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Efficacy of Ruelene As an Anthelmintic in Beef Cattle

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Efficacy of Ruelene As an Anthelmintic in Beef Cattle THE EFFICACY OF RUELENE AS AN ANTHELMINTIC IN BEEF CATTLE by DANIEL ALBERT OSTLIND B. S., Bethany College, 1958 A MASTER'S THESIS submitted In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree MASTER OF SCIENCE Parasitology Department of Zoology KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY Manhattan, Kansas 1962 LP *£ X. TABLE OF CONTENTS OotUWOyJTS INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW I MATERIALS AND METHOOS 12 Laboratory Diagnostic Techniques 12 Anthelmintics 15 Statistical Procedures 16 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 17 Anthelmintic Studies 17 Larval Identification 40 DISCUSSION H SUMMARY 53 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 56 LITERATURE CITED 57 INTRODUCTION Because of the economic Importance of the beef cattle Industry In the United States and throughout the world, the losses Incurred among cattle by gastrointestinal parasites are Important. There Is a need for practical and efficient ways to combat Internal parasites. Therefore, the development of safe and effective anthelmintics is necessary to supplement management practices. However, before any parasiticide is placed on the market or made available to veterinarians, it must be thoroughly tested. All aspects of the compound must be investigated, including toxicity of the chemical and its metabolites, elim- ination from host and residue, and of course, the anthelmintic activity at prophylactic and therapeutic dosages. The object of this study was to evaluate the effects of a new phospho- organic systemic parasiticide, administered by different methods at varying dosages, against naturally acquired nematodiasls in beef cattle. LITERATURE REVIEW Since the discovery of the systemic Insectictda) properties of organic phosphorus compounds by the Germans, investigations have been conducted con- cerning the effectiveness of such materials as anthelmintics as well as insecticides. In 1956 Trolene* (Dow ET-57, Dow ET-14, Korlan, Ronnel, 0,0-dlmethyl, 0-2,4, 5-trlchlorophenyl phosphorothioate) was marketed as a systemically active drug against migrating stages of warbles in cattle. Since the work of Llndquist (1956) many Investigators have shown the drug's efficiency against Hypoderma *Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan. a a lineatum (DeVill.) and H. bovis (Linn.). However, as an anthelmintic Trolene does not match Its grublcldal qualities. Crenshaw (1956) reported that Trolene at the rates of 125 and 150 mg/kg of body weight would control Haemonchus , Ostertagia and Cooper! In cattle. However, his results were based on treatment of only two yearling calves. Worley (1957) noted that a single dose at the rate of 110 mg/kg of body weight decreased the average EPG (eggs per gram of feces) from 19. k to 3.2 In wintering Hereford cattle. Herllch and Johnson (1957) performed critical tests on 8 naturally Infected grade Jersey steers treated at the rate of 100 mg/kg. They found that Trolene removed (species followed by per cent) Haemonchus place! 98, Cooper i a punctata 59, Ostertagia ostertag! 46, Oesophagostomum radiatum 30, Trichurls spp. 9 and Trichostrongylus axel 0.4. It was not effective against T. colubriformis or Nematodirus hel vet i anus . Wood (1958) found Trolene In- effective against experimental Infections of T. colubriformis in rabbits. Rlek (1958) found Trolene to be effective only against H. place! and Cooper i spp. at the rate of 5 g/100 lbs. In calves. He also reported an erratic control of 0. radiatum . Rlek and Keith (1959) found the same results In similar tests also Involving calves. Allcata (I960), using critical tests, administered Ronnel In bolus form (5 g/100 lbs) to 6 calves and found It to have an average efficacy of 79.7 per cent. The calves had been experimentally infected with Cooper I a punctata . Drudge et al . (1961) treated beef and dairy cattle with a Ronnel bolus (100 mg/kg) and as a 10 per cent premlx at 2 levels (total dose of each, 105 mg/kg) and as a 0.75 per cent spray. Using pre- and post- treatment EPG counts to evaluate the drug's anthelmintic activity, he found that the bolus and premlx produced marked EPG reductions while the spray had no effect. Schad et al. (1958) performed critical tests on range ewes that had been drenched with Trolene at the rate of 100 mg/kg. They found the drug to be Ineffective against Haemonchus . Ostertagia , Tr i chost rongy 1 us . Nematodirus , Chabertia and the tapeworm Thysanosoma . Similar results were reported by Gordon (1953a) In sheep treated at the rate of 5 g/100 lbs. At twice the dose, he noted that it would remove H. contortus . Based on fecal egg counts, Dorney and Todd (1959) found Trolene, given orally to lambs at rates of 200, 400, and 600 mg/kg, effective against Haemonchus , Ostertagia , Strongyloides , and Nematodirus . Trolene, given In a gelatine