Durham E-Theses

Durham E-Theses British carboniferous bryozoan biogeography Billing, Ian Michael How to cite: Billing, Ian Michael (1991) British carboniferous bryozoan biogeography, Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6289/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk BRITISH CARBONIFEROUS BRYOZOAN BIOGEOGRAPHY Ian Michael Billing, B.A. The College of St. Hild & St. Bede A thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Durham Department of Geological. Sciences, June, 1991 University of Durham. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without his prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. !(6~1.. - F~R)v~~iJf ~ 2 1 APR 1992 CONTENTS Contents List of figures v List of new and revised species lX Acknowledgements X Declaration and Copyright xii Abstract XV PART I: BACKGROUND 1 Chapter 1 : Introduction and Previous Research 2 Established taxonomical works relating to bryozoans 2 Statistical methods used in this study 4 Fieldwork conducted during this study 4 Repositories of Carboniferous bryozoan specimens 5 The use of works referring to Carboniferous bryozoans 6 Palaeobiology of bryozoans 7 Previous work on bryozoan biogeography 8 Carboniferous palaeogeography 9 Carboniferous stratigraphy 13 Bryozoan morphology and classification 13 Summary of the present study 15 Chapter 2 : Methods of Preparation and Presentation 16 Specimen Preparation and Examination 16 Specimen cleaning 16 Specimen sectioning 17 Microscope facilities 18 Photography of specimens 19 Computer Facilities 20 Chapter 3 : Statistics and Computer Applications 21 Variations in populations 21 The Normal curve 21 The t-test 24 The applicability of statistical studies to bryozoans 25 Computer programs 34 Contents PART ll: FIELDWORK LOCALITIES 45 Chapter 4 : East Fife 46 Stratigraphy and palaeogeographical setting 46 Randerston Limestone No.5 49 The Billow Ness Marine Band 50 The Witch Lake Marine Band 52 St. Monance White Limestone: Pathhead 55 St. Monance White Limestone: Parton Craig 61 Charlestown Main Limestone 63 Mid Kinniny Limestone 65 Distribution of bryozoans in East Fife 80 Chapter 5 : Arran 83 Stratigraphy and palaeogeographical setting 83 The Hurlet Shales 85 Faunal changes within the Hurlet marine horizon 94 The Index Limestone 98 Chapter 6 : South Wales and Avon 112 Stratigraphy and palaeogeographical setting 112 The A von Gorge 115 Stackpole Quay 119 Three Cliffs Bay 122 Tears Point 131 Mewslade Bay 150 Red Chamber 153 Black Lias Quarry 156 Distribution of bryozoans in South Wales and Avon 175 Chapter 7: The Northumberland Coast 178 Stratigraphy and palaeogeographical setting 178 Dun/Lamberton Limestone 181 Woodend Limestone 183 Oxford Limestone (underlying marl) 183 Oxford Limestone 183 Eelwell Limestone 184 Acre Limestone 187 Sandbanks Limestone 188 Lickar Limestone 190 Ironscars Limestone 191 Sugar Sands Limestone 198 ii Contents Distribution of bryozoans from the Northumberland Coast 201 Chapter 8 : North Wales 203 Stratigraphy and palaeogeographical setting 203 Loggerheads Country Park 207 Bishop's Quarry, Llandudno 208 Cefn Mawr Quarry 211 Hendre Quarry 212 Bryn Mawr Quarry 216 Halkyn Mountain Quarry 219 Chapter 9 : Clitheroe 220 Chapter 10 : Redesdale 226 Chapter 11 : Stanhope 228 PART III: BRYOZOAN DISTRIBUTIONS 230 Chapter 12 : British Carboniferous Bryozoan Distribution Patterns 231 Background 231 Simpson's coefficient for Courceyan-Arnsbergian interval at species level 242 The Midland Valley of Scotland 244 The Northumberland Basin 245 Pennines and Cumbria 246 Derbyshire 24 7 North Wales 248 South Wales, Avon, and Devon 249 North Ireland 250 Central Ireland 251 South Ireland 252 Jaccard coefficient for Courceyan-Arnsbergian interval at species level 253 Correlations at generic level 255 Correlations between the areas for individual stages 259 Correlations from fieldwork material 268 Species locality maps 269 Chapter 13 : Analysis of Bryozoan Distribution Patterns 279 Introduction 279 Limitations of biogeographical studies 279 The pattern of bryozoan distributions 280 The relationship between bryozoan biology and their distribution patterns 282 Bryozoan inter-specific competition and the effect on distribution patterns 283 iii Contents The Effect of Carboniferous Ocean Currents 285 The evidence for easterly currents 285 The application of current systems to British Carboniferous bryozoan distributions 287 Dissimilarities in Carboniferous Bryozoan Faunas 300 Facies restriction and bryozoan faunas 301 The possibility of limited bryozoan