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Sand Intermittent Filtration Technology for Safer Domestic Sewage Treatment *1PRASAD, G; 1RAJEEV RAJPUT; 2CHOPRA, a K 1Department of Zoology and Environmental Science

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Sand Intermittent Filtration Technology for Safer Domestic Sewage Treatment *1PRASAD, G; 1RAJEEV RAJPUT; 2CHOPRA, a K 1Department of Zoology and Environmental Science JASEM ISSN 1119-8362 Full-text Available Online at J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Mgt. March, 2006 All rights reserved www.bioline.org.br/ja Vol. 10 (1) 73 - 77 Sand Intermittent Filtration Technology for safer Domestic Sewage Treatment *1PRASAD, G; 1RAJEEV RAJPUT; 2CHOPRA, A K 1Department of Zoology and Environmental Science. Gurukula Kangri University, Haridwar, INDIA *2Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri University, Haridwar, INDIA ABSTRACT: The present investigation was undertaken to find out pollution reduction potential of Sand intermittent filtration bed in term of physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics of domestic sewage. The domestic sewage was filtered through Sand intermittent filtration beds of mixture of sand and soil at different ratio i.e. 1:1; 1:3; 3:1 and one set of 100% of each sand and soil were also taken. Results revealed that there was a significant pollution reduction in various physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of domestic sewage in sand soil mixture. In general sand and soil beds have shown better performance than only sand or soil bed for sewage treatment. Albeit Sand soil bed of 2 feet depth has been found better in term of pollution reduction ability than other depths used in the present study, but variation of pollution reduction potential has been recorded for different parameters in sand and soil bed of the same ratio. Mixture of Sand soil bed at ratio 3:1 has yielded better results in general than all other used ratio but for certain parameters stands equal with 1:1 ratio. Maximum percentage of reduction in pH i.e. 16.7% and in Temperature 27.9% was found at 2 feet depth in mixed sand and soil bed of 1:1 ratio. Maximum pollution reduction potential of intermittent filtration bed was recorded at 2 feet depth of sand and soil mixture at ratio of 3:1. Percentage of pollution reducing potential was found in CO2 83.4%, BOD 72.5%, COD 69.9%, Total alkalinity 37.9%, Total solids 88.5%, Total dissolved solids 86.1%, Total suspended solids 91.2%, MPN 82.4% and SPC 78.4%. Minimum reduction ability was found in 100% sand and soil bed without mixture. @JASEM Water pollution is a current global burning problem lots of energy and require more money for its as a large quantity of water of earth planet i.e. 97% is maintenance. Economy of developing country like stored in sea. Marine water is not suitable for India is not so good to afford such types of expensive domestic use due to high salinity. Remaining 3% treatment plants. Besides these irregular power water is found in form of ice caps, surface water and supply and labours problem has affected the working underground water. Since a very small quantity of and efficiency of the treatment plants. Sand filtration available water is being used in different way i.e. is one of the earliest forms of potable water treatment agriculture, industry and domestic purposes. Various and remains an important process for water types of pollutants such as industrial, domestic waste purification throughout the world (Campos et al., (solid and liquid) are reaching in surface water 2002). Simplicity and low cost capital and operating through different means. Most of the cities in India cost are principal advantages of sand filtration are situated on the banks of different rivers. These compared with more sophisticated methods of water rivers are receiving both industrial and domestic treatment. Keeping in view of the facts present sewage, which has high percentage of untreated investigation was undertaken to find out the treatment sewage because most of the cities do not have an of domestic sewage. Some important contribution in adequate sewage treatment system. this area has been made by some workers and important can be quoted here (Huisman and Wood, In India it is estimated that more than 8642X106m3 of 1974; Zibell et al., 1975; Bellamy et al., 1985; Sarkar wastewater is generated per annum from 212 class I et al., 1994; Setvik et al., 1999; Weber–Shirk, 2002; cities and 241 class II towns. Only 23% of Rooklidge and Ketchum, 2002; Ausland et al., 2002). wastewater is being treated mostly at primary level But in India very little work (Rao et al., 2003) has prior to disposal and 77% untreated water is been done on sand intermittent filtration. In present discharged on land (Rajeswaramma and Gupta, study efforts have been made to develop a cost 2002). Indiscriminate discharge of domestic and effective and low maintenance model of sand industrial effluent in the rivers has generated intermittent filtration for the treatment of wastewater alarming water pollution as maximum water supply with a special reference to domestic sewage. for domestic