in The Hague has given rise to some The Assodation of Dutch Chambers of Commerce in Europe protects the 65 international churches and a variety of cultural clubs, from the Anglo- commercial interests of its many affiliated Chambers, ranging from Bratislava American Theatre Group and the reputed British Choir to Women's Societies to Dublin. The Benelux Trademarks & Designs Office, the result of the coming and THIN, The Hague International Network, which links expats and Dutch into force of the 1971 Benelux Trademarks Act, renders trademark/servicemark- citizens. Publications and periodicals abound, such as the Holland Handbook, protection throughout the Benelux area by means of a 'Benelux Registration'. the Expats Magazine and the Holland Horizon Magazine, Roundabout, Numerous CoC's are centrally located at Holland Trade House. the XPat Journal, and the virtual The Hague On Line.
37 INTERNATIONAL CENTRES OF EDUCATION Students at The American School of The Hague represent no less than forty countries. While at heart reflecting American educational philosophy, The Hague Academy of International Law, opened in 1923 but first conceived the school actually generates an atmosphere of international understanding a full two decades before, stands witness to the firm belief of the Dutch and global citizenship, and its courses lead up to an International that a truly international outlook is a key asset to the success of the open, Baccalaureate. The German School at The Hague (Deutsche Internationale democratic, and commercial society the Netherlands intends to be. The City Schule) is the leading one in the Netherlands. It boasts 300 pupils, its cour- of The Hague has encouraged, indeed invested generously, in internationally ses range from Kindergarten to high school and form an integrated part of oriented education, so as to stimulate its youngsters to take part, from the official Auslandsschulwesen. In similar vein, its French equivalent, the early on, in the worldwide exchange of views. As we speak, institutes, Hague Lycée francais Vincent van Gogh, which boasts no less than 800 centres and courses of all kinds, to foster this ideal at all levels, abound in pupils, has an official status within the French educational system. The Hague, from primary schools to postgraduate courses, and covering the To conclude. The Hague hosts an Indonesian School in The Netherlands, domains of technology and science as readily as the law or the arts. an Iranian Community School, and a Polish School in The Hague.
PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION
International Schools To start with basic education, open to expats children and natives alike: besides The International School of The Hague, a government-subsidized secondary school with over 600 students, and The International College Edith Stein, the city prides itself on British Schools; American, French and German international schools; and smaller Indonesian, Iranian and Polish schools. The British School was founded in 1935 and currently boasts an academic staff of 130. Its Foundation, Junior, and Senior programmes now enrol close to two thousand pupils. TERTIARY EDUCATION worldwide. Twenty-five percent of its 1500 students are from abroad, and its four year degree course of entrepreneurial learning leads up to an inter- Professional Training national BBA in Hotel Management. In co-operation with Erasmus University
In the sphere of professional training a whole gamut of options presents Rotterdam, the Hotelschool recently introduced a Masters Programme in itself. To start with the arts. The Hague Royal Conservatory joins a long Hospitality Management. pedigree to international renown in the domains of research and performance Still at the level of secondary vocational education, international orienta- alike. Its internationally recruited staff of professors, many pert^orming tion is part and parcel of the so-called "Mondriaan International Stream", artists themselves, arranges courses of international standing ranging from featuring a broad range of challenging courses. Its programme includes musicology to dance. Students avail themselves of state-of-the-art facilities, very pragmatically oriented undergraduate training in marketing communi- including libraries, recording studios, a fully equipped theatre and an 800 cations, business and IT. A branch of the Mondriaan International Business seat concert hall Based in the same building are the International School in The Netherlands, the International Stream centre avails itself of Assodation of Schools of Jazz (lASJ) and the "Institute of Sonology", native English teachers and its prep school results in an internationally which provides training courses in the most advanced analogue and digital recognized diploma. Through its partnership with INHOLLAND University, sound techniques, including a four-year sonology degree programme. Webster University at Leiden, and the Haagse Hogeschool the Mondriaan The Royal Academy of Visual Arts in The Hague is one of the oldest of prep school offers a gateway to high quality professional education. its kind in Europe. Claiming a qualified teaching staff of 125 and well over The Hague Campus of the country-wide network of INHOLLAND University a thousand students from at home and abroad, its undergraduate and of Professional Education explicitly trains students for a broad range of postgraduate courses target all aspects of the fine arts along with graphic careers in international business and organizations. Its international staff design and typography, photography, and interior design. In recent years, of 250 professional lecturers and business professionals annually provide together with the Royal Conservatory, an Artscience interi^aculty has been courses, both in English and Dutch, to well over 3000 students who profit developed. Meanwhile, links with Leiden University resulted in the creation of from state-of-the-art technology in brand new buildings. Basic courses university master programmes in photographic studies and media technology. result in minor-major bachelor degrees, but INHOLLAND's partnership with The Hotelschool The Hague, according to the World Tourism Organisation universities and business schools both at home and abroad warrants the (WTO), takes pride of place among the best training centres in its field linking up to advanced studies and masters programmes. As of 2004, the
39 Hague Campus School of Economics has also launched a Bachelor programme connected levels of government to the specific demands of participation in of international marketing management studies in English. international policy processes, and from the building of international network Another fairly recent link in the ramification of study centres in The Hague capacities to the respect for international agreements in national policy- is The Hague University of Professional Education (HHS, Haagse making. Hogeschool), a centre of tertiary education which by now features a staff of Much similar goals are met by ROI International, the independent business 1500, half of them academic, and some 16,000 students. The HHS provides unit of the Dutch Institute for Public Administration. Formerly part of the a wide range of practical courses within a framework of thirty programmes, Netherlands Ministry of the Interior, the Institute is now the largest provider in full-time, part-time, or dual versions. Many of these are English-spoken, of training for the national public sector at the senior management and and they are all based on the bachelor/master course structure. They include executive levels. ROI develops innovative training packages and courses - IT, economics, health studies, behavioural and social sciences, engineering, such as on EU-related issues or human resource management and develop- education, sport and languages. The HHS also offers an English-language ment - to increase the capability of civil service and public sector employees. Master's programme in European Law and a similar course in international Likewise, it provides coaching, consultancy and advice so as to enhance law was recently launched. The University has regular contacts with some the governing processes and transparency of the public sector. 