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UU]U° Uottawal UU]U° V —» { • LOCKE'S THEORY OF UNIVERSALS AND ITS RELATION TO THE QUESTION OF A "SCIENCE" OF PHYSICAL THINGS] by I John Louis KRAUS, C.S.B. Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Ottawa in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. BIBUOTHEQUES l.ttK/Mt.uS Q. Vaily o\ o<&•• ^tAB.fii/ OTTAWA f 1966 uOttawal Universitas Ottaviensis - Facultas Philosophiae UMI Number: DC53371 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI® UMI Microform DC53371 Copyright 2011 by ProQuest LLC All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 -To my Father and Mother Requiescant in pace. Universitas Ottaviensis - Facultas Philosophiae PREFACE The question of "universals" and the question of a "science of physical things" are fundamental, related and perennial philosophical problems. This present study has a twofold end: its primary end is to examine the theory of universal ideas set forth by John Locke (1632-1704); its secondary end is to show the relation of Locke's theory of universals to the question of a "science" of physical things, To our knowledge such a twofold study of Locke has not been attempted previously. This is not to suggest, of course, that no one has examined these two specific facets of the philosophy of this prominent English empiricist; certainly, several commen­ taries on Locke's philosophy and many good histories of modern philosophy discuss these points. But more specifi­ cally, John Linnell ("Locke's Abstract Ideas", in Philos­ ophy and Phenomenological Research, 16, 1956, pp. 400-405) and Willis Doney (."Locke's Abstract Ideas", in Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 16, 1956, pp. 406-409) treat of certain aspects of Locke's theory of universals. But these, brief studies —good though they may be—are not, nor do they pretend to be, extensive studies of this topic. Further, Walter Baillie Carter (The Status of Universals in Locke, Berkeley and Hume, unpublished Doctor's thesis pre­ sented to the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Universitas Ottaviensis - Facultas Philosophiae TREFACE iv Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, 1953, 365p.) discusses this pro­ blem in relation not only to Locke but also to Berkeley and Hume. But because these two other philosophers were exam­ ined together with Locke, Dr. Carter was not able to exam­ ine Locke's thinking as fully as this problem requires. Finally, Locke's theory of universals has occupied a consid­ erable amount of the attention of Richard I. Aaron. Profes­ sor Aaron's famous "three strand" interpretation of Locke's theory of universals is an important one that must be examined at some length, and this will be done in "CHAPTER THREE, SECTION TWO, B. 3. a)" of this study. Moreover, to our knowledge a thorough study of Locke's notion of science has not been undertaken. Indeed, as indicated by this thesis' title, the present analysis does not itself purport to be a complete study but only explores the question of a "science" of physical things. A full examination of this problem of Locke and "science" would be, I think, a fruitful contribu­ tion to the field of future Lockean studies. The body of this dissertation will consist of four chapters. The order of presentation found in Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding will be adopted wherever feasible,, although the materials for each chapter will be drawn from many of his published works, CHAPTER ONE will have as its primary aim to examine Locke's empiricist perspective on the origin of simple ideas; CHAPTER TWO, Universitas Ottaviensis - Facultas Philosophiae PREFACE v to examine his atomic perspective on the real essences of physical things; CHAPTER THREE, to examine his conceptual- istic perspective on universal ideas; and, CHAPTER FOUR, to examine the significant epistemological effects of the re­ lation between Locke's conceptualistic perspective on uni­ versal ideas of physical things and his agnostic perspective on the real essences of physical things as far as a science of physical things is concerned. Each chapter will begin with a statement of its primary end and further secondary ends. Throughout this dissertation four abbreviated forms will be used: Works, Vol. 4, p. 87 means The Works of John Locke (12th ed., London, Thomas Tegg, 1823 [Reprinted by Scientia Verlag Aalen, Germany, 1963], 10 vols.), Volume Four, page 87 Essay,II,xii,3(F.1.215) means An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (collated and annotated, with biographical, critical and historical prole­ gomena by Alexander Campbell Fraser [1st ed., Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1894, 