use is being obtained from these rivers. Efforts have been made by the government of India MATERIAL AND METHODS force to setup the treatment plants in different parts of Experimental design of sand intermittent filtration country for the proper and efficient treatment of tank: A septic metal tank of 35cm radius with 5 feet domestic sewage. But these treatment plants consume height with strong stand and a sieve of 0.5 mm fitted Corresponding Author: Prof. A.K.Chopra, E-Mail: [email protected] Fax: +91-01334-246366 Sand Intermittent Filtration Technology… 74 1 feet above from base was constructed. A device OC. Maximum percentage of temperature reduction is was also made at the base of the tank to take out 27.9% was observed after treatment with Sand treated water for analysis of physico-chemical and intermittent filtration of ratio 1:1 at depth of 2 feet. bacteriological characteristics. Decrease in temperature may be due to the climatic conditions as the sewage was stored in a steel tank Filter media: Different mixture of sand and soil were for filtration. Maximum fall in the temperature at 2 used for the filtration of domestic sewage. Sand feet depth may be perhaps due to taking more time Intermittent Filtration tank was filled by different and long distance travelled by wastewater during mixtures of sand and soil i.e. 100% sand, 100% soil, filtration. Temperature reduction has positive co- sand and soil 1:1, 3:1, 1:3. Different depth i.e. 1 feet, relation with retention time factor in the bed as 1.5 feet and 2 feet of each kind of sand and soil evident by minimum temperature reduction in the mixture was used as sand intermittent filtration for sand at 1feet depth. Turbidity of domestic sewage filtration of domestic sewage. was found 85.0 mg/l before filtration. Complete reduction of turbidity was found in domestic sewage Sampling site and sample collection: Sewage at 2 feet depth in all the combinations of the filtration pumping station, located at the right bank of Ganga bed. Turbidity decreases due to decrease in Canal at Ramnager opposite Swami Shraddhanand suspended solids and dissolved solids. Ojeda (1989) Chowk, Haridwar (Uttaranchal) was selected for the was found that turbidity was removed by 90% using collection of domestic sewage. To obtain a composite slow sand filters. El-Taweel (2000) reported that 92% sample of domestic sewage, the site was selected as of turbidity was removed when slow sand filter was pumping station contains a mixture of domestic used for wastewater treatment. Slight variation of sewage of different locality of Haridwar. Sampling these findings, from Ojeda (1990) and El-Taweel was done 4 times in the morning between 7.30 to (2000) may be due to variation of sand granules and 11.00 am and a time composite sample was collected soil particles size as well as the depth of the bed. in plastic container and brought to the laboratory for Total solids of domestic sewage was recorded 2740.0 analysis. mg/l. Total suspended solids of domestic sewage was found 1300 mg/l. Total solids and Total suspended Analysis of domestic sewage and filtered domestic solids shows maximum reduction i.e. 88.5% and sewage: Domestic sewage and filtered domestic 91.2% respectively at 2 feet depth in 3:1 ratio while sewage through different Sand intermittent filter were minimum reduction of Total solids was found i.e. analyzed for their various physico–chemical and 19.7% in soil only at 1 feet and minimum reduction bacteriological characteristics by standard methods of Total suspended solids was found i.e. 35.8% in (APHA, 1998). sand only at 1 feet. These findings are in accordance to the findings of Ellis (1987). He has reported 90 % RESULTS AND DISCUSSION reduction of suspended solid when it was filtered The values of different parameters of domestic through 3.5 feet sand filtration. Total dissolved solids sewage viz. Temperature, Turbidity, Total solids of domestic sewage were recorded 1440 mg/l. Total (TS), Total dissolved solids (TDS), Total suspended dissolved solids shows maximum reduction i.e. solids (TSS), pH, Total alkalinity, Free carbon 86.1% at 2 feet depth in 3:1 ratio while minimum was dioxide (CO2), Chemical oxygen demand (COD), found i.e. 2.7% at 1 feet depth in soil only. Solids Dissolved oxygen (DO), Biochemical oxygen reduced after sand intermittent filtration because demand (BOD), Standard plate count (SPC) and mixture of soil and sand works as a sieve. These Most probable number (MPN) before filtration are results are in accordance with the findings of Kumar given in Table 1 and values of these parameters of et al. (2003). Also due to retention time of sewage domestic sewage after filtration with Sand into Sand intermittent filter reduces total solids, total intermittent filtration are given in Table 2. dissolved solids and total suspended solids Temperature of domestic sewage was recorded 25.98 G.PRASAD; RAJEEV RAJPUT; A.K.CHOPRA 74 Sand Intermittent Filtration Technology… 89 Table 1: Physico-chemical and microbiological parameters of Domestic Sewage before filtration (Values are mean ± Standard Deviation of six observations).
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