150 higher education institutions worldwide. In the sphere of defence studies, the Netherlands Defence College (NDC) operates as a training institute for defence managers and staff officers of the Civil Service and Public Sector Training armed forces and military police. However, the NDC also provides specialist Very specific professional training at a post-academic level is provided by training courses for officers of the armed forces from Central and Eastern The Netherlands School of Public Administration. Through its Global MPA European countries. The NDC co-operates in various spheres with the Programme, the NSPA aims at widening the horizon of national policymakers. Clingendael Institute. Combining the fields of national international and comparative public administration, the programme teaches civil servants the entirely different Development Studies dynamics of the global village and instils in these officials the specific The above centres of training and education, while most of them welcoming management views and skills required to operate effectively in an interna- students from abroad, are primarily meant to provide Dutch students or civil tional environment: from the awareness of shared responsibility for inter- servants with an international orientation to broaden their outlook. The Hague also vaunts institutes whose core business is precisely to help develop development co-operation, to strengthen teaching and research facilities immigrants and foreign students. Thus, The International Institute for in the Southern hemisphere by administering fellowship programmes. Communication and Development, which is a non-governmental organiza- Secondly, the fostering of internationalization of higher education, of curri- tion, focuses on development co-operation in the domain of IT. The major cula, and staff mobility. Thirdly, to eliminate problems related to the inter- centre in The Hague in this sphere, however, is The Institute of Sodal national evaluation and recognition of diplomas and degrees. Finally, the Studies is one of the largest development institutes in the world, boasting international marketing of Dutch higher education by providing accurate and an internationally recruited academic staff of 65. An exclusively postgraduate up to date information worldwide. Also at the Kortenaerkade is the basis of centre, the ISS provides interdisciplinary university education specifically The Netherlands Development Assistance Research Coundl (RAWOO), targeted to students from developing countries. It offers tailor-made pro- which provides research studies to help steer governmental policy. grammes: diploma courses of ten weeks, an MA programme in development studies of 15 months, and PhD programmes. On top of this, and within its International Law and Relations global inter-university network, the Institute is involved in research, consul- The Hague Academy of International Law tancy and projects in the field of socio-economic development issues, taken If the international courts and tribunals in The Hague reflect the wisdom in the broadest sense and ranging from economics to gender studies, and that comes with age, the Hague Academy mirrors the optimism of youth. from international law to problems of globalization. ISS staff represents 25 The Dutchman Tobias Asser and the American James Brown Scott are regarded countries, still its students easily represent twice that number. Dialogue at as the godfathers of the institution. Asser donated half of the Nobel Peace the ISS, therefore, is truly international and the exchange of thought extreme- Prize he was awarded in 1911 to the Academy, whilst Scott was its indefati- ly valuable to all concerned, whatever their previous training and experience. gable advocate for years on end. Closely linked to ISS is NUFFIC, the Netherlands Organisation for International When first opened in 1923, the Academy was the archetype of all "summer Co-operation in Higher Education. Founded in 1952, NUFFIC is an indepen- courses" and its formula has been singularly successful. Each and every dent, non-profit, professional organization striving to make education year, some 600 young lawyers and diplomats from all over the world flock to accessible all over the world, notably by improving on its infrastructures The Hague to attend the French and English lectures rendered by prominent worldwide. The Institute acts as intermediary between the municipal and the scholars. Students are mostly lodged at private addresses. Over the years, international communities. NUFFIC's main areas of activity cover, firstly. the hundreds of robust green volumes of the Collected Courses have grown
41 into a highly rewarding treasure-trove of contemporary international law, From its inception, the Academy can also boast an Amicale, the Association indeed have helped develop that law. of Attenders and Alumni of the Hague Academy, or A.A.A, which helps cultivate The Hague Academy is a Dutch law foundation, governed by a Curatorium contacts and international exchange. Through its numerous national made up of prominent internationalists. This body directs all academic groups, its acclaimed Hague Yearbook of International Law, its excursions activities, while day-to-day organization is entrusted to the Secretary- and social events, it is the embodiment of brotherhood. General. The Secretariat and Treasury of the Academy are supervised by an Administrative Council. Lectures and seminars are divided into two periods of The Hague Campus and the Grotius Centre of Leiden University three weeks each, covering private and public international law respectively Back in 1575, having bravely withstood a prolonged siege by Spanish troops, Parallel to the regular courses, special seminars for advanced students are the city of Leiden, at the advocacy of Prince William of Orange himself, organized. They feature a fundamental approach to topical issues and are was allegedly offered either a long-term release from taxes, or the exclusive designed for scholars aspiring at the prestigious Academy Diploma. right to a University in the Province of Holland. This explains why The Hague, Following the Academy sessions, a four-week advanced research course the centre of administration, legislation and judicature in the Netherlands is organized, the thematically arranged Centre for Studies and Research, could never lay claim to a university. Still quite naturally, the interaction reserved for a fairly restricted number of intellectually advanced and between doctrine and learning at Leiden, notably in the spheres of political experienced academics and diplomats. and legal sciences, and the praxis of government, parliament and courts at In 1969 the Academy launched an External Programme consisting of annual The Hague has always been close. Of old, members of the Hague-based courses held in Africa, Latin-America or Asia, and tailor-made to reflect Council of State, Supreme Court, and Court of Holland were, often enough, spedfic regional interests, for the benefit of young professors of international recruited from, Leiden. The resurgence of international law in the Netherlands law and civil servants. Also, on a regular basis, workshops are held in colla- in the latter part of the 19th century and the reappraisal of Hugo Grotius boration with the University of the United Nations. Both international owe much to the Leiden professors Vissering and Van Vollenhoven. It is not institutions and private persons assist the Academy in funding scholarships altogether incidental therefore, if two out of the three Dutchmen who served for students to attend the summer courses. On top of this, the Academy on the World Court, Van Eysinga in the interbellum period and Kooijmans offers a fairly limited number of two-month residential scholarships in The in recent years, were Leiden professors. The third, incidentally, being Loder, Hague, reserved for doctoral candidates from developing countries. the Utrecht professor who served as first president of the Permanent Court
