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Forest Volume Estimation and Yield Prediction Projects,Projects FAO ForestForest volumvolume FORESTRYFORESTRY PAPER estimationestim tion andand 22/122/1 yield predictionprediction Vol.Vol. 1i- - VolumeVolume estimationestimatbn by F. CailliezCailliez Centre technique forestier tropical Nogent-sur-Marne, FranceFrance FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OFTHEOF THE UNITED NATIONSNATIONS Rome, 19801980 RepriReprintednted 1992 The designations employed and the presentation of material in thisthis publication do not imply the expressionexpression of any opinionopinion whatsoeverwhatsoever onon thethe part of thethe FoodFood andand AgricultureAgriculture OrganizationOrganization of thethe UnitedUnited Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, citycity or area or of its authorities,authorities, oror concerningconcerning the delimitation of itsits frontiers or boundaries. M-35M-35 ISBN 92-5-100923-692-5-100923-6 All rights reserved. No part of this publicationpublication maymay bebe reproduced,reproduced, stored in aa retrieval system, or transmittedtransmined inin any formform or by any means, electronic, mechani-mechani­ cal, photocopying oror otherwise,otherwise. withoutwithout thethe priorprior permissionpermission ofof thethe copyright owner. Applications forfor suchsuch permission,permission, withwith aa statement statement of of the the purpose purpose and and extent extent of of the the reproduction, shouldshould bebe addressedaddressed to to thethe Director,Director, PublicationsPublications Division, Division, Food Food and and Agriculture OrganizationOrganization of the United Nations,Nations, VialeViale delledelle TermeTerme didi Caracalla,Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.lIaly. © FAO FAO 1980 1980 Mr. F. Cailliez acknowledges with thanks the assistanceassistanoe provided by his colleaguesoolleagues in writing this manual, namely J. Bouchon, P,P. Duplat,Duplat, F.F. Guinaudeau,Guinaudeau, andand N.N. Ogaya.Ogaya. Thanks also go to Miss C. Gueguen who did the drawings and sOIDesome typing in French and English. FOREWORD There is probably little argument amongamong forestforest managersmanagers thatthat thethe abilityability toto estimateestimate the volume of trees andand standsstands and toto predictpredict whatwhat thethe forestforest willwill produce,produce, onon differentdifferent sites, in response to particular typestypes ofof silviculturalsilvicultural treatment,treatment, isis centralcentral toto allall rational planning processes connectedconnected withwith forestry.forestry. There is, however, a considerableconsiderable diversity of opinions over what constitutes "yield", andand howhow itit maymay bebe estimatedestimated andand proprojected jec'~ ed into the future. ThiThis s manual is an attempt to codify current praoticespractices in the fieldfield of tree andand standstand vovolemel'.une estimationestimation andand forestforest yieldyield predictionprediotion inin a" wayway thatthat isis practicablepracticable andand usefuluseful toto the person who is charged with the responsibility of producing volume estimations andand yield forecasts, butbut perhapsperhaps hashas notnot hadhad thethe benefitbenefit ofof extensivoextensive experienceexperience inin thisthis field.field. It mustmuet be appreciated, however, that this isis aa fieldfield ofof humanhuman endeavourendeavour thatthat isis currentlycurrently in a state of rapidrapid evolution, especially withwith regal~regard toto forestsforests growinggrowing inin tropical environments. Consequently, all that isis saidsaid inin this manual must bebe regardedregarded asas provisional and subjectBubject toto futurefuture refinementrefinement forfor particularparticular situationssituations thatthat cancan arise,arise, oror new techniques that cancan be developed,developed, whilstWhilst otherother techniquestechniques maymay existexist whichwhich areare notnot referred to in this text andand which",hich maymay bebe superiorsuperior forfor particularparticular purposes.purposes. Thus(rhuB itit isis notnot aa manualmanual inin thethe truetrue sense;sense; itit isis ratherrather aa setset ofof guidelinesguidelines forfor thethe choice of procedure combinedcombined withwith moremore precisepreCise instructionsinstructions concerningconcerning calculationcalculation tech-tech­ nique for some80me specified cases.cases. The manual isis donedone withwith specialspecial referencereference toto thethe tropicstropics andand appliesapplies toto naturalnatural asas well as man mademade forests.forests. Because of the great difficulties in assessing growth and yyieldield of natural mixed and uneven aged forests,foreets, the methods given to construct growth models, however,however, mainlymainly applyapply toto even aged forests. For mixed forests nono specificspecific instructionsinstruotions