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Wastewater Story All of Us Use Water in Our Homes and Clean Water That Is Fit Make It Dirty

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Wastewater Story All of Us Use Water in Our Homes and Clean Water That Is Fit Make It Dirty 18 Wastewater Story All of us use water in our homes and Clean water that is fit make it dirty. for use is unfortunately Dirty! Are you surprised? not available to all. It has Rich in lather, mixed with oil, black– been reported that more brown water that goes down the drains than one billion of people from sinks, showers, toilets, laundries have no access to safe is dirty. It is called wastewater. This drinking water. This accounts for a large used water should not be wasted. We number of water-related diseases and must clean it up by removing pollutants. even deaths. People even children walk Have you ever thought where the for several kilometres to collect clean wastewater goes and what happens to it? water, as you read in Chapter 16. Is it not a serious matter for human dignity? 18.1 WATER, OUR LIFELINE You have studied in Chapter 16 Clean water is a basic need of human about the increasing scarcity of fresh- being. Let us make a mindmap of the water due to population growth, many uses of clean water. pollution, industrial development, Activity 18.1 mismanagement and other factors. Realising the urgency of the situation (We have given one example of the on the World Water Day, on 22 March use of clean water. You can add many 2005, the General Assembly of the more.) United Nations proclaimed the period 2005–2015 as the International Decade for action on “Water for life”. All efforts made during this decade aim to reduce by half the number of people who do Clean water not have access to safe drinking water. put to use There has been perceptible progress in the direction of the aim but still there is a lot to achieve. Cleaning of water is a process of removing pollutants before it enters a Drinking water body or is reused. This process of wastewater treatment is commonly 220 SCIENCE 2021–22 known as “Sewage Treatment”. It takes oil, urea (urine), place in several stages. pesticides, herbicides, fruit 18.2 WHAT IS SEWAGE? and vegetable Sewage is wastewater released by homes, waste, etc. industries, hospitals, offices and other Inorganic impurities–Nitrates, users. It also includes rainwater that has Phosphates, run down the street during a storm or metals. heavy rain. The water that washes off Nutrients – Phosphorus roads and rooftops carries harmful and Nitrogen. substances with it. Sewage is a liquid Bacteria –Such as vibrio waste. Most of it is water, which has cholera which dissolved and suspended impurities. causes cholera Activity 18.2 and salmonella paratyphi which Locate an open drain near your home, school or on the roadside and inspect causes typhoid. water flowing through it. Other microbes – Such as Record colour, odour and any other protozones observation. Discuss with your friends which cause and your teacher and fill up the dysentery. following Table 18.1. 18.3 WATER FRESHENS UP — AN We know that sewage is a complex EVENTFUL JOURNEY mixture containing suspended solids, organic and inorganic impurities, In a home or a public building generally nutrients, saprophytes and disease one set of pipes brings clean water and causing bacteria and other microbes. another set of pipes takes away These include the following. wastewater. Imagine that we could see Organic impurities –Human faeces, through the ground. We would see a animal waste, network of big and small pipes, called Table 18.1 Contaminant survey S. No. Type of sewage Point of origin Contaminants Any other remark 1. Sullage water Kitchen 2. Foul waste Toilets 3. Trade waste Industrial and commercial organisations WASTEWATER STORY 221 2021–22 sewers, forming the sewerage. It is like . Cap the jar, shake it well and let the a transport system that carries sewage mixture stand in the sun for two from the point of being produced to the days. point of disposal, i.e. treatment plant. After two days, shake the mixture Manholes are located at every 50 m and pour a small sample into test to 60 m in the sewerage, at the junction tube. Label this test tube “Before of two or more sewers and at points treatment; Sample 1”. How does it where there is a change in direction. smell? . Use an aerator from an aquarium to Activity 18.3 bubble air through the sample in the Study the sewage route in your home/ glass jar. Allow several hours for school/building. Do the following: aeration; leave the aerator attached . Make a line diagram of the sewage overnight. If you do not have an route. aerator, use a mechanical stirrer or . Walk down the street or survey the a mixer. You may have to stir