42 of International Justice in the 1920s. Institutes. Along with the Clingendael Institute, a two-year MA programme On the other hand, the growing jurisprudence of the Hague Courts has on international relations and diplomacy was designed, which combines always been followed with keen interest by the Leiden law faculty and its in-depth academic teaching in political science with practical training in students. In recent years, with the expanding role of the Hague international diplomacy and international negotiation processes. Similarly, in synergy courts and tribunals, this interaction was upgraded and put on an institu- with the Asser Institute, a yearly summer course on international criminal tional level. In 1999 Leiden University, at the invitation of The Hague law is held. Municipality, established a Hague Campus and a Grotius Study Centre for International Legal Studies near the Plein. Starting out as a part-time LLM programme for professionals and a flexible framework for graduate students wishing to pursue a career in international organizations, be this govern- mental or non-governmental the Hague Campus now offers fully-fledged bachelor and master programmes in the law and political studies. Its Centre for Government Studies develops multi-disciplinary master programmes on public administration and policy processes. The Grotius Study Centre covers all aspects of international law through, firstly, its LLM program in public international law and, secondly, a wide range of annual conferences, expert meetings, summer courses and seminars. Yet another major feature is its annual Telders Moot Court Competition, held at the Peace Palace. First conceived in 1977, this competition between Adjoining the Campus in the Lange Houtstraat is the Hague Branch of the university teams from all over Europe on a fictitious inter-State dispute Open Universiteit, an independent, government-funded Institute, founded has grown into the most prestigious event of its kind in Europe and the in 1984, for distance learning at university level aimed at making higher counterpart of the Philip Jessup Moot Court competition in the USA. education accessible to anyone with the right aptitude and interest, and A founding member of the Hague Academic Coalition (HAC), the Hague regardless of formal qualifications. Campus arranges courses in close co-operation with the Clingendael and Asser
43 Research and Documentation Centres development programmes. It provides tailor-made legal advice, develops consultancy projects, and arranges in-house training. Through its Congress Institutes Bureau, it organizes conferences, seminars or, as the case may be, courses Over the past decades, the magnetism of The Hague has attracted a variety and informal round-table sessions. of research centres. Thus, the International Juridical Institute (UI) assists The Asser Institute houses a library and an electronic documentation centre Dutch Judges, attorneys, and notaries in matters of private international and vaunts a post-graduate programme, Asser College Europe, launched with- law and foreign private law. The Hague-based Ministry of Justice vaunts an in the framework of the Transition Programme Central and Eastern Europe International Criminal Justice Knowledge Centre (WODC), a research and (MATRA). The T.M.C. Asser Press is a specialized publishing house featuring documentation centre which contributes to the development and evaluation a global distribution service. The Netherlands International Law Review and of justice policy set by the Ministry. Nevertheless, prominent among them the Netherlands Yearbook of International Law are issued here. are two research centres, both products of interaction between the University centres in the Netherlands. Institute Clingendael Housed in a sumptuous estate echoing the Dutch Golden Age, its premises T.M.C. Asser Institute reflected in the pond of a lush park. Institute Clingendael was founded in Named after the patron of the Hague International tradition, the Asser 1983, the merger of a range of Dutch institutes operational in international Institute was founded in 1965 by joint initiative of the assembled law relations. The Institute benefits from governmental grants, acts in an advisory faculties in the Netherlands and very deliberately positioned in the im- capacity to the Dutch government, parliament and social organizations, mediate vicinity of the Hague international institutions. An independent and still operates independently from party politics or ideologies. inter-university institution, its core business is the fundamental and Focusing on security issues in its early years, the Institute soon widened its applied research in public and private international law, European law and ambit to address major socio-economic and environmental challenges. By commercial arbitration. now, its research, training efforts, and publications are aimed at enhancing Still over the decades, the ambit of the Institute has increased considerably. insight into the basic patterns of all human interaction. Clingendael's mission It has carried out large-scale research projects on behalf of European and statement is to help bridge the gap between fundamental academic research national governmental bodies, notably within the context of international and the applied approach of the practitioner and policy-maker. The Institute links politicians and diplomats, researchers and journalists. It combines the worldwide application. roles of research centre and diplomatic academy, serving civil servants from By examining changes in traditional national legal orders in a comprehensive all over the world through its training programmes. manner and from a multi-disciplinary perspective, HIIL contributes to a One of the Institute's main endeavours in recent years has been to assess better understanding of the functioning of national legal orders in an European integration. Its International Energy Programme addresses the emerging international legal and social setting. HIIL conducts fundamental liberalisation of European gas, oil and electricity sectors. Another prominent research into the internationalisation of national law in a world where borders research department is the Conflict Research Unit, which focuses on the in the traditional sense are eroding and where the interconnectedness of prevention and resolution of inter-State conflict. societies across borders is becoming a fact of life. A counterpart to the Asser Institute, Clingendael features a specialized The work of HIIL is based on the HIIL Research Programme (HRP), which library and documentation centre, organizes conferences, seminars in inter- takes national legal systems as its point of departure. It is built around the national negotiating techniques for officials worldwide, and publishes pillars of unity and coherence of legal systems; rules of law and accountability; Research Essays, for he European Commission among others, a monthly and unification and differences between legal cultures. The research and magazine, a newsletter and a range of brochures. Also based at Clingendael knowledge transfer agenda of the Institute departs from a multidisdplinary is the Netherlands Sodety for International Affairs (NGIZ). perspective, involving both the legal science and the social behavioural and economic sciences. HIIL co-ordinates and supports international research Hague Institute for the Internationalisation of Law through the provision of grants and by acting as a conduit between academia Fairly recently, in January 2005, a new institute was established. The and practice. It operates as a high level knowledge network in which Hague Institute for the Internationalisation of Law. HIIL was set up through research is principally carried out through and at the institutions which funding by the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science and the receive support. Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) and is part and parcel of the active policy of the current Dutch Government to stimulate innovation Libraries and high level scientific research. HIIL's aims are to advance research and The number of libraries at the disposal of students in the field of international the understanding of the new internationalized and globalised character of law and relations in The Hague is perplexing. Most research institutes harbour the law and to promote, implement and enforce the coherency of law and impressive collections, and so do the internationally oriented ministries and
