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ATPL Mass and Balance 27 October 2003 CHAPTER 1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................1-1 CAP 696 - JAR FCL Examinations Loading Manual................................................................................1-1 Section 1 - General Notes (Pages 1 to 4) ................................................................................................1-2 Definitions ................................................................................................................................................1-2 Conversions (Page 4) ..............................................................................................................................1-3 CHAPTER 2 Mass and Balance Theory Centre of Gravity (CG).............................................................................................................................2-1 Effect of Mass (Weight)............................................................................................................................2-2 Balance Arm (BA) ....................................................................................................................................2-2 Datum or Reference Datum .....................................................................................................................2-2 Aeroplane Datum.....................................................................................................................................2-2 SEP 1.......................................................................................................................................................2-2 MEP 1......................................................................................................................................................2-3 MRJT 1 ....................................................................................................................................................2-3 Moment....................................................................................................................................................2-3 Loading Index (LI) ................................................................................................................................2-5 Centre of Gravity (CG).............................................................................................................................2-6 Relocation of Weight................................................................................................................................2-9 Adding Mass ..........................................................................................................................................2-10 Volumetric Measure...............................................................................................................................2-11 Questions For Chapter 2........................................................................................................................2-14 CHAPTER 3 Mass Limitations Finding the Basic Mass and Centre of Gravity of an Aircraft....................................................................3-1 Operating Mass (OM) ..............................................................................................................................3-4 Zero Fuel Mass (ZFM) .............................................................................................................................3-4 Maximum Zero Fuel Mass (MZFM)..........................................................................................................3-5 Structural Limitations ...............................................................................................................................3-5 Maximum Structural Take-Off Mass.........................................................................................................3-5 Maximum Structural Taxi Mass................................................................................................................3-5 Maximum Structural Landing Mass..........................................................................................................3-6 Performance Limited Take-Off Mass (PLTOM)........................................................................................3-7 Performance Limited Landing Mass (PLLM)............................................................................................3-7 Regulated Take-Off Mass (RTOM) ..........................................................................................................3-7 Regulated Landing Mass (RLM) ..............................................................................................................3-7 Take-Off Mass (TOM)..............................................................................................................................3-7 Landing Mass (LM) ..................................................................................................................................3-8 Fuel Terminology .....................................................................................................................................3-8 Basic Aerodynamic Principles................................................................................................................3-13 Centre of Gravity and Stability ...............................................................................................................3-18 Centre of Gravity Envelope....................................................................................................................3-20 Plotting on a CG envelope .....................................................................................................................3-20 Questions for Chapter 3.........................................................................................................................3-24 ATPL Mass and Balance iii ©Atlantic Flight Training CHAPTER 4 Requirements of JAR - OPS Weighing of Aircraft – JAR OPS 1 ...........................................................................................................4-1 Fleet Mass and CG Position ....................................................................................................................4-1 Tare Mass................................................................................................................................................4-2 Loading of Aircraft....................................................................................................................................4-3 Floor Loading...........................................................................................................................................4-4 Security of a Load....................................................................................................................................4-4 Mass and Balance Document ..................................................................................................................4-5 Last Minute Changes...............................................................................................................................4-5 Responsibilities........................................................................................................................................4-6 Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC)...........................................................................................................4-6 Standard Crew and Passenger Masses from JAR – OPS 1 Subpart J..................................................4-10 Infants and Children...............................................................................................................................4-11 Adults.....................................................................................................................................................4-11 Passenger Baggage Values ..................................................................................................................4-12 Load Shifting Formula............................................................................................................................4-13 Useful Load and Laden..........................................................................................................................4-14 S.I Units (Systeme International) ...........................................................................................................4-14 Questions for Chapter 4.........................................................................................................................4-16 CHAPTER 5 Load shifting, Load addition and Load subtraction Load Shifting............................................................................................................................................5-1 Load Addition...........................................................................................................................................5-1 Load Subtraction......................................................................................................................................5-2