it campus to find the number of several times. The next day when aeration is manholes. complete, pour another sample into . If possible, observe open drain and a second test tube. Label it as “After record which living organisms are aeration; Sample 2”. found in and around it. Fold a piece of filter paper to form a In case you do not have a sewerage cone. Wet the paper with tap water system in your locality, find out how and then insert the cone in a funnel. sewage is being disposed off. Mount the funnel on a support Treatment of polluted water (as you have learnt in Class VI). Perform the following activity. It will help . Place layers of sand, fine gravel and you understand the processes that take finally medium gravel in the funnel (Fig. 18.2). (An actual filtration plant place at the wastewater treatment plant. does not use filter paper, but the sand Activity 18.4 filter is several metres deep). Pour the remaining aerated liquid Divide yourself into groups to perform through the filter into the beakers. the activity. Record observations at each Do not allow the liquid to spill over stage: the filter. If the filtered liquid is not . Fill a large glass jar 3/4 full of water. clear, filter it a few times till you get Add some dirty organic matter such clear water. as grass pieces or orange peels, a . Pour a sample of the filtered water small amount of detergent, and a few into a third test tube labelled drops of an ink or any colour. “Filtered; Sample 3”. 222 SCIENCE 2021–22 1. Wastewater is passed through bar screens. Large objects like rags, sticks, cans, plastic packets, napkins are removed (Fig. 18.3). Fig. 18.2 Filtration process . Pour another sample of the filtered water into a fourth test tube. Add a small piece of a chlorine tablet. Mix well until the water is clear. Label the Fig. 18.3 Bar screen test tube “Chlorinated; Sample 4”. 2. Water then goes to a grit and sand . Observe carefully the samples in all removal tank. The speed of the the test tubes. Do not taste! Just incoming wastewater is decreased to smell them! allow sand, grit and pebbles to settle Now answer the following questions: down (Fig. 18.4). (a) What changes did you observe in the appearance of the liquid after aeration? (b) Did aeration change the odour? (c) What was removed by the sand filter? (d) Did chlorine remove the colour? (e) Did chlorine have an odour? Was it worse than that of the wastewater? 18.4 WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT (WWTP) Fig. 18.4 Grit and sand removal tank Treatment of wastewater involves physical, chemical, and biological 3. The water is then allowed to settle in processes, which remove physical, a large tank which is sloped towards chemical and biological matter that the middle. Solids like faeces settle contaminates the wastewater. at the bottom and are removed with WASTEWATER STORY 223 2021–22 After several hours, the suspended microbes settle at the bottom of the tank as activated sludge. The water is then removed from the top. The activated sludge is about 97% water. The water is removed by sand drying beds or machines. Dried sludge is used as manure, returning organic matter and nutrients to the soil. The treated water has a very low level of organic material and suspended Fig. 18.5 Water clarifer matter. It is discharged into a sea, a river or into the ground. Nature cleans it up a scraper. This is the sludge. A further. Sometimes it may be necessary skimmer removes the floatable solids to disinfect water with chemicals like like oil and grease. Water so cleared chlorine and ozone before releasing it is called clarified water (Fig. 18.5). into the distribution system. The sludge is transferred to a separate tank where it is decomposed Become an active citizen by the anaerobic bacteria. The biogas Waste generation is a natural part of produced in the process can be used as human activity. But we can limit the fuel or can be used to produce electricity. 4. Air is pumped into the clarified water to help aerobic bacteria to grow. Bacteria consume human waste, food waste, soaps and other unwanted The water in a river is cleaned matter still remaining in clarified naturally by processes that are water (Fig. 18.6). similar to those adopted in a wastewater treatment plant. Did you know ? It has been suggested that we should plant eucalyptus trees all along sewage ponds. These trees absorb all surplus wastewater rapidly and release pure water vapour into the Fig. 18.6 Aerator atmosphere. 224 SCIENCE 2021–22 type of waste and quantity of waste . Chemicals like paints, solvents, produced. Often we have been repelled insecticides, motor oil, medicines by offensive smell. The sight of open may kill microbes that help purify drains is disgusting.
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