45 law firms. On top of this, within a perimeter of some 25 km., three of Networks the most prestigious academic collections in the Netherlands can be found. The Hague Legal Portal finds its origin in the Platform The Hague Center Leiden University Library claims the oldest, and one of the country's for Justice, Security and Peace, which is a joint initiative of a network of richest, collections of manuscripts and rare prints. In a complex of buildings institutions in the Netherlands and the City of The Hague. The Stakeholders opposite The Hague Central Station, The Royal Library and the National in The Hague Legal Portal are leading institutions related to international Archives are housed, along with a number of research and documentation law and international relations in The Hague, supported by the City of The centres, such as the Huygens Institute, the Central Bureau of Genealogy Hague. The mission of The Hague Legal Portal is to be the primary site for and the Dutch Institute of Art History (RKD). The Royal Library also har- up-to-date information and the exchange of ideas about international justice, bours the headquarters of IFLA, the International Federation of Library security and peace particularly as achieved through international law and Associations and Institutions. Still the Peace Palace Library, may pose as international relations. The Portal has direct links to relevant web sites. the specialized centre in the domains here under consideration. On the Portal's own webpages there is a wealth of additional information specially created for the Portal and ranging from news items, calendar infor- The Peace Palace Library mation, courses and events, publications, and practical information about The Library of the Carnegie Foundation is historically the world's first single coming and staying in The Hague and The Netherlands. While the focus of library on international comparative, and foreign national law. Its vintage the Portal is activities and institutions located in and around The Hague, it collections on the history of international law, Grotian research and peace encompasses activities beyond the City. As a cyberspace initiative there are studies may well be unparalleled in the world. However, over the years, no geographical boundaries to the Portal, (www.thehaguelegalcapital.nl) emphasis has shifted. Major assets today are its in-depth indexing of books and journals and its ready delivery of full text digital sources over the The Hague Academic Coalition internet. The Peace Palace actual and virtual libraries have become a universal In recent years. The Hague Academy of International Law, The Hague port of call for research by legal practitioners, scholars and students. Campus of Leiden University and the Asser and Clingendael Institutes have Featuring a specialized staff and awaiting the overall renovation of its jointly established The Hague Academic Coalition, in order to co-ordinate premises in 2005-2006, the Library confidently aspires at asserting its research and teaching projects. prominent role as a global beacon for end-users. The Hague Municipality In similar vein, the College launched a Hague Hospitality Centre for media and visitors. Both the Department and the Centre are housed in City Hall From early on. The Hague Municipality, its Executive and City Council have a building which in itself is an important additional asset. Within a matter played a key role in the growth of the city towards its present position as of years, this modern creation of the American architect Richard Meier - a major UN centre and a 'world capital of justice, security and peace'. Over a light, white, and colossal landmark bang in the middle of the historic old the decades, local authorities have consistently shown keen interest in the town - has arrogated a central position in town. international organs, encouraged new initiatives and guided the citizenry in Much more than just a venue for the city's 2,500 civil servants which populate steering processes of mental change and familiarizing citizens with new ideas. the building, its central hall the Atrium - an eminently multifunctional area Throughout this process, the interaction between local and national autho- flanked by libraries, archives, and information centres - has become the rities, more precisely between City Hall and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs - natural focus of all sorts of manifestations generated by the multicultural and notably its legal branch (Jura) and department of protocol - has been urban society. With theatres, restaurants, and shops all around, the Atrium pivotal. But so has City Hall's understanding with academic, professional is the heartbeat of city life. and commercial circles in town. The Hague houses some of the most pro- minent and internationally oriented law and accountancy firms in The Department of Intemational Affairs Netherlands, is the cradle of Royal Dutch Shell vaunts major branches of In 2003, The Hague initiated a Department of International Affairs (Bureau international companies such as Siemens, ING, AEGON or KPN, of prominent Internationale Zaken, BIZ) to stimulate international contacts, strengthen banking and Insurance companies, and of foreign chambers of commerce. the profile of The Hague as an International venue, streamline the relations In short, the coordinating role of local authorities has long been a major with international organs and help co-ordinate the natural flow of initiatives asset towards success. and programmes developed within its international community. In recent years. Mayor, Aldermen, and City Council have created a special The Department plays a crucial role in co-ordinating municipal policy and Department of International Affairs to manage and monitor the day-to-day presentation with respect to international issues. Reporting directly to the administration of this international network, promote the concept of The City Executive, the Department focuses on three principal targets. Firstly, Hague as an International Venue, position the city in Europe and entertain the International Desk represents The Hague as host and service desk to the bonds with its twin-cities. the city's many international organizations in the sphere of law and peace
