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Human Waste Management Topic Summary: the Human Population Produces a Significant Amount of Human Waste Every Year

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Human Waste Management Topic Summary: the Human Population Produces a Significant Amount of Human Waste Every Year Human Waste Management Topic Summary: The human population produces a significant amount of human waste every year. Solid waste (feces) liquid waste (urine) and medical waste (blood, used health care supplies) are all produced in nations throughout the world on a daily basis. Disposing of the waste is often done unsafely, with some solid waste disposed of in drinking water, and medical waste left in landfills. Each year, waterborne illnesses, caused in part by improper disposal of solid waste, is the single greatest cause of death in the world. In most years, more people are dying of infections and diseases caused by unsafe water than armed conflict. Despite this fact, discussion of sanitation practices as a focus of public conversations is rare in most places in the world. Either the topic is taboo and uncomfortable (discussing it requires talking about feces), or people are ignorant of the need for sanitation practices to improve public health. While relatively safe human waste management guidelines have been developed by the international community, many nations have not made steps to improve public sanitation. In large part, this is due to lack of infrastructure and resources. The guidelines can’t be implemented successfully with a lack of equipment, lack of awareness, and lack of a mindful effort to safely dispose of waste. Further, medical waste, like syringes and used bandages, sometimes show up in general landfills. Often in least developed countries, children are tasked with picking through landfills for food or metals (which can be sold). One wrong step or move, and these impoverished children can be stuck with needles and contract fatal diseases. Finally, human waste can potentially be used as a good source of fertilizer for improving crop yields. In some nations, the practice of using solid waste as fertilizer has existed for centuries, while in others, the practice has never gained much ground. Sometimes cultural taboos prevent the practice. While the practice holds promise for helping to feed the world, mishandling of the waste may carry health risks. Background Information: 2006: The World Health Organization publishes guidelines for safe disposal of human waste, and its use in food production 2009: WHO reports waterborne illnesses as the single greatest cause of world deaths 2011: World Health Organization publishes fact sheet regarding health-care waste management 2014: UN issues report on failing solid waste management system in India Issues to be Addressed in a Resolution: 1. How can governments that lack resources and infrastructure provide sanitary and cost- effective methods of human waste disposal? 2. How can nations coordinate regarding international rivers, to preserve their potability? 3. How can the UN improve public awareness of safe human waste disposal methods? 4. How can healthcare waste (syringes, bandages, medical devices, blood, etc) be disposed of in nations which lack resources? 5. Should the UN encourage or discourage the practice of fertilizing fields with human waste? Bibliography: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/wastewater/research_audience_fs.pdf?ua=1 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X13000032 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X12004205 http://www.rti.org/page.cfm/Waste_Management 1 http://www.unep.org/ietc/ourwork/wastemanagement/globalpartnershiponwastemanageme nt/tabid/56257/default.aspx http://www.unep.org/ietc/informationresources/solidwastemanagementpublication/tabid/7 9356/default.aspx http://www.irinnews.org/fr/report/99601/eco-friendly-medical-waste-disposal-in-nepal http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Solid-waste-management-system-a- failure-in-Varanasi-says-report/articleshow/29980955.cms http://www.un.org/esa/dsd/dsd_aofw_ni/ni_pdfs/NationalReports/korea/WasteManagement. pdf http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs281/en/ 2 Preparing for the AIDS Cure Topic Summary: Many advances towards a cure for HIV, and potentially AIDS are expected to come out in the near future. However, millions upon millions of people will need the cure immediately, and there will not be enough cure manufactured immediately to go around. This topic asks delegates to make exceedingly difficult ethical and logistic decisions when it comes to UN and UN partner organizations delivering the AIDs cure to nations in need. A lot of pressures could be exerted politically upon nations if threats to not receive the cure were place on them with conditions, one of the few ways the UN could actually create pressure for change, but many nations might disagree on the morality of such a plan. Background Information: First of all be aware of terminology of the disease: HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. It is the virus that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, or AIDS. Unlike some other viruses, the human body cannot get rid of HIV. That means that once you have HIV, you have it for life. (5) • 