DOCSLIB.ORG

Endophytes Vs Tree Pathogens and Pests: Can They Be Used As Biological Control Agents to Improve Tree Health?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Endophytes Vs Tree Pathogens and Pests: Can They Be Used As Biological Control Agents to Improve Tree Health? View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Central Archive at the University of Reading Endophytes vs tree pathogens and pests: can they be used as biological control agents to improve tree health? Article Published Version Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0 (CC-BY) Open access Rabiey, M., Hailey, L. E., Roy, S. R., Grenz, K., Al-Zadjali, M. A. S., Barrett, G. A. and Jackson, R. W. (2019) Endophytes vs tree pathogens and pests: can they be used as biological control agents to improve tree health? European Journal of Plant Pathology. ISSN 0929-1873 doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01814-y Available at http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/85744/ It is advisable to refer to the publisher's version if you intend to cite from the work. See Guidance on citing . To link to this article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01814-y Publisher: Springer All outputs in CentAUR are protected by Intellectual Property Rights law, including copyright law. Copyright and IPR is retained by the creators or other copyright holders. Terms and conditions for use of this material are defined in the End User Agreement . www.reading.ac.uk/centaur CentAUR Central Archive at the University of Reading Reading's research outputs online Eur J Plant Pathol https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01814-y REVIEWS Endophytes vs tree pathogens and pests: can they be used as biological control agents to improve tree health? Mojgan Rabiey & Luke E. Hailey & Shyamali R. Roy & Kristina Grenz & Mahira A. S. Al-Zadjali & Glyn A. Barrett & Robert W. Jackson Accepted: 21 July 2019 # The Author(s) 2019 Abstract Like all other plants, trees are vulnerable to The impact of environment and plant genotype on attack by a multitude of pests and pathogens. Current selecting potentially beneficial and exploitable endo- control measures for many of these diseases are limited phytes for biocontrol is poorly understood. How endo- and relatively ineffective. Several methods, including phytes synergise or antagonise one another is also an the use of conventional synthetic agro-chemicals, are important factor. This review focusses on recent re- employed to reduce the impact of pests and diseases. search addressing the biocontrol of plant diseases and However, because of mounting concerns about adverse pests using endophytic fungi and bacteria, alongside the effects on the environment and a variety of economic challenges and limitations encountered and how these reasons, this limited management of tree diseases by can be overcome. We frame this review in the context of chemical methods is losing ground. The use of biolog- tree pests and diseases, since trees are arguably the most ical control, as a more environmentally friendly alterna- difficult plant species to study, work on and manage, yet tive, is becoming increasingly popular in plant protec- they represent one of the most important organisms on tion. This can include the deployment of soil inoculants Earth. and foliar sprays, but the increased knowledge of mi- crobial ecology in the phytosphere, in particular phyllo- Keywords Endophytes . Biological control . Trees . plane microbes and endophytes, has stimulated new Pathogen . Pest . Disease thinking for biocontrol approaches. Endophytes are mi- crobes that live within plant tissues. As such, they hold potential as biocontrol agents against plant diseases Introduction because they are able to colonize the same ecological niche favoured by many invading pathogens. However, Importance of trees and their diseases the development and exploitation of endophytes as bio- control agents will have to overcome numerous chal- Being some of the largest organisms on Earth, trees in lenges. The optimization and improvement of strategies forest and woodland settings cover 40% of the Earth’s employed in endophyte research can contribute towards terrestrial surface (Fao 2010). This forms a major part of discovering effective and competent biocontrol agents. the global biomass and provides habitat for large num- bers of animal and plant species with varying levels of association. To humans, the importance of trees for * : : : : M. Rabiey ( ) L. E. Hailey S. R. Roy K. Grenz food, timber and non-timber resources has been histor- M. A. S. Al-Zadjali : G. A. Barrett : R. W. Jackson School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Knight ically and widely identified (Cazorla and Mercado- Building, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK Blanco 2016). Carbon sequestration is one of the most e-mail: [email protected] significant ecosystem services provided by trees, with Eur J Plant Pathol total carbon stocks in UK forests (including soil) alone Sjöman and Busse Nielsen 2010). Monocultures also calculated at 800 megatons (Quine et al. 2011). pose a specific problem, as plants grown in monoculture The economic value of trees and shrubs in urban are more susceptible to pest and disease outbreaks and landscapes has been increasingly recognised since the are sensitive to changes in climate, which are less likely turn of the millennium, with the popularisation of elec- with polycultures (Sjöman et al. 2012). Lax biosecurity, tronic tools for estimating this value, e.g. i-Tree soft- including the importation of planting stock and tree ware, and research revealing a suite of functional bene- products, can also drive biological invasions by tree fits; providing habitat to urban wildlife, reducing air pests and diseases, as has been demonstrated in Europe pollution, intercepting rainfall, shading and reducing (Brasier 2008; Epanchin-Niell 2017; Potter et al. 2011). heat absorption by man-made surfaces (Binner et al. Some non-native pests are highly destructive and can 2017; Nowak 2004; Tyrväinen et al. 2005;Xiaoand cause substantial damage to forests and urban/suburban Mcpherson 2002). The cultural services provided by trees (Aukema et al. 2011). Such invasions often lead to trees are also significant, offering both physical significant changes in forest structure and species com- and mental health benefits. The capitalised value position, which in turn lead to changes in ecosystem of the social and environmental benefits provided functions (Lovett et al. 2016). Given the range of pests by woodlands and forests in the UK alone was and diseases that trees are facing, the long generation estimated to be over £29 billion (Lawrence et al. 2009; time of trees, the practical difficulty of working with Willis et al. 2003). many of them, and also the speed with which the envi- However, trees in particular can be susceptible to ronment is changing, we are faced with a very difficult attack from pests and diseases (Table 1), especially if challenge – how do we improve our disease and pest invading from other geographical locations management to help trees survive? (Hansbrough 1965; Tubby and Webber 2010). Most diseases are caused by microbial pathogens (fungi, bac- Classical control approaches for tree pests and diseases teria and viruses), the effects of which are amplified during periods of unfavourable environmental condi- The application of plant protection products (PPPs) for tions including unseasonal temperature shifts and ex- the control of tree pests and diseases is already often tremes in rainfall patterns (Cazorla and Mercado-Blanco limited by ecological concerns and modulated by the 2016) and anthropogenic climate change (Dukes et al. particular local context, as exemplified by the varied 2009; La Porta et al. 2008; Sturrock 2012; Sturrock et al. management of oak processionary moth, Thaumetopoea 2011; Tubby and Webber 2010). processionea., in Europe (Tomlinson et al. 2015). How- Tree pest invasions are also increasing alongside ever, PPPs are well accepted within commercial tree climate change and expanded global trade and may act fruit production and the tree care industry of North in tandem with native or invasive diseases, as vectors or America. co-occurring on hosts, to greatly reduce the populations Presently, PPPs are generally synthetic chemicals that of particular tree species (Brasier 2008;Tubbyand disrupt the cellular function, or life cycle of the target Webber 2010), with the potential to ultimately cause organism. Other PPPs work on a physical basis e.g. their local extinction. killing insect or acarid targets on contact via suffocation, Plant susceptibility to pests and diseases is often or abrasion of the exoskeleton and subsequent desicca- related to the stress level of the individual. Unfortunate- tion. These products are typically those formulated for ly, trees in urban areas, which have a particularly high use in agriculture. Aboveground and external