47 issues, and actively promotes their interaction. The Bureau seeks to and finally to the many thousands of expats residing in The Hague, through strengthen the city's stature as a Legal Capital also by attracting new its 'international corner", the international part of the municipal call centre international organs. (+31703533000/www.denhaag.com). The HHC co-operates on a structural Secondly, the Department monitors European issues in the broadest sense. basis with natural partners such as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the On the one hand, it promotes the awareness of European concepts and international press centre Nieuwspoort and the Foreign Press Association at policy at home and helps integrate European directives in municipal policy. The Hague; with Access, the support network for expats in The Netherlands, On the other hand, it advertises The Hague and the 'Randstad' area as a and with HHC's partner organization, 'The Hague Marketing and Events'. prominent European region. The Department promotes the exchange of The HHC provides information and documentation both on the international expertise in Brussels and among European cities and organs, and furthers organizations and institutes based in The Hague and on the Municipality the funding of European subsidies to The Hague. and township itself. The Centre serves as host and venue for special guests Finally, the Department monitors international co-operation as such. It of the Municipality, organizes excursions and cultural programmes, notably encourages global awareness at home by initiating and sponsoring multi- for expats and supports social structures through its City Consul Project. In cultural projects and festivals. BIZ fosters the exchange of expertise with short, it plays a leading networking role within the international community its twin cities Juigalpa in Nicaragua, Warsaw in Poland, and Bethlehem of The Hague. and Nazareth in the Middle East, and has developed a special programme in support of the society of Surinam. The International Exhibition Centre In August 2005, the Department of International Affairs and the Hague The Hague Hospitality Centre for International Media and Visitors Hospitality Centre jointly launched an International Exhibition Centre on In 2003 the Hague Munidpality also established a Hospitality Centre located the ground floor of City Hall adjoining the offices of the Hague Hospitality at City Hall, intended to provide a central information desk and service point Centre. The lEC presents an attractive overview of the history of "The Hague for news media: correspondents at home and abroad; foreign journalists on Tradition" of international law, diplomacy, and peace studies, and abounds occasional visits; the press departments of embassies, consulates and other with information on the international bodies, organizations, and institutes diplomatic missions; press and public relations offices of international operational in The Hague. organizations; companies in the area geared towards international markets; International Awards and Funds The Hague Prize for International Law In 2002, to complement the numerous endeavours of recent years to advance The Hague international community vaunts two prestigious awards, both on the Hague Tradition and the Rule of Law, the Mayor of The Hague proudly a biennial basis, the one focusing on peace studies and cherishing a long announced the launching of a new initiative. The Hague Prize for pedigree, the other a fairly recent one, aiming at awarding International International Law. The Prize is to be awarded to individual persons or legal legal scholarship to the advancement of the Hague Tradition. persons who, through publications or achievements in the practice of law, have distinctly contributed to the development of international law in the The Carnegie-Wateler Peace Prize public or private sphere, or to the development of the rule of law in the world. Back in 1927, the Dutch banker J.G.D. Wateler bequeathed a substantial The Hague Prize is sponsored by sum to the State of the Netherlands for the awarding of an annual prize the accountancy firm KPMG and the to private persons or institutions, alternately Dutch and foreign, who had City of The Hague, and is awarded furthered the cause of peace. In 1930 the Dutch Carnegie Foundation, by the independent Hague Prize which administers the Peace Palace, became the custodian of the legacy Foundation, which was founded and from 1931 onwards prizes have been awarded annually in autumn, in 2002. Its Jury is headed by H.E. during a ceremony in the Great Hall of Justice of the Peace Palace. Since Judge Kooijmans, former professor 1981, a charter has been added to the prize. In 2004 the prize was renamed of international law at Leiden Carnegie-Wateler Peace Prize and is to be awarded biennially. Among former University, former Minister for laureates are Lord Baden Powell (1937), Jean Monnet (1953), Mrs. Martin Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands, Luther King (1969), Henry Kissinger (1975). Among its institutional laureates and currently Judge of the are Unicef {1957), Doctors without Borders (1989), the Permanent Court of International Court of Justice. During a ceremony which took place 1n the Arbitration (1998), and most recently the Office of the UN High Commissioner Great Hall of Justice of the Peace Palace on 18 June 2004, the first Hague for Refugees (UNHCR). Prize, amounting to € 50,000, was presented by the Mayor of The Hague, W.J. Deetman, to Professor Shabtai Rosenne of Jerusalem for his distinguished contributions to international law.
49 And in the Immediate Vicinity... studies and proficiency tests. It publishes Best Practice Manuals, glossaries, and a Newsletter. Physically not within the perimeters of The Hague but located in the imme- European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESA / ESTEC, Noordwijk) diate regional vicinity are a number of prominent international institutions ESTEC serves as the largest technical centre for projects relating to satellites which are briefly referred to below. and human space flight of ESA, the European Space Agency, which poses as "Europe's Gateway to Space". ESA prides itself on 16 Member States, and European Patent Office (EPO, Rijswijk) has a staff of close to 2,000. Its mission is to shape the development of EPO was established by the European Patent Convention signed in Munich Europe's space capability, and ensure that investment in space continues in 1973. The Office is the outcome of the collective political determination to deliver benefits to the cities of Europe. Its projects are designed to find of the EU countries to establish a uniform patent system in Europe. EPO out more about the Earth and its space environment, the solar system and administers a centralized patent grant system on behalf of all contracting the Universe. ESA also develops satellite-based technologies and services, States, which may pose as a model of successful co-operation in Europe. and promotes European industries. ESA headquarters are based in Paris and EPO headquarters are in Munich and Rijswijk, a suburb of The Hague, with the organization has liaison centres throughout Europe. ESTEC in Noordwijk sub-offices in Berlin and Vienna. EPO's total staff of well over 5,000, of serves as design hub for most ESA spacecraft and technology development. which some 2,400 in Rijswijk, represents all contracting State-parties to Its expert staff of 1,800 employees is recruited from 15 European Member the Convention. States. The European Network of Forensics Sdence Institutes (ENFSI), located International Statistical Institute (ISI, Voorburg) in the Ypenburg area, a recent extension of The Hague, has been established This institute, housed in the CBS (The Central Bureau of Statistics), is with the purpose of sharing knowledge, exchanging experiences and coming an autonomous international society with a staff of nine and some 2,000 to mutual agreements in the field of forensic science, in order to ensure members seeking to develop and improve statistical methods, practices, that the quality of development and delivery throughout Europe is at the and applications. forefront of the world. It encourages all ENFSI laboratories to comply with UNICEF Netherlands (Voorburg) best practice and international standards for quality and competence assu- Part of the UN Organization which protects the rights of children worldwide rance. ENFSI organizes Expert Working Groups meetings, and collaborative and operates in 160 countries, UNICEF Netherlands supports medical care.
