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Cable Logging.JPG This Best Practice Guide is being reviewed. The future of Best Practice Guides will be decided during 2015. Best practice guidelines for Cable Logging V ision, knowledge, performance competenz.org.nz He Mihi Nga pakiaka ki te Rawhiti. Roots to the East. Nga pakiaka ki te Raki. Roots to the North. Nga pakiaka ki te Uru. Roots to the West. Nga pakiaka ki te Tonga. Roots to the South. Nau mai, Haere mai We greet you and welcome you. ki te Waonui~ o Tane To the forest world of Tane. Whaia te huarahi, Pursue the path, o te Aka Matua, of the climbing vine, i runga, I te poutama on the stairway, o te matauranga.~ of learning. Kia rongo ai koe So that you will feel, te mahana o te rangimarie.~ the inner warmth of peace. Ka kaha ai koe, Then you will be able, ki te tu~ whakaiti, to stand humbler, ki te tu~ whakahi.~ Yet stand proud. Kia Kaha, kia manawanui~ Be strong, be steadfast. Tena koutou katoa. First edition December 2000 Revised edition January 2005 These Best Practice Guidelines are to be used as a guide to certain cable logging construction procedures and techniques. They do not supersede legislation in any jurisdiction or the recommendations of equipment manufacturers. FITEC believes that the information in the guideline is accurate and reliable; however, FITEC notes that conditions vary greatly from one geographical area to another; that a greater variety of equipment and techniques are currently in use; and other (or additional) measures may be appropriate in a given situation. Other Best Practice Guidelines included in the series: • Chainsaw Use • Fire Fighting and Controlled Burnoffs • Ground-based Logging • Land Preparation • Loading • Maintenance inspections of Yarder Towers • Manual Log-making • Mechanised Harvesting and Processing • Mobile Plant • Personal Protective Equipment • Road and Landing Construction • Silvicultural Pruning • Transport • Tree Felling • Tree Planting • Working with Helicopters © Copyright 2000, FITEC, New Zealand ISBN 0-9582261-3-X Best Practice Guidelines for Cable Logging Contents Introduction 1 Purpose of these guidelines 1 How to use these guidelines 1 Acknowledgements 2 About Best Practice Training material 2 Cable logging basics 3 What is cable logging? 3 Common terms 3 Factors affecting cable logging 5 Stand and tree characteristics 5 Terrain characteristics 5 Landing location 6 Felling pattern and damage 6 Landing size and layout 6 System and machine capability 7 Crew skill and motivation 8 Mechanical reliability 8 Regulatory constraints 8 Planning issues 8 Harvest planning 8 Environmental considerations 9 Job prescription 9 Operational planning 10 Work area safety 10 Warning signs 10 Entering an operational area 11 Communication 12 Training and supervision 13 Knowledge of hazards 13 Health hazards 14 Operational hazards 16 Personal protective equipment 26 Haulers 27 Types of haulers 27 Mobile haulers 27 Integral fixed-tower hauler 27 Integral swing yarder 29 Excavator yarders 29 Stationary haulers 30 Gantner/Wyssen conventional haulers 30 Independent tower-spar 30 Hauler features 30 Winch unit 31 Stabilisers 33 Towers 33 Carriers 34 Cab 35 Cab-less haulers 36 Accessories 36 Carriages 37 Types of carriages 37 Basic carriages 37 Shotgun carriages 37 Slack-pulling carriages 37 Clamping carriages 40 Self-propelled carriages 41 Grapple carriages 41 Cable logging systems 43 Types of system 43 Highlead system 43 Standing skyline systems 44 Northbend 44 Southbend 46 Block-in-the-bight 47 Longspan and multispan cableways 48 Standing skyline with motorised slack-pulling carriage 49 Live skyline systems 50 Shotgun system 50 Slackline system 51 Running skyline systems 51 Scab skyline 51 Running skyline systems with a MSP carriage 52 Running skyline with a mechanical grapple 53 Wire ropes and rigging 55 Wire rope basics 55 Strength and ductility 55 Describing wire rope 55 Diameter 55 Rope core 55 Configuration 56 Strands 56 Lay 56 Swaging 57 Load limits for ropes 57 Causes of rope damage 58 Handling a wire rope 58 Cutting wire rope 59 Transferring rope 59 Rope lubrication 59 When to discard rope 60 Choosing the right rope 60 Purchasing wire rope 62 Blocks 62 Block basics 62 Open sheaves 63 Types of blocks 63 Block maintenance 64 Shackles 64 Shackle basics 64 Shackle types 64 Shackle maintenance 65 Butt-rigging 65 Hooks 66 Strops 66 Wire rope strops 66 Chain strops 67 Self-releasing chokers 67 Other rigging equipment 67 Hammer locks 67 Cable clamps 67 Ferrules 67 Grommet 68 Thimbles 68 Extensions 68 Coil of strawline 68 Pass chain 68 Shay swivel 69 Sockets and dees 69 Anchors 71 Anchor basics 71 Types of anchors 71 Stump anchors 71 Holding power 71 Stumps to avoid 72 Types of stump anchor 72 Advantages/disadvantages of stumps 73 Earth anchor basics 73 Holding power 73 Types of earth anchor 74 Advantages/disadvantages of earth anchors 75 Mobile anchor basics 75 Holding power 75 Types of mobile anchor 75 Advantages/disadvantages of mobile anchors 77 Rock anchor basics 77 Types