are giveng~ven but ratherrather somesome examplesexamples ofof possible waysway. of dealing with the problem. The manual consistsconsiste ofof twotwo volumes.volumes. The firstfirst volumevolume describesdescribes techniquestechniques ofof measurinmeasuringg trees and thethe assessment of volume of trees and stands,stands, and the second volume deals with growth and yield prediction.prediction. DeSCriptionsDescriptions ofof statisticalstatistical andand mathematical techniques, selected statisticalstati.stical tables,tab1 ee, blank copiescopies ofof calculationcalculation and data recording forms and an annotatedennotated bibliography are includedincluded inin a seriesseries of appendices. Volume II of the manual has been written by FrancisFranois Cailliez, Centre Technique FoForestierrestier TropicalTropical (CTFT), Nogent-sur-Marne,NogentsurMarne, France,Franoe, andand VolumeVolume IIII byby DenisDenis Alder,Alder, Commonwealth Forestry Institute (CFI),(eFI) , Oxford, GreatGreat Britain,BrHain, who also compiled the appendies. The work of the two authors has been coordinated by JUranJBran Fries, Swedish University ofof AgriculturalAgricultural Sciences,Sciences, Uppsala,Uppsala, Sweden.Sweden. The work was formulated andand guidedguided b~'by JeanPaulJean-Paul LanlyLan1y and and Kern Karn Deo Deo SinghSingh ofof thethe ForestForest ResourcesResources DivisionDivision ofof FAO.FAD. Jean Clement (CTFT)(CTFT) was asuociatedassociated at the initial stage of the study. 1'heThe first draft ofof thethe manual was preeentedpresented atat thethe meetingmeeting ofof thethe TUFROIUFRO SubjectSubject Group 54.0134.01 (Mensuration,(Mensuration, GrowthGrowth andand Yield)Yield) heldheld inin OxfordOxford inin SeptemberSeptember 1979, and was discussed for one full day inin detail. Among the participants therethere werewere tropicaltropical forestforest mensurationietsmensurationists especiallyespecially invitedinvited byby FAOFAD toto makemake aa thoroughthorough andand criticalcritioal reviewreview ofof thethe contents ofof thethe manual.manual. In addition, the manual was also sent to a number .of specialists for comments. Based on these remarks, a revised version of the manual was prepared by the authors concerned.concerned. This manual, being the firstfirat of itsits kind inin thethe fieldfield ofof tropicaltropioa1 forestry, hashas con-con­ siderable scope for further improvements and additions. Particularly inin thethe casecase ofof mixedmixed uneven aged stands further complementary studiesstudies are immediatelyimmediately needed,needed. All suggestionssuggestions in this respect will be very much appreciated. M.M.A. A. FloresFl ore s Rodas Assistant Direoto~GeneralDirectorGeneral Forestry DepartmentDepartment CONCONTENTS TEN T S -:-:--:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:-:- :-:- PARPARTT I Pages o0 INTRODUCTION 1 11 THE DIFFEREDIFFERENTNT VOLUMES THAT CAN BE DEFINEDDEFI NED IN A TREE . .. .. 2 1111 WWhathat is the physicalphysical objectobject concernedconcerned? ? . .. ....... 2 1212 In whatwhat part of this object isis oneone interestedinterested ... .. .. 2 o 121 Dimension crosscuts ...................... .. ..... 2 122 Form crosscuts --E Examplesxamples. .. .. .. .. ....... 3 122.1 The stump .... .. .... .. .. .... .... .. ...... .. 3 122122.2. 2 The base of the crowncrown . .. ... .. .... ... .... 3 123 Quality crosscuts .. ...... .... .. .. .. .. .. ...... .. .. 3 1313 Some eexamplesxam ples of grossgros s volumesvolumes .. .... .. .... .. ........ 3 14 Concerning usable volumesvolume s .. ... .... .. ... .. .. .. ...... 5 2 DIRECT MEASUREMENTMEASUREMENT OF THE VOLUME OF A TREE .... ...... .... .6 2211 Measurements onon standingstanding treestrees . ..... ... ... ......... 6 211 MeasurementsMeasurements of size (diameter(diameter oror girth)girt h) ......... 6 211.1 Definition of the referencereference diameterdi ameter andand of the reference circumferencecircumferen ce .. ..... .... 6 211.2 Practice of diameter measurementsmea surements onon stan-st an- ding trees ... ............................ 8 211.21211 .2 1 Diameter measurement withwith aa cali-ca l i - per . ... ..... ... ... ..... .... .... 8 2l1.211211.211 The usual calipercal iper .. ...... 8 2211.21211.212 The FinnishFinnish calipercal iper ...... 9 211.22 Girth measurement with aa tapet ape . 10 211.23 Method of the rulerruler forfor diameterdi ameter measurement atat smallsmall heightsheights . .. 11 211211.231.231 ConstructionConstroction of thethe rulerruler. 11 211.232 Operating method ..... .. 12 211.24211 . 24 The Wheeler pentaprismpentapri sm calipercaliper .... ... 1133 211.25 Diameter measurement withwith thethe Bit-Bit- terlich Relascope .... ... ... .. ... 14 212 Height measurements .. .. .... ... .. ... .. .. .... 18 212.1 Definitions .. ...... .. .. ............ .. .....
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