50 vaccination, nutrition and education programmes, and protects children this area, from hydraulic engineering, port constructions, shipbuilding to the against sexual abuse and violence. Based in Voorburg and boasting a staff construction of dykes and dams is Indeed legendary. Situated along the of 80, the Bureau, which was founded half a century ago, in 1955, provides coastline, the city of The Hague has always shown keen Interest in these Information on UNICEF Programmes in developing countries, monitors govern- issues. Not surprisingly, therefore, the main water management organizations mental policies, lobbies for compliance with the UN Convention on the in the country are located in and around The Hague. Rights of the Child, helps prevent HIV/AIDS and gives shelter to orphans. The IRC International Water and Sanitation Centre in Delft (the age-old In June 2005, during a ceremony attended by Unicef ambassodors like centre of engineering) is an independent, non-profit foundation supported Roger Moore, Shakirah and Paul van Vliet, The Hague was hailed as Unicef by and linked to the Dutch government and United Nations development City 2005-2006. programmes such as UNDP, UNICEF, WHO, WSSCC, and the World Bank. IRC has strong links with institutions in Africa, Asia, Latin-America, and WATER MANAGEMENT Eastern Europe. Other organizations operating 1n the same sphere and loca- In March 2000, some 5,000 international water specialists assembled in ted in the Hague area are the Netherlands Water Partnership (NWP) in The Hague to attend the Second World Delft, the UNESCO Institute for Water Education (IWE) in Delft, the Water Forum, the largest gathering thus Netherlands Assodation for Water Management and the Netherlands far to combat acute crisis in water Waterworks Assodation, both in Rijswijk and, finally the Water Boards management worldwide. The heir to the Assodation in The Hague. A related concern is covered by the so-called throne, H.R.H. Prince Willem-Alexander, Paris Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control (Paris MOU), is himself protector of the Global Water which consists of 18 participating Maritime Administrations covering the Partnership that warrants the sustainable waters of the European coastal States and the North Atlantic basin from development of water resources on North America to Europe. Through a harmonized system of state port control, this planet. All this is in line with the it seeks to eliminate the operation of sub-standard ships. Annually, it carries international renown The Netherlands out over 16,000 inspections on board foreign ships to ensure international has gained through the ages for its safety, warrant environmental standards, and secure adequate living and water management. Dutch expertise in working conditions for crew members.
51 International Organizations and Institutions
[email protected] www.altus.org
Association of Outch Chambers of Commerce in Europe [email protected] www.nbccl.demon.co.uk/eku/
Care Nederland [email protected] www.c3renederland.org
Cedar, Centre for Dignity and Rights [email protected]
Clingendael, Netherlands Institute of International Relations info@clingendaeLnl www.ciingendael.nl
Cordaid [email protected] www.cordaid.nl
Eblida [email protected] www.eblida.org
Eurojust [email protected] www.eurojust.eu.int
Europa Nostra [email protected] www.europanostra.org
European Commission, Representation in the Netherlands [email protected] www.europa.nl
European Network of Forensic Science Institutes [email protected] www.enf5i.0rg www.eur0p3K.eu.int/den haag European Patent Office, EPO www.eurDpean-patent-office.org European Space Research and Technology Centre, ESA/ESTEC Europol info(Seuropol.eu.int www.europoLeu.int
Foundation for Peace [email protected]
Hague Academy of Intemational law registration Cn'hagueacademy.nl www.h3gue3c3demy.nl
High Commissioner on National Minorities of the OSCE [email protected] www.osce.org/hcnm
Indonesian School in The Netherlands [email protected]
Institute for Environmental Security [email protected] www. en vi rosecurity. org
Institute of Sonology [email protected] www.koncon.nl
International Association of Prosecutors [email protected],com www.iap.nLcom
International College Edith Stein [email protected] www.edithsteincollege.nl
International Court of Justice [email protected] www.icj-cij.org
International Criminal Law Network [email protected] vmw.ICLN.net
International Federation for Housing and Planning [email protected] www.ifhp.org
52 International Institute for Communication and Development www.iicd.org
International Legal Institute [email protected] www, iji.nl
Intemational Nickel Study Group insgc3insg.org www.insg.org
International Pharmaceutical Federation [email protected] www.fip.org
International Society of City and Regional Planners [email protected] www.isocarp.org
Iran-United States Claims Tribunal registry @iusct org www.iusct.org
Lycée frangais Vincent van Gogh [email protected] www.lyceefrancaisdespaysbas.fr.fm
NATO C3 Agency webmaster{n)nc.'3j.iiLil:o.int www.nc3a.nato.int
Netherlands Association for Water Management [email protected] www.nva.net
Netherlands Defence College [email protected] www.idLnl
Netherlands Development Organisation [email protected] www.snvworld.org
Netherlands National Commission for Unesco [email protected] www.Linesco.nl
Netherlands Red Cross [email protected] www.rodekruis.nl
Netherlands Society for Intemational Af^irs ngiz@cl1ngendaeLnl www.clingendael.nl/ngiz.htm
NUFFIC, Indigenous Knowledge Unit / Development Cooperation Department [email protected] www.nuffic.nl/ik-pages
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons [email protected] www.opcw.org
Polish School in The Hague [email protected] www, szkola.nl
