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Performance Analysis of Log Extraction by a Small Shovel Operation in Steep Forests of South Korea

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Performance Analysis of Log Extraction by a Small Shovel Operation in Steep Forests of South Korea Article Performance Analysis of Log Extraction by a Small Shovel Operation in Steep Forests of South Korea Eunjai Lee 1 , Sang-Kyun Han 2 and Sangjun Im 3,* 1 National Institute of Forest Science, Forest Technology and Management Research Center, 498 Gwangneungsumogwon-ro, Soheul-eup, Pocheon 11186, Korea 2 Department of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Korea National College of Agriculture and Fisheries, 1515 Kongjwipatwji-ro, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju 54874, Korea 3 Department of Forest Sciences and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-2-880-4768 Received: 7 May 2019; Accepted: 11 July 2019; Published: 13 July 2019 Abstract: In South Korea, logs for low-value products, such as pulpwood and fuelwood, are primarily extracted from harvest sites and transported to roadside or landing areas using small shovels. Previous studies on log extraction, however, have focused on cable yarding operations with the goal of improving productivity on steep slopes and inaccessible sites, leaving small-shovel operations relatively unexamined. Therefore, the main objectives were to determine small-shovel extraction productivity and costs and to evaluate the impact of related variables on productivity. In addition, we developed a model to estimate productivity under various site conditions. The study took place in 30 case study areas; each area has trees with stems at a diameter at breast height ranging from 18 to 32 cm and a steep slope (greater than 15%). The areas ranged from 241 to 1129 trees per hectare, with conifer, deciduous, and mixed stands. Small-shovel drives ranged from 36 to 72 m per extraction cycle from stump to landing. The results indicated that the mean extraction productivity of small-shovel operations ranged between 2.44 to 9.85 m3 per scheduled machine hour (including all delays). At the forest level, the estimated average stump-to-forest road log production costs were US $4.37 to 17.66/m3. Small-shovel productivity was significantly correlated with stem size (diameter at breast height and tree volume) and total travelled distance (TTD). However, a Pearson’s correlation analysis indicated that stand density and slope did not have a significant effect on productivity. Our findings provide insights into how stem size and TTD influence small shovel performance and the predictive ability of productivity. Further, this information may be a valuable asset to forest planners and managers. Keywords: shovel logging; follow-up study; cut-to-length extraction; productivity; cost; scheduled machine hour 1. Introduction Logging operations (a.k.a., primary transportation), in which logs are transported from stumps to a designated roadside or central landing area using various extraction methods, are an important part of the timber harvesting process, but they can be extremely expensive and more time-consuming in practice than felling and processing [1–4]. Many studies have examined the performance of extraction methods on sites with differing characteristics in order to establish the logistics of extraction activities, such as ground-based extraction (skidding and forwarding) [5–8] and cable yarding [8–10]. It can be concluded from these studies that logging practices should be economically determined while maintaining a deep understanding of both the potential and limitations of the chosen method. Forests 2019, 10, 585; doi:10.3390/f10070585 www.mdpi.com/journal/forests ForestsForests 2019,, 10,, 585x FOR PEER REVIEW 22 of of 14 Time-and-motion studies have been widely used to evaluate the performance of individual loggingTime-and-motion equipment as well studies as entire have harvesting been widely systems used [11, to evaluate12]. This type the performanceof study has been of individual essential forlogging predicting equipment machine as well productivity as entire harvestingand utilizatio systemsn rates [11 in, 12various]. This scenarios type of study under has similar been essentialworking conditionsfor predicting [13, machine14]. However, productivity this approach and utilization is limited rates in terms in various of data scenarios availability under due similarto the relatively working shortconditions period [13 of,14 data]. However, collection this and approach high costs is limited of field in work terms [14 of– data16]. Additionally availability due, a number to the relatively of past studiesshort period have ofassess dataed collection performance and high using costs the of follow field work-up method [14–16]., Additionally,which utilizes a numberhistoric ofoutput past records,studies have such assessed as productivity performance and usingcosts. theThis follow-up can provide method, more which accurate utilizes information historic output on long records,-term performancesuch as productivity than time and-and costs.