dispersal 309 Carboniferous clines 310 Bryozoan Variations Through the Carboniferous 311 Species diversity through time 311 Sea level changes during the Carboniferous 313 Species longevity and geographical coverage 315 Morphological changes within species through the Carboniferous 319 PART IV: CONCLUSIONS 321 Chapter 14 : Conclusions and Further Research 322 BIDLIOGRAPHY 326 PLATES 347 APPENDICES 360 Appendix A : List of bryozoan taxa cited in this study 361 Appendix B: The TFENDIV computer program 365 iv LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1.1. Flowchart of the disciplines involved within palaeobiogeography 2 Fig. 1.2. Continental reconstruction for the Upper Dinantian 10 Fig. 1.3. British Tournasian palaeogeography 11 Fig. 1.4. British Visean palaeogeography 11 Fig. 1.5. British Namurian palaeogeography 12 Fig. 1.6. Facies map of Britain in the late Asbian 12 Fig. 1.7. Dinantian and Lower Silesian stratigraphical nomenclature 13 Fig. 3.1. The Normal curve 22 Fig. 3.2. Compressed Normal curve 23 Fig. 3.3. Expanded Normal curve 23 Fig. 3.4. Population overlaps 24 Fig. 3.5. Parameters of rhabdomesids 26 Fig. 3.6. Parameters of fenestellids 27 Fig. 3. 7. Parameters of acanthocladiids 28 Fig. 3.8. Parameters of trepostomes and cystoporates 29 Fig. 3.9. Plot of fenestrule lengths against frequency of occurrence 33 Fig. 3.10. Flow chart of the T.FEN.DIV computer program 35 Fig. 3.11. Comparison of F. tuberculo-carinata from computer drawing 39 Fig. 3.12. Uncorrected t-test scores between Arran and Bancroft's material 39 Fig. 3.13. t-test comparison of material when divided by fenestrule length 41 Fig. 3.14. Division t-test scores from uncorrected Arran and Bancroft's material 41 Fig. 3.15. Corrected t-test scores between Arran and Bancroft's material 43 Fig. 3.16. Division t-test scores between corrected Arran and Bancroft's material 43 Fig. 4.1. Stratigraphy and bryozoan localities in East Fife 47 Fig. 4.2. Bryozoan localities in East Fife 48 Fig. 4.3. Graphic log of the Billow Ness Marine Band 51 Fig. 4.4. Graphic log of the Mid Kinniny Limestone 66 Fig. 4.5. ?Bryozoans from the Randerston Limestone and Billow Ness 75 Fig. 4.6. Bryozoans from St. Monance White Limestone 76 Fig. 4.7. Fenestella tuberculo-carinata from the Witch Lake Marine Band 77 Fig. 4.8. Fenestella tuberculo-carinata from the St. Monance White Limestone 78 Fig. 4.9. Bryozoans from the Mid Kinniny Limestone 79 Fig. 4.10. Stratigraphical ranges of bryozoans from East Fife 81 v List of Figures Fig. 5.1. Stratigraphy and bryozoan localities of the Carboniferous rocks on Arran 85 Fig. 5.2. Graphic log of the Hurlet Shales 86 Fig. 5.3. Parameters of the fenestellids from the Hurlet Shales 90 Fig. 5.4. Parameters of Rhabdomeson gracilis from the Hurlet Shales 95 Fig. 5.5. t-test Scores for Arran end-members of Feneste/la tuberculo-carinata 105 Fig. 5.6. Feneste/la tuberculo-carinata from the Hurlet Shales 107 Fig. 5.7. Bryozoans from the Hurlet Shales 108 Fig. 5.8. Bryozoans from the Index Limestone 109 Fig. 5.9. Septopora carbonaria from the Index Limestone 110 Fig. 5.10. Septopora carbonaria from the Index Limestone 111 Fig. 6.1. Stratigraphy of South Wales and Avon 113 Fig. 6.2. Bryozoan localities on the Gower Peninsula 114 Fig. 6.3. Geology of the A von Gorge 116 Fig. 6.4. Graphic log of the basal Courceyan limestones in Three Cliffs Bay 123 Fig. 6.5. Fieldsketch of Black Lias Quarry 157 Fig. 6.6. Bryozoans from the Avon Gorge and Stackpole Quay 168 Fig. 6.7. Bryozoans from Three Cliffs Bay 169 Fig. 6.8. Bryozoans from Tears Point 170 Fig. 6.9. lgnotifenestella? from Tears Point 171 Fig. 6.10. Rhombopora simi/is from Tears Point 172 Fig. 6.11. Rhombopora incrassata from Tears Point 173 Fig. 6.12. Bryozoans from Black Lias Quarry 174 Fig. 6.13. Stratigraphical ranges of bryozoans from South Wales and Avon 175 Fig. 7.1. Stratigraphy of the Northumberland Coast 179 Fig. 7.2. Bryozoan localities on the Northumberland Coast 180 Fig. 7.3. Graphic log of the Lickar Limestone at Howick 191 Fig. 7.4. Polypora hexagonaria from the Ironscars Limestone 199 Fig. 7.5. Po/ypora hexagonaria from the Ironscars Limestone 200 Fig. 7.6. Stratigraphical ranges of bryozoans from the Northumberland Coast 202 Fig. 8.1. Stratigraphy of North Wales 203 Fig. 8.2. Lower Carboniferous sedimentary cycle 204 Fig. 8.3. Bryozoan localities in North Wales 205 Fig. 8.4. Bryozoan occurrences in North Wales 206 Fig. 8.5. Fieldsketch of Bishop's Quarry 209 VI List of Figures Fig. 8.6. Fieldsketch of Hendre Quarry 213 Fig. 9.1.

Load more