حفار ساق التفاح Zeuzera Pyrina Synonyms Cossus Aesculi Zeuzera

حفار ساق التفاح Zeuzera pyrina Synonyms Cossus aesculi Zeuzera aesculi (L.) Zeuzera leuconotum Common name: Leopard moth. Distribution: Europe, North and South Africa, Japan, North America, Mediterranean region. Eppo 2010 Description Eggs Light yellow to bright salmon pink, approximately 1 mm long. Larvae Larvae are 50 to 60 mm long, bright yellow with numerous small black points on each segment. The head and the thoracic plates are shiny black. Adults Thorax is white or grey, hairy with six blueish-black spots; abdomen is relatively long. The wings are white, and are sprinkled with small metallic-blue spots; female wingspan 50-60 mm, male wingspan 35-40 mm. Hosts/Species Affected Polyphagous, preferring soft-wood trees, in the Middle East occurring mostly on apple, olive, pear, plum, pomegranate and about 150 other tree species. Other hosts include, plums, blackcurrant, ash, birch, cherry, cotoneaster, hawthorn, lilac, maple, oak, pear, rhododendron, Sorbus, willows, pomegranate and quince (Gatwick, 1992). Symptoms Dead shoot tips appear and leaves on the apical portions of branches discolour prematurely. Infested branches break upon bending, due to the galleries made by caterpillars. Young caterpillars first enter shoots near the tip, and move onto older wood further down the branch when the shoot dies. Entry holes can be recognized by the frass, which resembles pellets of sawdust, and accumulates outside the entry hole for 6-9 months. Exit hole Sufficient frass may fall on the ground to be a conspicuous symptom of infestation (Gatwick, 1992). Biology and Ecology Adults do not feed and have short lifespans of 8-10 days. Females mate soon after emergence and under optimum conditions can lay several hundred eggs, usually deposited in clusters on trees, in cracks or crevices. Gatwick (1992) indicates that in the UK, only one egg is usually laid per tree, minimizing competition between caterpillars. Embryonic development lasts for 7-23 days. Young caterpillars at first remain clustered in a silken cocoon from which they eventually disperse at dawn or at dusk. They then bore into the tips of branches and shoots, or into young shoots near an axillary bud, and then move downwards to attack younger parts of the tree. Feeding and tunnelling in older wood continue for 2-3 years. When fully grown, usually in late spring, caterpillars are about 50 mm long. After several migrations, the larvae attack the larger branches and the trunk, in which they form ascending galleries under the bark, then in the wood. Larval entry holes are marked by sap outflows, sawdust and frass (in the shape of small cylinders). Young caterpillars attached to silk threads can be carried by the wind; this mode of dispersal is often predominant in young orchards and on trees situated close to hedges and thickets. In spring, larvae continue boring galleries only in the wood, often in the centre of the branch. The moths occur in the orchards from May to November, dependent upon temperatures, host plant and plant protection practices. The pattern of the excavated tunnels differs between trees. In hosts like deciduous fruit trees, the tunnels are straight. In other trees, like olives, the tunnels may be circular or sinuous. The pest completes a single annual generation in the Middle East. Damage Z. pyrina is one of the most important pests of apple and pear orchards in Mediterranean regions. It can also be a serious pest of olive. On young trees, one caterpillar is enough to kill a tree, whereas 3-year- old trees can become extremely vulnerable to wind damage due to damage of the central axis. Older trees can be severely damaged, particularly in dry years and on dry ground. Trees weakened by leopard moth attacks are more susceptible to damage from other xylophagous pests, such as the goat moth (Cossus cossus), hornet clearwing moth (Synanthedon myopaeformis) and bark beetles. The woolly aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum) can use old larval galleries of Z. pyrina as a refuge, enabling them to evade chemical treatments. Natural Enemies Natural enemy Type Life stages Biological control in Biological control on Bacillus thuringiensis Pathogen Larvae Bacillus thuringiensis galleriae Pathogen Larvae Bacillus thuringiensis thuringiensis Pathogen Larvae Beauveria bassiana Pathogen Cheiracanthium mildei Predator Copidosoma truncatellum Parasite Eggs Diadegma terebrans Parasite Dolichogenidea laevigata Parasite Larvae Palestine; Syria apples; Ulmus Dolichogenidea phaloniae Parasite Larvae Palestine Ulmus Dolichomitus messor Parasite Hirsutella thompsonii Pathogen Megaselia praecusta Parasite Metarhizium anisopliae Pathogen Nemorilla maculosa Parasite Larvae Natural enemy Type Life stages Biological control in Biological control on Neoxorides nitens Parasite Pristomerus vulnerator Parasite Steinernema carpocapsae Parasite Steinernema feltiae Parasite Dolichogenidea laevigata Dolichogenidea phaloniae Cheiracanthium mildei Study in Egypt: Esmat M. Hegazi, University of Alexandria Temporal dynamics by combined light/pheromone trapping over a 10- year period (2002–2011) in a 240-ha olive farm in Northern Egypt. The ZP had an annual cycle with one or two peak flights, from late April until October. Time series analysis showed a 2-year cycle of trap catch. This cycle is likely related to the ‘on/off’ bearing pattern of the olive, where years of high and low yield are observed to alternate. Larval damage in both ‘on’ and ‘off’ years in the infested trees gave fruit yield losses of 37–42%. The loss was estimated to 2.1–4.8 t/ha among susceptible varieties. The relative losses were the same during on and off years. Infestation of four susceptible and five resistant olive cultivars in different cropping systems varied within and between adjacent plots. The results suggest less infestation by intercropping of resistant varieties, which could assist in ZP management. Management Monitoring: Light traps. Pheromone traps, placed during spring, to serve as an early warning system. Another method is to observe the occurrence of “flag leaves”, the withering leaves at the bases of thin branches infested by the young larvae. Cultural control: Using thin wires were inserted through the frass into the burrows Pheromone threads (650 per hectare) is being used, as it controls the pest on olives during most of the season. Study Suppression of leopard moth (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) populations in olive trees in Egypt through mating disruption. Hegazi EM1, Khafagi WE, Konstantopoulou MA, Schlyter F, Raptopoulos D, Shweil S, Abd El-Rahman S, Atwa A, Ali SE, Tawfik H. Field tests were conducted in 2005 and 2006 to evaluate mating disruption (MD) for the control of the leopard moth, on heavily infested, densely planted olive plots (336 trees per ha). The binary blend of the pheromone components (E,Z)-2,13- octadecenyl acetate and (E,Z)-3,13-octadecenyl acetate (95:5) was dispensed from polyethylene vials. Efficacy was measured considering reduction of catches in pheromone traps, reduction of active galleries of leopard moth per tree and fruit yield in the pheromone-treated plots (MD) compared with control plots (CO). Male captures in MD plots were reduced by 89.3% in 2005 and 82.9% in 2006, during a trapping period of 14 and 13 wk, respectively. Product Code: PH-990-1PR Commercial Name: Qlure-ZEP Type of dispenser: Compounded natural rubber. Use: Monitoring and Mass Trapping. Replacement: Every 4-6 weeks subject to field temperature. Chemical control: Organophosphates are used when necessary, but may only be applied against the exposed adults, and cannot be used during harvest. IGRs have also been successfully applied. Biological control: The parasitic hymenopterous Elachertus nigritulus Zetterstedt, (Eulophidae) has been mass reared from leopard moth larvae, but its effect on the pest’s damage is not known. References Esmat M. Hegazi, University of Alexandria, Bugwood.org Eppo data sheet 2010 .

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