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Masarykova Univerzita Filozofická Fakulta Ústav Filmu a Audiovizuální Kultury

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Masarykova Univerzita Filozofická Fakulta Ústav Filmu a Audiovizuální Kultury Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav filmu a audiovizuální kultury Mgr. Luděk Havel (doktorské studium, Teorie a dějiny divadla, filmu a audiovizuální kultury) Filmový festival pracujících a jeho funkce v kulturní politice komunistického režimu Školitel: Mgr. Pavel Skopal, PhD. Brno, 29. 9. 2016 2 Prohlášení o samostatnosti: „Prohlašuji, že jsem pracoval samostatně a použil jen uvedených zdrojů“. V Brně dne 29. 9. 2016 Luděk Havel ________________________ 3 Poděkování V první řadě bych chtěl poděkovat svému školiteli Pavlu Skopalovi za trpělivost, pomoc a rady při této, ale i mnoha předešlých pracích. Za postřehy, poznámky, rady a opravy týkající se rukopisu děkuji Jaromíru Blažejovskému. Za povzbudivá slova a morální oporu pak děkuji Tereze Czesany Dvořákové, Radomíru D. Kokešovi, Peteru Krämerovi, Pavle Švédové a Michalu Večeřovi. Mnoho cenných pramenů bych nezískal, nebýt Terezy Frodlové, Miloše Henkricha, Adély Kokešové, Jaroslava Lopoura, Jeanne Pommeau, Jana Trnky a Otto Vejnara. Za pomoc při zpracovávání materiálů děkuji Lence Gorecké, Monice Hodásové, Liboru Janoškovi, Jakubu Klímovi, Václavu Koryčánkovi, Lucii Petrašové, Iloně Podivínské, Janu Štumpovi, Biance Tomíškové a Soně Weiserové, kteří byli mými studenty v rámci kurzů Filmový festival pracujících – výzkumný seminář I a II. Za jazykové korektury děkuji Anně Doupovcové. Za překlaklad pak Haně a Tomáši Havlíčkovým. Osobní poděkování pak patří Martině Hejlové, bez jejíž neskonalé morální podpory by tento text nikdy nebyl dokončen. Za neskutečnou pohodu a spoustu energie v samotném finiši pak děkuji Barboře Wildové a Matouši Bohuňkovi. A upřímná omluva všem, na které jsem v tomto stručném poděkování zapomněl, a také a především těm, na které jsem kvůli této práci neměl tolik času, kolik by si zasluhovali. 4 Obsah 1. Úvod ..................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1. Metodologický a koncepční úvod ....................................................................................................... 9 1.2. Představení hlavních pojmů a tezí.................................................................................................. 12 2. Historický přehled FFP ................................................................................................ 16 2.1. Před FFP aneb Kořeny akce .............................................................................................................. 16 2.2. Rok 1948: Prototyp FFP ..................................................................................................................... 17 2.3. Rok 1949: Rozšíření FFP .................................................................................................................... 19 2.4. Léta padesátá ......................................................................................................................................... 19 2.5. Léta šedesátá.......................................................................................................................................... 24 2.5.1. První polovina 60. let ......................................................................................................................................25 2.5.2. Příčiny vzniku podzimního FFP a další změny koncepce ...................................................................30 2.5.3. FFP? Letos opravdu naposledy! ...................................................................................................................34 2.6. Normalizace a konec FFP ......................................................................................................................................................35 3. Dualita MFF a FFP.......................................................................................................... 41 3.1. Časoprostorová dimenze ......................................................................................................................................................41 3.2. Soutěžní a nesoutěžní / mezinárodní a národní ...............................................................................................56 3.2.1. Oddělování akcí (1954–1956) ......................................................................................................................62 3.2.2. Festivalový „rozchod“ (1957–1959)...........................................................................................................64 3.2.3. FFP na cestě k samostatnosti (od r. 1960) ...............................................................................................66 4. Trojí funkce: manifestace, edukace, integrace ..................................................... 69 4.1. FFP 1948: Pokus, který vyšel ........................................................................................................... 69 4.1.1. Dozvuky kontinuity vs. nástup nové kulturní politiky .........................................................................69 4.1.2. Dělnická porota a rostoucí vliv odborových organizací ......................................................................72 4.2. FFP od roku 1949: Do více měst! .................................................................................................... 74 4.2.1. Replikace a komplikace ...................................................................................................................................74 4.3. FFP mobilizuje a propaguje .............................................................................................................. 79 4.4. FFP vychovává a edukuje ................................................................................................................... 83 4.5. FFP hodnotí, bilancuje, kritizuje ...................................................................................................... 86 5. Závěr ................................................................................................................................. 89 6. Summary ......................................................................................................................... 92 7. Přehled ročníků a celovečerních filmů uvedených na FFP 1948–1970 ........ 94 8. Filmografie .................................................................................................................... 109 8.1. Citované filmy .............................................................................................................................................................................. 109 8.2. Další audiovizuální díla ....................................................................................................................................................... 121 9. Použité zdroje .............................................................................................................. 122 9.1. Literatura .............................................................................................................................................. 122 9.2. Publikované prameny ....................................................................................................................... 124 9.3. Archivní prameny ............................................................................................................................... 130 9.3.1. Národní archiv Praha, Fond Ministerstva informací ......................................................................... 130 9.3.2. Národní filmový archiv Praha .................................................................................................................... 131 9.3.3. Všeodborový archiv Praha .......................................................................................................................... 131 9.4. Orální prameny ................................................................................................................................... 133 9.5. Právní nařízení .................................................................................................................................... 133 9.6. Digitální zdroje .................................................................................................................................... 133 5 František Citovský I. Filmový festival pracujících1 Dnes film už bude slúžiť ľudu a vravieť o tom, čo mu blízke. Dnes filmy už len pre ľud budú, budú mu radiť, viesť ho k výške. Dnes už to nie zbraň kapitálu zábava planá: skrátiť chvíľu. Dnes má film náplň novú, stálu: vychovať ľudí, dať im silu... Dnes už film nie je kšeftárenie, odteraz má už cenu stále. Ukáže krásne žitia vrenie ako na tomto festivale. 1 Citovský, František (1949): I. Filmový festival pracujících. In: Rečka, Al. – Havlíček, St. (eds.): Filmový festival pracujících – Gottwaldov (13. – 21. 8. 1949); Gottwaldov: n. p. Svit, s. 3. 6 1. Úvod Filmový festival pracujících (dále jen FFP), nejčastěji popisovaný jako „nejmohutnější akce s filmem“, byl poprvé uspořádán roku 1948, v přímé návaznosti na Mezinárodní filmový festival (dále jen MFF) v Mariánských Lázních a Karlových Varech. Byl jednak projevem procesu tzv. demokratizace kultury, který měl v první řadě zprostředkovat umění nejširším vrstvám (zejména dělníkům), ale zároveň je do něj i aktivně zapojit.2 Současně umožňoval širšímu publiku zhlédnout vítězné filmy MFF, ale byl, jak si později doložíme, i určitým kompromisem. Ve Zlíně bylo pro účely FFP zbudováno obří letní kino a podobně tak tomu bylo i v následujících
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