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Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte Centro De Ciências Humanas, Letras E Artes Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Filosofia UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO NORTE CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS, LETRAS E ARTES PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM FILOSOFIA MARCELO HENRIQUE PEREIRA COSTA CORPO, PRAZER E ESTILO: A ÉTICA HEDONISTA DE MICHEL ONFRAY NATAL 2020 MARCELO HENRIQUE PEREIRA COSTA CORPO, PRAZER E ESTILO: A ÉTICA HEDONISTA DE MICHEL ONFRAY Dissertação apresentada ao curso de Pós- graduação em Filosofia, da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestre em Filosofia. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Markus Figueira da Silva. NATAL 2020 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte - UFRN Sistema de Bibliotecas - SISBI Catalogação de Publicação na Fonte. UFRN - Biblioteca Setorial do Centro de Ciências Humanas, Letras e Artes – CCHLA Costa, Marcelo Henrique Pereira. Corpo, prazer e estilo: a ética hedonista de Michel Onfray / Marcelo Henrique Pereira Costa. - Natal, 2020. 254f. Dissertação (mestrado) - Centro de Ciências Humanas, Letras e Artes, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Filosofia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2020. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Markus Figueira da Silva. 1. Onfray - Dissertação. 2. Hedonismo - Dissertação. 3. Ética - Dissertação. I. Silva, Markus Figueira da. II. Título. RN/UF/BS-CCHLA CDU 17.036.1 Elaborado por Heverton Thiago Luiz da Silva - CRB-15/710 MARCELO HENRIQUE PEREIRA COSTA CORPO, PRAZER E ESTILO: A ÉTICA HEDONISTA DE MICHEL ONFRAY Dissertação apresentada ao curso de Pós- graduação em Filosofia, da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestre em Filosofia. Aprovada em: ______/______/______ BANCA EXAMINADORA ______________________________________ Prof. Dr. Markus Figueira da Silva. Orientador Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte ______________________________________ Prof. Dr. Marcos de Camargo Von Zuben Membro externo Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte ______________________________________ Prof. Dr. Antônio Júlio Garcia Freire Membro externo Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte Para Henry e Talita Gomes, pela felicidade que me proporcionam. AGRADECIMENTOS Devo um agradecimento especial ao Prof. Marcos de Camargo Von Zuben, um mestre e um amigo para mim, pelo forte incentivo à continuidade de minha formação. Agradeço ao Prof. Markus Figueira da Silva pela receptividade acadêmica e por ter aceitado orientar uma dissertação sobre Michel Onfray no âmbito do Programa de Pós- graduação em Filosofia da UFRN. Agradeço-lhe ainda por seus cursos sobre as éticas helenísticas e sobre Espinosa que, por afinidades com o meu tema de pesquisa e minhas leituras em filosofia, me proporcionaram momentos de grande estímulo intelectual. Agradeço ao poeta/filósofo Lindoaldo Campos pela leitura comentada do meu Nietzsche, Onfray e a filosofia como autoconfissão biográfica, texto que fora concebido para ser o primeiro capítulo desta dissertação, mas que (insondáveis são os caminhos do acaso...) acabou por dela se apartar para se tornar um artigo independente. Obrigado a Ivickson Cavalcanti, o Bido, meu amigo de longa data e professor de filosofia do IFRN, pela leitura do projeto de pesquisa inicial e os respectivos conselhos. Agradeço a Atson Santos, também professor de filosofia do IFRN, pela amizade filosófica, pelas conversas estimulantes e pelo empréstimo, mesmo sem previsão para devolução, do livro Em busca de Espinosa, de António Damásio. Obrigado a Adan John e a Adalberto Ximenes, meus ex-professores na UERN, pelo companheirismo na pós-graduação. Nesse mesmo espírito sou grato igualmente, sem citar nomes para não cometer injustiças, a todas as pessoas, caros e caras colegas, com quem convivi durante as disciplinas cursadas no PPGFIL. Foi uma honra ter feito parte desta comunidade filosófica. Esta pesquisa só foi possível de ser realizada, logo só pude cursar meu mestrado, porque a minha Universidade de origem, a Universidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (UERN), na qual atuo como servidor, me liberou das obrigações de rotina do trabalho comum para que eu pudesse me dedicar exclusivamente ao trabalho intelectual exigido por um curso de pós-graduação. Agradeço especialmente à professora Marlucia Barros Lopes Cabral, diretora do Campus Avançado de Assú, onde sou lotado, bem como à sua secretária geral, Heloyse Celeste de Morais e Sá Leitão, por todo o apoio dado para que eu pudesse viver esses dois anos de ócio criativo. Muito obrigado! Nesse sentido agradeço, ainda, ao chefe do Setor de Acompanhamento Docente e Técnico da PROPEG/UERN, Almir da Silva de Castro. Sem prazer não há vida; a luta pelo prazer é a luta pela vida. Se o indivíduo trava essa luta de maneira que o chamem de bom ou de maneira que o chamem de mau, é algo determinado pela medida e a natureza de seu intelecto. Nietzsche, Humano, demasiado humano, § 104. RESUMO O prazer é o principal motor do comportamento humano, uma força da natureza que impulsiona a vida à sua máxima afirmação. Por isso também ele é o maior problema ético e moral