2 vols. New York, Dover Publications, Inc., 1959, 2 vols.), Book Twc Chapter Twelve, section three, Fraser, Volume One, page 215. Draft A, 43 (A-G.67-69) means An Early Draft of Locke's Essay (together with Excerpts from His Journals, ed. with intro. & appendix by Richard I. Aaron and Jocelyn Gibb, 1st ed., Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1936, xxviii, 132p.), Universitas Ottaviensis - Facultas Philosophiae PREFACE vi section forty-three, Aaron- Gibb, pages 67-69. Draft B, 4 (R.19) means An Essay concerning the Under­ standing, Knowledge, Opinion, and Assent led, with intro. by Benjamin Rand, 1st ed., Cam­ bridge, Harvard University Press, 1931, lx, 307p.), section four, Rand, page 19. It is a pleasure to express my gratitude to those who have helped me in the writing of this dissertation: to my Basilian confreres, who have given me the opportunity to pursue my studies; to Fr. Leo A. Hetzler, C.S.B., Ph.D., who read the manuscript and improved its style; and, to the many professors, who have helped to form my mind. Finally, I wish most of all to thank my director, Dr. Jerzy A. Wojciechowski, whose perspicacious mind and patient guidance have earned him my lasting respect and gratitude. * * * Universitas Ottaviensis - Facultas Philosophiae TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE iii CHAPTER ONE: AN EMPIRICIST PERSPECTIVE 1 SECTION I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 2 A. The Platonic-Augustinian-Cartesian Tradition 3 1. Saint Augustine 3 2. Rene" Descartes 5 B. The Aristotelian Tradition 8 C. The Ockhamite Tradition 11 SECTION II. CLEARING THE WAY 16 A. Discrediting the Innatist Perspective .... 18 1. There are no innate speculative principles 21 2. There are no innate practical principles . 28 3. There are no innate ideas 32 B. There are Innate Cognitive Faculties and In­ nate Appetitive Faculties with Tendencies to Good 35 C. The Targets of Locke's attacks upon Innate Knowledge 36 1. Descartes is the target of Locke's attacks upon innate knowledge 4-1 2. A non-orthodox form of scholasticism is the target of Locke's attack upon innate knowledge 44 3. The Cambridge Platonists are the target of Locke's attack upon innate knowledge ... 57 Universitas Ottaviensis - Facultas Philosophiae TABLE OF CONTENTS viii 4. Precisely what were the targets of Locke's attacks upon innate knowledge 69 SECTION III. THE "RAW MATERIALS" OF HUMAN KNOWLEDGE 72 A. Introductory Remark 72 B. Experience: the Source of the Raw Materials of Human Knowledge 75 1. Sensation: the first type of experience . 78 2. Reflection: the second type of experience 85 3. The passivity of the understanding in the reception of simple ideas 87 C. A Final Remark 91 CHAPTER TWO: AN ATOMIC PERSPECTIVE 93 SECTION I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND 94 A. Democritus1 Theory of Material Reality ... 95 B. Aristotle's Theory of Material Reality . 101 C. Peter Gassendi's Theory of Material Reality . 108 D. Descartes' Theory of Material Reality .... 116 E. Concluding Remark 123 SECTION II. LOCKE'S THEORY OF MATERIAL REALITY . 124 A. Locke's Theory of Space 124 B. Locke's Atomic Theory 135 1. Locke's theory of an atom 137 2. Locke's theory of aggregates of atoms, i.e., sensible bodies 145 C. A Digression on "Locke's Theory of the Human Mind" 155 Universitas Ottaviensis - Facultas Philosophiae TABLE OF CONTENTS ix SECTION III. ATOMS OF CONSCIOUSNESS 163 A. Meaning of the Phrase: "Atoms of Conscious­ ness" 163 B. How One Acquires Simple Ideas of the Quali­ ties of Material Bodies 166 C. The Qualities of Material Bodies 167 1. The primary qualities of material bodies . 168 2. The secondary qualities of material bodies 172 3. The tertiary qualities of material bodies 176 D. A Concluding Remark 184 CHAPTER THREE: A CONCEPTUALISTIC PERSPECTIVE 186 SECTION I. THE PROBLEM OF UNIVERSALS AND FOUR PRE- LOCKEAN SOLUTIONS 187 A. The Problem of Universals 187 B. Four Pre-Lockean Solutions to the Problem of Universals 193 1. Exaggerated Realism 194 2. Moderate Realism 196 3. Conceptualism 202 4. Nominalism 207 C. A Comparative Chart Regarding Theories of Universals 212 SECTION II. PRELIMINARY REMARKS CONCERNING SECTIONS III-V OF CHAPTER III 213 A. The Initial Condition of the Given Lata of Experience 213 Universitas Ottaviensis - Facultas Philosophiae TABLE OF CONTENTS x B. "Comparing", "Compounding" and "Abstracting" 215 1. Comparing 219 2. Compounding 219 a) A Digression. No complex idea as such is given to or made for the mind . 221 3* Abstracting 224 a} A Digression. The three strands of Locke's theory of universals according to R.I. Aaron 225 b) Essay, II, xi, 9 230 SECTION III.
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