of rock anchor 78 Advantages/disadvantages of rock anchors 78 Before rigging an anchor 78 How to rig a single stump anchor 79 How to rig a wrap-and-go-back stump anchor 79 How to rig a twister stump anchor 80 How to rig a jill poke stump anchor 80 How to rig a bridle block stump anchor 80 How to rig a deadman anchor 81 Equipment 81 Rigging procedure 81 How to anchor a tractor 82 Rigging a tractor anchor 82 Shifting the tractor 83 How to anchor an excavator 83 Rigging an excavator anchor 83 Shifting the excavator 84 Guylines 85 Reasons for guylines 85 Forces on a tower 85 Effects of guyline angle on tension 86 Vertical angles 86 Horizontal angles 86 Guyline strength and balancing 87 Guyline lengths 87 Balancing guylines 87 Signs of unbalanced guylines 87 Hauling radius 87 Leaning tower, 5 guylines 87 Vertical front-mounted towers 87 Swing yarders 88 How to identify guyline placement 88 Forward planning 88 Guyline positioning 88 How to rig the guylines 89 Guylines and extensions 89 Guyline drums 89 Safety strop 89 Balancing guylines 90 Guyline maintenance 90 Laying out wire ropes and lineshifts 91 Layout basics 91 Establishing the backline 91 Forming the backline 91 Selecting stumps to hang blocks 91 How to hang a tail block or a corner block 92 Laying out strawline 92 Rigging procedures for highlead 93 Setting-up for the first line 93 Lineshift towards corner block 94 Lineshift away from corner block 95 How to rig a skyline 95 How to move a shyline towards a corner block 96 Breaking-out 97 What is breaking-out? 97 Role of breaker-outs 97 Crew effectiveness 97 Planning the drag 97 Positioning (spotting) the rigging 98 Highlead system 98 Scab skyline and fall-block systems 99 Slack-pulling carriages 99 Clamping carriages 99 Clamping carriage position and skyline tensions 99 Hooking on a drag 100 General rules 100 Attaching wire rope strops 100 Attaching chain strops 101 Dealing with obstacles or hang-ups 102 The jump 102 The kick 102 The roll 102 Moving into the clear 102 Dealing with a fouled drag 102 Procedure for breaking-out 103 Landing the drag and unhooking 105 Basics 105 Landing the drag 106 Unhooking the drag 106 Elevated supports 107 Why rig an elevated support? 107 Types of elevated support 107 Forces on a support tree 107 Forces on a tail tree 108 Forces on an intermediate support 108 Guyline requirements for tail trees 109 Guyline requirements for intermediate supports 109 Planning requirements 110 System compatibility 110 Selecting support trees 110 Selecting suitable anchors 111 Equipment requirements 111 Getting ready to climb 112 Preparing the chainsaw 112 Attaching irons to boots 112 Climbing a tree 112 Working in a tree 113 General safety guidelines 113 Chainsaw guidelines 114 Topping trees 114 Why top a support tree ? 114 Guidelines for tree topping 114 Procedure for tree topping 115 Locating anchors for a tailtree 115 Equipment for tailtrees 116 Rigging a tailtree 116 Preliminary steps 116 Preparing the skyline block strops 117 Hanging the skyline block strops 117 Preparing the skyline block 117 Hanging the skyline block 117 Hanging the guylines 118 Final steps 118 Uncertain tree strength 118 Locating anchors for intermediate support trees 118 Equipment for intermediate support trees 119 Rigging a single tree intermediate support 119 Preliminary steps 119 Preparing the support line block strops 120 Hanging the support line block strops 120 Preparing the support line block 120 Hanging the support line block 120 Hanging guylines 121 Rigging the support jack and raising the skyline 121 Glossary of terms 123 Index to unit standards 129 Introduction Purpose of these guidelines The Best Practice Guidelines for Cable Logging have been developed by FITEC to improve worker safety and performance. They combine industry training standards and best practice information to provide a valuable reference manual for people involved in cable logging. These guidelines should be read in conjunction with the Approved Code of Practice for Safety and Health in Forest Operations. In particular, these guidelines provide direct support for the following sections of Part 3 of the code: • Section 7 (Wire Rope) • Section 15 (Breaking-out and Extraction) • Section 16 (Cable Logging) They are also a valuable reference document for the following Unit Standards registered on the NZQA framework. Unit 1258 – Break out for cable harvesting operations Unit 1262 – Position and secure a cable hauler Unit 1266 – Organise cable harvesting operations Unit 1267 – Demonstrate knowledge of cable harvesting systems Unit 1268 – Prepare ropes, rigging and equipment for cable harvesting operations Unit 1269 – Plan, prepare for, and carry out lineshifts in a cable harvesting operation Unit 6920 – Demonstrate knowledge of cable harvesting Unit 6921 – Operate a cable hauler Unit 17764 – Plan and rig an elevated support system for a cable harvesting operation Unit 17771 – Effect lineshifts in a cable harvesting operation using a mobile tailhold machine.
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