Science and Society Forum [email protected] www.euronet.nl/-ssf
Stichting IM.C. Asser Instituut [email protected] www.asser.nl
The Hague Hospitality Center for International Media and Visitors [email protected] www.thehague.nl
The Hague Legal Capital (Portal) [email protected] www.thehaqueleqalcapitaLnl
The Hague Process [email protected] www.sidint.org
Thimun, The Hsgue Intem3tional model United Nations [email protected] www.thimun.org
Unesco Institute for Water Education, IHE [email protected] wvirw.ihe.nl
University of Leiden, The Hague Campus [email protected] www.campusdenhaaq.nl
Water Boards Assodation [email protected] www.uvw.nl for Gender Ji^l^HHjHjjj^l^H^^^I
53 Map of International The Hague
American School of The Hague British School in The Netherlands: Foundation/Junior/Senior/International Education Care Nederland Carnegie Foundation Clingendael, Netherlands Institute of International Relations Cordaid Deutsche Internationale Schule Eurojust Euronaid Europa Nostra European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership European Parliament, Information Office in the Netherlands European Patent Office, EPO Europol Haagse Hogeschool, University of Professional Education, HHS Hague Academy of International Law Hague Conference on Private International Law High Commissioner on National Minorities of the OSCE Hotelschool The Hague Huis ten Bosch Indonesian School in The Netherlands INHOLLAND, University of Professional Education, The Hague Institute of Social Studies, ISS Institute of Sonology / Royal Conservatory / lASJ institute for Environmental Security International Court of Justice International Association of Prosecutors International Conference of Midwives International Criminal Court International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions International Institute for Communication and Development International Legal Institute International Network for Urban Development International Nickel Study Group International Pharmaceutical Federation 37. International School of The Hague: Primary/Secondary 38. International Statistical Institute 39. International Trade House 40. Iranian Community School 41. Iran-United States Claims Tribunal 42. Lycée frangais Vincent van Gogh 43. Mondriaan International Stream 44. NATO C3 Agency 45. Netherlands Association for Water Management 46. Netherlands Defence College 47. Netherlands Development Assistance Research Council 48. Netherlands Development Organisation 49. Netherlands Helsinki Committee 50. Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affaires 51. Netherlands Org. for Intern. Development Cooperation, NOVIB 52. Netherlands Red Cross 53. Netherlands School of Public Administration 54. Netherlands Water Partnership, NWP 55. NUFFIC, Indigenous Knowledge Unit / Development Coop. Dept 56. NWO Institute for the Internationalisation of Law (HIIL) 57. Open University, The Hague Branch 58. Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons 59. Peace Palace Library 60. Permanent Court of Arbitration 61. Polish School in The Hague 62. Ridderzaal (Knights Hall), Treves Salom, Houses of Parlement 63. ROI, Dutch Institute for Public Administration 64. Royal Academy of Visual Arts 65. Stichting T.M.C. Asser Instituut 66. The Hague Department of International Affairs 67. The Hague Hospitality Center for Intern. Media and Visitors 68. The Hague International Primary School, HSV 69. The Netherlands Waterworks Association 70. UN Environmental Programme GPA Coordination Office 71. Unicef Netherlands 72. University of Leiden, The Hague Campus 73. Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation, UNPO 74. Women's Initiative for Gender Justice 75. Yi Jun Peace Museum Colophon This Guide was initiated by the International Desk of the Department of International Affairs of the City p. 14 : USA-Mexico arbitration, 1902; poster opening Peace Palace, 1913; anti-war poster 1914-18; of The Hague. Address: City HaU, Spui 70, P.O. Box 12600, 2500 OJ, The Hague; Tel +31 (0)70 353 6085; first meeting PCIJ, 1923; ceremonial opening ICJ, 1946; emblem PCIJ Fax +31 (0)70 353 2013; E-mail; bslagebc®bsd.denhaaq.nl- Website: www.denhaag.com. p. 15 : scene from the Crimean War; Nuremberg Military Tribunal; Opening ICC in Ridderzaal, 2003 Text and editing : Arthur Eyffinger, Judicap, The Hague p. 16 : population in distress; gas war; 1995 Tokyo subway sarin raid; OPCW field experts; Paris constituing Design and Production : Bruikman & Kok, The Hague meeting OPCW, 1993 Print : Boeijinga, Apeldoorn, Netherlands p. 17 : Andrew Carnegie, Deed Carnegie Foundation; Jhr. APC van Karnebeek; congratulatory charter; visit Photography and Prepress : Bert Meilink, Leidschendam (www.D-vorm.nl) H.E. Perez de Cuellar {UN S.-G.) and H.R.H. Queen Beatrix to Peace Palace; Concordia, detail of the ornamental gates of The Peace Palace; Carnegie's famous cheque Acknowledgements of Illustrations p. 18 : tile decoration; exhibition poster, stone-laying ceremony Peace Palace; stained glass decoration; All illustrations not accounted for in the listing below were produced by Bert Meilink. entrance hall; ceremonial key; commemorative medal; artist impression Peace Palace, 1903 The following photo's by Jan den Hengst, Aarlanderveen appear courtesy Carnegie Foundation, The Hague; p. 19 : tile panel; Dr. Eijkman; Berlage's extension plan; architect de Bazel; emblem world centre p. 12 : Tobias Asser, porcelain vase Huis ten Bosch; p. 18 : entrance Hall Peace Palace; p. 20 : offices PCA; p. 20 : final act 1899 Peace Conference; offices S.