capsule at a rate of 100 mg/kg was not effective against an experimental infection of T. axei in 2-month-old lambs (Gibson, I960). Levlne et al. (1956, 1958a), using horse strongyle larvae, studied the larvicidal activity of several organic phosphorus compounds including Chlorthion, Halathlon, Diazlnon, 00VP, OS 1808, CoRal, Dipterex and Trolene. Trolene was the only compound inactive at 0.1 Molar (2.5 per cent) concentration. CoRal and Dipterex were larvicidal at 0.0074 M and 0.0001 M concentrations, respec- tively. However, Kelley and Marsh (I960) found both Trolene and CoRal to be ineffective against migrating larvae of Ascaris suum in baby pigs. Levlne, Kantor and Taylor (1958b) determined the relative toxicities of some of the mentioned compounds In sheep and mice. In mice the LDcq's for DfclP and OS 1808 were fairly low, being 30 and 15 mg/kg, respectively. CoRal at 100-200, Dipterex at 600-800 mg/kg were less toxic, followed by the least toxic of all, Chlorthion at 1000-1200 mg/kg. Two of the k nematocides they tested In sheep, OS 1808 and 0,0,0-trl-r.-propyl phosphorotrlthlolte, had no effect on the parasites but were toxic to the host. Dipterex given to sheep produced toxic symptoms at a 400 mg/kg dose, however, the animals recovered* Because of the limited amount of DDVP available their results were incomplete a a concerning the effective and toxic closes. In limited laboratory tests Riek and Keith (1959) found Chlorthion, Malathion, Dtaztnon and DOVP ineffective as anthelmintics. CoRal* (Bayer 21/199, Asuntol, Muscatox, 0,0-diethyl 0-(3-chloro-4 methyl -7-coumarinyl) phosphorothioate), an organic phosphorus insecticide developed by Bayer of Germany and marketed by Chemagro, was approved for use as a grublcide in cattle soon after the appearance of Trolene. As a result of critical tests in cattle and sheep, Herlich and Porter (1958) stated that a CoRal drench at the rate of 25 mg/kg was highly effective ajainst Haemonchus . Ostertagia . Trlchostrongylus , Cooper i . Trichuris . Capil larla . and Strongyloides papil losus . At this rate toxic effects were mild and transitory. They also found an erratic control of Nematodirus spp. and Bunostomum phlebotomum . Except for the lack of activity against T. axei and £. phlebotomum . Rlek (1958) had similar results in cattle given a dose of 0.25 g/100 lbs. Gordon (1958a) found the drug effective against H. contortus , Trichostrongylus spp. and JO. radiatum at the rate of 22 mg/kg but it also resulted In toxicosis and death to a few sheep. Although the drug was effective against parasites in the abomasuro and small intestine of sheep, Gaivin et al . (1959) lost 13 of 15 animals treated at the rate of 25 mg/kg. In tests with calves he found good control of the intestinal parasites in the same organs with only mild cases of toxicosis. In further tests with lambs and calves, Gaivin et al. (1960a) found the drug to be very active against Haemonchus spp. and Cooper i spp. The dosages used were 3-12.5 and 12.5-50 mg/kg in lambs and calves, respectively. Only one lamb showed signs of toxicosis while two calves died at the higher dosages. Ounsmore *Chemagro Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri. (I960) Injected Bayer 21/199 Into the rumen of sheep at 3 g/100 lbs. and found It Ineffective against the abomasal parasites. Knight et al. (I960) reported that a 15 mg/kg drench of CoRal was effective against H. contortus . Cooper I a spp., T. colubriformls and Nematodirus spp. Eight of 90 sheep Involved died of toxicosis. As a 0.25 per cent spray applied to cattle, the drug showed no anthelmintic activity based upon EPG counts (Drudge et al., 1961). Baker et al. (I960), Bailey and Walker (1961) used CoRal at the rate of 20 mg/kg to treat gastrointestinal parasitism In cattle. In both cases the animals which failed to respond to phenothlazlne were clinically Improved. Bayer L13/59* (Dlpterex, Neguvon, chlorophos, 0,0-dlmethyl 2,2,2-trlchloro- l-hydroxy ethyl phosphonate) , although better known as an insecticide, has been tested as an anthelmintic by several workers. Gordon (1958a) treated sheep with non-toxic doses and found It highly effective against H. contortus . When taken directly into the abomasum it would also remove Trlchostrongylus spp. Control of Oesophaqostomuro r ad latum was also observed but It was not dependable. Rlek and Keith (1958) found Neguvon at the rate of 2 g/100 lbs. active against _H. placel and 0. rad latum in cattle. At a higher dose (5 g/100 lbs.) It would also remove Bunostomum phlebotomum . Cooper la spp. and T. axei . They observed that better results were obtained against Cooperia spp. when the drug entereo directly Into the abomasum. In another experiment Riek (1958) found similar results. Allcata (I960) obtained good control of experimental £. punctata Infections In calves by drenching with Bayer LI 3/59. The drug was safe at the recommended dosages. Dunsmore (i960) also reported that Dlpterex was more effective when introduced into the abomasum.
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