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Atpl-Mass-And-Balance ATPL Mass & Balance © Atlantic Flight Training All rights reserved. No part of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any forms by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from Atlantic Flight Training in writing. ATPL Mass and Balance 27 October 2003 CHAPTER 1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................1-1 CAP 696 - JAR FCL Examinations Loading Manual................................................................................1-1 Section 1 - General Notes (Pages 1 to 4) ................................................................................................1-2 Definitions ................................................................................................................................................1-2 Conversions (Page 4) ..............................................................................................................................1-3 CHAPTER 2 Mass and Balance Theory Centre of Gravity (CG).............................................................................................................................2-1 Effect of Mass (Weight)............................................................................................................................2-2 Balance Arm (BA) ....................................................................................................................................2-2 Datum or Reference Datum .....................................................................................................................2-2 Aeroplane Datum.....................................................................................................................................2-2 SEP 1.......................................................................................................................................................2-2 MEP 1......................................................................................................................................................2-3 MRJT 1 ....................................................................................................................................................2-3 Moment....................................................................................................................................................2-3 Loading Index (LI) ................................................................................................................................2-5 Centre of Gravity (CG).............................................................................................................................2-6 Relocation of Weight................................................................................................................................2-9 Adding Mass ..........................................................................................................................................2-10 Volumetric Measure...............................................................................................................................2-11 Questions For Chapter 2........................................................................................................................2-14 CHAPTER 3 Mass Limitations Finding the Basic Mass and Centre of Gravity of an Aircraft....................................................................3-1 Operating Mass (OM) ..............................................................................................................................3-4 Zero Fuel Mass (ZFM) .............................................................................................................................3-4 Maximum Zero Fuel Mass (MZFM)..........................................................................................................3-5 Structural Limitations ...............................................................................................................................3-5 Maximum Structural Take-Off Mass.........................................................................................................3-5 Maximum Structural Taxi Mass................................................................................................................3-5 Maximum Structural Landing Mass..........................................................................................................3-6 Performance Limited Take-Off Mass (PLTOM)........................................................................................3-7 Performance Limited Landing Mass (PLLM)............................................................................................3-7 Regulated Take-Off Mass (RTOM) ..........................................................................................................3-7 Regulated Landing Mass (RLM) ..............................................................................................................3-7 Take-Off Mass (TOM)..............................................................................................................................3-7 Landing Mass (LM) ..................................................................................................................................3-8 Fuel Terminology .....................................................................................................................................3-8 Basic Aerodynamic Principles................................................................................................................3-13 Centre of Gravity and Stability ...............................................................................................................3-18 Centre of Gravity Envelope....................................................................................................................3-20 Plotting on a CG envelope .....................................................................................................................3-20 Questions for Chapter 3.........................................................................................................................3-24 ATPL Mass and Balance iii ©Atlantic Flight Training CHAPTER 4 Requirements of JAR - OPS Weighing of Aircraft – JAR OPS 1 ...........................................................................................................4-1 Fleet Mass and CG Position ....................................................................................................................4-1 Tare Mass................................................................................................................................................4-2 Loading of Aircraft....................................................................................................................................4-3 Floor Loading...........................................................................................................................................4-4 Security of a Load....................................................................................................................................4-4 Mass and Balance Document ..................................................................................................................4-5 Last Minute Changes...............................................................................................................................4-5 Responsibilities........................................................................................................................................4-6 Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC)...........................................................................................................4-6 Standard Crew and Passenger Masses from JAR – OPS 1 Subpart J..................................................4-10 Infants and Children...............................................................................................................................4-11 Adults.....................................................................................................................................................4-11 Passenger Baggage Values ..................................................................................................................4-12 Load Shifting Formula............................................................................................................................4-13 Useful Load and Laden..........................................................................................................................4-14 S.I Units (Systeme International) ...........................................................................................................4-14 Questions for Chapter 4.........................................................................................................................4-16 CHAPTER 5 Load shifting, Load addition and Load subtraction Load Shifting............................................................................................................................................5-1 Load Addition...........................................................................................................................................5-1 Load Subtraction......................................................................................................................................5-2
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