-G. PCA; coat of arms Brazil at PCA; panel PCA; p. 21 : Meeting Administrative Council PCA commercial fan caricature PCA; emblem PCA Cover : photo ICC building by Wim van den Cappellen, courtesy ICC, The Hague p. 21 : Meeting Administrative Board PCA; panel Iran-US Claims Tribunal; headquarters lUSCT p. 7 ; medals courtesy Royal Cabinets of Numismatics p. 22 : session ICJ; counsel; judgment IG; emblem ICJ p. 8 : photo Binnenhof quarters courtesy Haagsch Historisch Museum; photo coach incident courtesy p. 23 : headquarters ICTY; former president Sl. Milosevic; victims; ICTY Judges meet UN S.-G. Kofi Annan Hague Municipal Archives; photo canvas Jordaens courtesy Rijksdienst Monumentenzorg p. 24 : ICC headquarters; inauguaration bench ICC, 2003; solemn declaration Judge ICC in Peace Palace; p. 15 : photo inauguration ICC by Wim van den Cappellen, courtesy ICC, The Hague meeting Registry Staff ICC; bidbook The Hague at Rome Conference, 1998 p. 16 : photo 1993 Paris summit courtesy OPCW, The Hague p. 25 : First meeting HccH, 1893; headquarters HccH; convention; Plenary Hague Conference; medal Tobias p. 20 : photo PCA panel courtesy PCA, The Hague Asser, founder HccH p. 21 : photo meeting Iran-US Claims Tribunal courtesy lUSCT, The Hague p. 26 : NATO C3 headquarters and activities p. 23 : photo's courtesy ICTY, The Hague, exept for the first picture p. 27 : OPCW headquarters; victim chemical weapons; chemical plant and laboratory, OPCW field experts p. 24 : photo inauguration judges ICC and meeting Registry staff ICC by Wim van den Cappellen, courtesy p. 28 : headquarters OSCE HCNM and victims civil strife ICC, The Hague; drawing by Noëlle Herrenschmidt. courtesy ICC, The Hague p. 29 : Europol headquarters and activities; emblem p. 25 : drawing courtesy HccH, The Hague p. 30 ; Eurojust headquarters; staff meeting; College; emblem p. 26 : photo's courtesy NATO C3 Agency, The Hague p. 31 : International Statistical Institute, International Nickel Study Group; Europa Nostra headquarters; p. 27 : photo's courtesy OPCW. The Hague European University headquarters; European Parlement Information Office p. 28 : photo's courtesy OSCE HCNM, The Hague, exept for the first picture p. 32 : Hugo Grotius; naval battle of Lissa, 1866; international criminal law studies; p. 29 : photo's courtesy Europol, The Hague Alderman van Woensel addressing lAP Members p. 30 : photo's courtesy Eurojust, The Hague p. 33 : Henry Dunant; war victims; a Red Cross hospital ship torpedoed; 1907 Geneva Conference; pp. 34-35 : photo's except for the first and the last courtesy Care, Cordaid and NOVIB, The Hague Red Cross headquarters, The Hague pp. 50-51 : two central photo's courtesy UNICEF, Voorburg p. 34 : headquarters UNPO; relief help in Africa by Care and Cordaid p. 35 ; relief help by Cordaid and NOVIB; Yi Jun Peace Museum
Legends to Illustrations p. 36 : UNEP headquarters; NWO headquarters; Royal Library Cover: Front: Peace Palace; Medal Tobias Asser; pupils British School; American School; emblem ICJ; p. 37 : Emblem IPF; Holland Trade House; emblems IFHP, Sanec, EVO, Eunite ICC building; Back: OPCW building; Coat of Arms France; UNICEF flags; Atrium HHS; p. 38 : American, French, German schools in The Hague; British pupils Coat of Arms Peru; Europol building; Inside: Medaillon Opening Peace Palace, 1913 p. 39 : British School; art courses; Hotelschool headquarters and students p. 4 : Lange Voorhout; detail monument Plein 1813; the Hague Skyline from the city centre; coat of arms p. 40 : INHolland University; Haagse Hogeschool; ISS headquarters Province of Holland; Statenlaan p. 41 : NUFFIC students; founders HAIL, James Brown Scott and Charles Lyon-Caen; students summer courses; p. 5 : statue Jan de Witt; Binnenhof quarters; statue Johan van Oldenbarnevelt; Museon; Smidswater p. 42 : William of Orange; Hugo Grotius; emblem Hague Campus Leiden University; PCIJ Judge Van Eysinga, p. 6 : the beach; the Kurhaus hotel; the Mauritshuis Museum; Clingendael headquarters Hague Campus; lU Judge Kooijmans p. 7 : Prince Maurice of Orange; the Trèves salon; Prince William III; Lange Vijverberg; Court William II p. 43 : legal tracts by Grotius and Van Bijnkershoek; offices Supreme State Coundl; Hague headquarters Open and Ridderzaal; medals Peace of Rijswijk, 1697 Uniwrsity; medieval university law course p. 8 ; Binnenhof quarters and court lake; Prince Frederic-Henry, canvas Jordaens; Sir Constantine Huygens; p. 44 : Asser Institute; Institute Clingendael; HIIL Institute Simon Stevin's sailing chariot; diplomatic incident at Hoornbrug, 1640 p. 45 : National Archives; Peace Palace Library Grotius collection; reading room; Alberico Gentili p. 9 : Pakistan Embassy; Kenian Embassy, German Embassy; delegates of the 1899 Hague Peace Conference p. 46 : removal, destruction and new plan of Library; Mayor Deetman addressing the Hague Academic Coalition p. 10 : Ministry of Foreign Affairs; British Embassy; Embassy Russian Federation; Vietnamese Embassy; p. 47 : City Hall; Atrium activities; offidals Department International Affairs at exposition coats of arms of Mexico, Kenya, Spain, Australia, Japan, Sri Lanka p. 48 : exhibition on International The Hague in City HaU; factsheets p. 12 : Count William II of Holland; Tobias Asser; plenary 1899 Peace Conference; Tobias Asser, Feodor Martens p. 49 : Wateler prize awards (Van Royen and Van Boven) and coat of arms Wateler family; Shabtai Rosenne, and Hague Stork; H.R.H. Queen Wilhelmina; porcelain vase Huis ten Bosch; Czar Nicholas II of Russia first Hague Prize winner, 2004; emblem Hague Prize p. 13 : The Ridderzaal; Austrian-Hungarian entry in Golden Book Kurhaus, 1907; plenary 1907 Peace p. 50 : headquarters European Patent Office; CBS headquarters; The Hague Unicef City 2005-06 Conference; Woodrow Wilson, emblem PCA p. 51 : Unicef field workers; emblem; headquarters Association; water tower and basins in dune area
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