1981: First reported cases of AIDs. On June 5, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) publish Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), describing cases of a rare lung infection, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), in five young, previously healthy, gay men in Los Angeles. The report described GRID (Gay-related immune deficiency) and later be known as AIDS. • 1987: A new treatment emerges that is hailed as the first significant step in responding to HIV. • 1990s: Many countries all over the world launched campaigns warned against being afraid of AIDs and advocated education. • 1991: British actor Jeremy Irons wore a small red ribbon to the Tony Awards; the red ribbon became the international symbol for AIDs. • 1993: The First World AIDs Day. • 1996: At the XI International AIDS Conference in Vancouver, Canada, researchers announce new developments in HIV treatment. However, a year later scientists find that HIV ‘hides’ in reservoirs in the body, making the virus impossible to totally eliminate with current therapies, highlighting that AIDS would remain a chronic disease, at best. • 1997: UNAIDS launches the HIV Drug Access Initiative in Uganda and Côte d’Ivoire, representing the first introduction of antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa. The first people receive treatment in Uganda and Côte d’Ivoire in early 1998 and in Chile later this year. • 2000: In January, the UN Security Council discussed the health issue for the first time. Six months later, the Council passes Resolution 1308, emphasizing the threat to security posed by AIDS and drew attention to the need for treatment, especially in the case of military personnel “where appropriate.” • March: UNAIDS and WHO announce a joint agreement with five pharmaceutical companies to reduce the prices of antiretroviral drugs. • May: UNAIDS launches the Accelerating Access Initiative, stimulating the development of treatment plans in 39 countries. • 2001: UN Commission on Human Rights resolves the access to treatment is essential to the full realization of the right to health. • June: the first UN General Assembly Special Session on AIDS takes place. The Declaration of Commitment is the first internationally agreed, time-bound set of goals which is based on indicators of progress. • 2002:WHO publishes the first edition of its guidelines for HIV treatment in resource-limited settings. 3 • 2003: WHO Director-General Lee Jong-wook officially launches the “3 by 5” Initiative. • 2010: UNAIDS set targets, called UNAIDS Strategy 2011-2015, for universal access to HIV prevention, treatment, care and support and to halt and reverse the spread of HIV and contribute to the achievement of the Millennium Development goals by 2015. Issues to be Addressed in a Resolution: 1) Are some nations deserving of not receiving aids cures? 2) Should the UN spend a great deal more money to save people immediately, or wait until the cost of the cure is reduced before purchasing aids cures, even if it means more people will die in the immediate future. 3) Should some people be prioritized for reducing an aids cure over others (which people are at the greatest risk: the young, the raped, the people who get it from to a blood transfusion, those who have the money to pay for it?) 4) What nations should be prioritized? 5) Should nations where it is easier to administrate (stable, richer nations) be prioritized over nations where is it harder to administer (poorer, unstable nations) or vice versa? 6) Should nations with human rights violations be kept from keeping the aids cure? 7) Should certain regions be prioritized within nations (urban vs. rural, places UN is already operating vs. newer places for example) Bibliography http://www.who.int/hiv/aboutdept/strategy_consultation/en/index.html http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/04/health/timeline-hiv-aids-moments/ http://www.unaids.org/en/ http://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/aids.shtml http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/index.html http://www.unaids.org/en/media/unaids/contentassets/documents/unaidspublication/2011 /20110607_JC2069_30Outlook_en.pdf http://americablog.com/2013/07/hiv-aids-cure-bone-marrow-transplant.html http://www.huffingtonpost.com/tag/aids-cure http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/07/26/how-a-trade-fight- with-india-could-keep-the-next-aids-cure-out-of-reach/ http://globalvoicesonline.org/2013/08/10/does-a-malawian-herb-cure-hiv-africa-check- knows-the-answer/ http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/807518 http://au.ibtimes.com/articles/499445/20130816/hiv-cure-new-drug-targets-immune- system.htm#.UhY94z-k8YJ http://www.medicaldaily.com/brazilian-scientists-test-new-aids-vaccine-hoping-hivbr18- ends-global-pandemic-249353 4 Literacy Topic Summary: Traditionally, literacy is defined as the ability to read and write. The exact definition of literacy varies from country to country. As does the exact specified age determined that a person must be literate. It is an important foundation of a developed country, as literacy rates tend to be higher in developed societies. Literacy is an extremely essential component to further develop the advancement of a society.
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