-motion This canstudies provide [17–1 more9]. accurate information on long-term performance thanIn time-and-motion the Republic of studies Korea (a.k.a., [17–19 ].South Korea), forest land covers an area of 6.3 million hectares (64%In of thethe Republic total land of area), Korea and (a.k.a., approximately South Korea), 80% forest of all land forested covers areas an area are ofon 6.3 steep million terrain hectares with (64%slopes of greater the total than land 40% area), [20 and]. In approximately 2017, the stand 80% density of all forested was 154.1 areas m are3/h ona, with steep conifers terrain with being slopes the 3 dominantgreater than species, 40% [20 namely]. In 2017, the theKorean stand red density pine was (Pinus 154.1 densiflora m /ha,), with Japanese conifers larch being (Larix the dominantkaempferi [Lamb.]species, namelyCarrière), the and Korean pitch red pine pine (Pinus (Pinus rigida densiflora Mill). ),The Japanese volume larch of timber (Larix harvested kaempferi [Lamb.] has considerably Carrière), increasedand pitch pinein recent (Pinus years: rigida fromMill). 1.3 The million volume m3 ofin timber2013 to harvested 2.2 million has m considerably3 in 2017 [20].increased in recent 3 3 years:Two from harvesting 1.3 million methods m in 2013 are to 2.2commonly million musedin 2017in South [20]. Korea: cut-to-length small-shovel productionTwoharvesting (CTL-S) methodsand tree- arelength commonly cable-yarder used in production South Korea: harvesting cut-to-length (TL- small-shovelC). There are production a number (CTL-S)of past studies and tree-length that investigate cable-yarder the TL production-C method to harvesting describe, (TL-C).understand, There and are improve a number upon of past the efficiencystudies that of investigate log production the TL-C and method associated to describe, operational understand, decisions. and Other improve studies upon focus the effi onciency the productivityof log production and andoperation associated efficiency operational of individual decisions. machines Other studies [21,22 focus], comparing on the productivity extraction performancesand operation among efficiency different of individual cable-yarder machines technologies [21,22], comparing [23,24], and extraction the effect performances of yarding direction among (uphilldifferent vs. cable-yarder downhill) technologieson productivity [23,24 and], and cost the [10, eff2ect5] ofin yardingorder to direction support (uphill operational vs. downhill) decisions. on productivityHowever, the and use cost of the [10 ,TL25]-C in method order to for support log hauling operational activities decisions. remains However, limited thesince use this of themethod TL-C requiresmethod fornot log only hauling a high activities skill level, remains but also limited an inherently since this methodhigh level requires of investment not only [ a2 high6]. Thus, skill cable level, yardingbut also systems an inherently have rarely high level been of implemented investment [on26]. steep Thus, slopes cable and yarding remote systems areas havedue to rarely operation been costimplementeds. on steep slopes and remote areas due to operation costs. In South South Korea, Korea, CTL CTL-S-S is isthe the preferred preferred system, system, and and it has it replaced has replaced TL-C TL-Con steep on steepslopes. slopes. After Afterfelling felling and processing and processing trees with trees a chainsaw, with a chainsaw, 2–4 m logs 2–4 are m logsextracted are extracted using a small using shovel, a small which shovel, is 3 whicha small is-sized a small-sized hydraulic hydraulicexcavator (5.0 excavator metric (5.0tons metricin weight tons with in weight a 0.2 m with3 bucket) a 0.2 with m abucket) log grapple with (i.e.,a log a grapple small shovel (i.e., a or small wood shovel grab; or Figure wood 1). grab; Generally, Figure1 ).small Generally,-shovel small-shovel(SS) extraction (SS) activities extraction use gravitationalactivities use energy gravitational to transport energy logs to from transport the stump logs fromto the the roadside stump/landing to the roadside area. For/landing example, area. on steepFor example, terrain, ongravity steep terrain,can be gravityuseful in can assisting be useful with in assisting throwing, with sliding, throwing, and sliding, rolling and logs rolling downhill logs [3,downhill27]. Thus, [3,27 the]. Thus, small the shovel small- shovel-basedbased logging logging method method could could be beincreasingly increasingly app appliedlied in in Korea’s Korea’s harvesting operations,operations,but but the the productivity productivity level level and and costs costs associated associated
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