para toda uma tradição do pensamento, de Demócrito a neurocientistas contemporâneos. Michel Onfray, pensador libertário dos mais interessantes no cenário intelectual francês atual, afirma que não há ética fora do hedonismo, razão pela qual sua obra se organiza junto à longa linhagem da tradição filosófica hedonista. Concebendo o humano como um ser constituído de paixões e forças vitais brutas que precisam ser lapidadas por um projeto filosófico e ético, Onfray pensa o corpo e o prazer como guias existenciais. O presente estudo aborda essa ética jubilosa a partir de duas obras fundamentais da bibliografia onfrayriana: A arte de prazer: por um materialismo hedonista (1991); e A escultura de si: a moral estética (1993). Tomando estes textos como horizonte teórico, o trabalho está organizado em quatro capítulos. O primeiro aborda a questão do corpo, essa máquina hiperestésica da qual toda filosofia é a expressão. Hápax existencial, conceito que norteia esse capítulo, foi desenvolvido por Onfray para dar conta da relação corpo/pensamento. Em seguida, abordamos os fundamentos do hedonismo, buscando examinar a natureza própria do prazer e da dor enquanto afetos primordiais da vida. Donde as seguintes questões: por que o prazer é um problema moral? Quais são suas implicações éticas? O prazer é condição necessária para a felicidade? Hedonismo e eudemonismo são noções distintas ou inter- relacionadas? No terceiro capítulo adentramos nos desenvolvimentos éticos fundadores do hedonismo, os quais devemos às filosofias de Aristipo e de Epicuro, dois pensadores da Antiguidade grega. Propomos aqui uma apresentação comentada da interpretação que Onfray oferece destes representantes maiores do hedonismo. Prazer e estilo intitulam o último capítulo desta dissertação. De fato, para Onfray o hedonismo ético é sinônimo de estética da existência. Assim, na esteira de Nietzsche ele versa sobre um individualismo que não é um egoísmo, defende um relativismo ético contrário a toda moral castradora e pensa a construção de um eu possível a partir da matéria bruta e caótica de que somos feitos a priori. Em seguida, propõe uma teoria do gozo estético onde celebra o corpo e seus cinco sentidos, decerto, mas dá especial atenção ao olfato, ao paladar e ao tato, pois estes são, segundo a tradição idealista a que Onfray se contrapõe, “sentidos ignóbeis” desprovidos de status intelectual. Ao fim concluímos que o propósito da obra onfrayriana é o de promover uma rematerialização da vida como forma de combater o niilismo contemporâneo, algo só possível se nos reconciliarmos com o corpo a fim de afirmar sua potência hedônica. Daí sua concepção de que a filosofia é uma arte de viver, e não simples teoria. Nesse projeto ético que celebra a amizade como virtude maior, o pensador hedonista almeja “saber desfrutar lealmente do próprio ser”. Palavras-chave: Corpo. Estética. Ética. Hedonismo. Individualismo. Onfray. ABSTRACT Pleasure is the main engine that boosts human behavior, a force of nature that drives life to its utmost affirmation. That is why it is also the greatest ethical and moral issue for a whole thinking tradition, from Democritus to contemporary neuroscientists. Michel Onfray, one of the most interesting libertarian thinkers acting in the current French intellectual scenario, claims that there is no ethics outside Hedonism, which is why his work is organized according to the long lineage of hedonistic philosophical tradition. Onfray thinks of body and pleasure as existential guides by means of conceiving human being as an entity comprised of raw passions and vital forces that need to be shaped by a philosophical and ethical project. Therefore, this study addresses this jubilant ethics from two important works of Onfray’s bibliography: L’Art de jouir: pour un matérialisme hédoniste (1991); and La Sculpture de soi: la Morale esthétique (1993). Considering such texts as theoretical horizon, this study is organized into four chapters. The first one addresses the body – a hypesthetic machine of which every philosophy is the expression. The Existential Hapax that guides this chapter was developed by Onfray in order to manage the relation between body and thought. Afterwards, the foundations of Hedonism are addressed by seeking to examine the very nature of pleasure and pain as primary affections of life. Hence, the following questions are raised: Why is pleasure a moral issue? What are its ethical implications? Is pleasure a necessary condition for happiness? Are Hedonism and Eudemonism distinct or intertwined notions? In the third chapter, the founding ethical developments of Hedonism are discussed, which are unfolded by the philosophies of Aristippus and Epicurus – two thinkers from the ancient Greece. A commented presentation of Onfray’s interpretation concerning such representatives of Hedonism is proposed in this chapter. Pleasure and Style title the fourth and last chapter of this dissertation. In fact, the Ethical Hedonism of Onfray is synonymous with aesthetics of existence. Based on Nietzsche, Onfray addresses an individualism that is not a selfish. In addition, Onfray supports an ethical relativism contrary to all castrating morals and glimpse the conception of oneself out of the raw and chaotic material of which we are made in advance.
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