tree pests value to humans, often face high stress levels. In urban and diseases are often controlled with aqueous sprays of areas, stress can arise from mismatching of the planting PPPs to the foliage and bark. Specialised high-pressure stock’s ecological traits to the planting site, root defor- spray systems can be used for such applications to large mities, damage and desiccation, planting at improper trees (Hirons and Thomas 2018). depths in unsuitable soils, poor nutrient and water avail- Internalised pests and diseases, such as nematodes, ability, and increased exposure to pollutants, xenobiotics are more difficult to reach due to their physical conceal- and contaminants (Aldhous and Mason 1994;Ferrini ment within the host; adjuvants (additives) may improve and Nicese 2002; Gilman et al. 2015; Grossnickle 2005; the penetration of externally applied PPPs for such Pauleit 2003; Percival et al. 2006;Pfeifferetal.2014; targets e.g. through bark (Garbelotto et al. 2007), Eur J Plant Pathol Table 1 Examples of some current major pathogens and pests of trees Pathogen Host Symptoms Reference Oomycete Phytophthora Larix spp. and Quercus Shoots and foliage can be affected. Visible as Davidson et al. (2003) ramorum spp. (sudden death) wilted, withered shoot tips with blackened needles.Treeswithbranchdiebackcanhave numerous resinous cankers on the branches and upper trunk. It has killed millions of native oak and tan-oak trees in the USA Fungus Ceratocystis Quercus spp.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • MF2735 Borers
    Home and Horticultural Borers Common Kansas Species The term “borers” applies to a wide range of insects as they feed on inner bark and sapwood tissues. Destruction whose immature stages generally develop within host plants. of these tissues hinders formation of new wood and essen- Although insects feeding on foliage pose a minimal threat tially girdles branches and trunks, resulting in dead branches to health and vigor of woody plants (because auxiliary buds and trunks beyond zones of destruction. The most prevalent can produce new foliage), borers feed unseen beneath bark, flatheaded borers in Kansas are thebronze birch borer (Fig. 3) destroying irreplaceable cambial and wood tissues. Insect and the flatheaded appletree borer (Fig. 4) borers are commonly classified according to taxonomic families within larger orders. Orders with the most borer Roundheaded Borers (Family: Cerambycidae) species are Coleoptera (beetles) and Lepidoptera (moths). Cerambycids are a large group of wood-boring beetles. Hymenoptera (bees and wasps) and Diptera (flies) each have Longhorned beetles vary greatly in size, shape and coloration. borer species, but they are few and rarely cause major damage. Roundheaded borers may initially feed on outer tissues When the term “trees” is used in this publication, it should but eventually burrow deeper into wood, where feeding or be understood to include woody shrubs. tunneling activities structurally weaken trees and shrubs. Examining break points in downed limbs often provides Coleopterans (Beetles) evidence of roundheaded borer feeding damage. The two most recognized families of borer beetles are Many common Kansas wood borers are roundheaded Buprestidae and Cerambycidae, commonly referred to as borers.
    [Show full text]
  • And Lepidoptera Associated with Fraxinus Pennsylvanica Marshall (Oleaceae) in the Red River Valley of Eastern North Dakota
    A FAUNAL SURVEY OF COLEOPTERA, HEMIPTERA (HETEROPTERA), AND LEPIDOPTERA ASSOCIATED WITH FRAXINUS PENNSYLVANICA MARSHALL (OLEACEAE) IN THE RED RIVER VALLEY OF EASTERN NORTH DAKOTA A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science By James Samuel Walker In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Major Department: Entomology March 2014 Fargo, North Dakota North Dakota State University Graduate School North DakotaTitle State University North DaGkroadtaua Stet Sacteho Uolniversity A FAUNAL SURVEYG rOFad COLEOPTERA,uate School HEMIPTERA (HETEROPTERA), AND LEPIDOPTERA ASSOCIATED WITH Title A FFRAXINUSAUNAL S UPENNSYLVANICARVEY OF COLEO MARSHALLPTERTAitl,e HEM (OLEACEAE)IPTERA (HET INER THEOPTE REDRA), AND LAE FPAIDUONPATLE RSUAR AVSESYO COIFA CTOEDLE WOIPTTHE RFRAA, XHIENMUISP PTENRNAS (YHLEVTAENRICOAP TMEARRAS),H AANLDL RIVER VALLEY OF EASTERN NORTH DAKOTA L(EOPLIDEAOCPTEEAREA) I ANS TSHOEC RIAETDE RDI VWEITRH V FARLALXEIYN UOSF P EEANSNTSEYRLNV ANNOICRAT HM DAARKSHOATALL (OLEACEAE) IN THE RED RIVER VAL LEY OF EASTERN NORTH DAKOTA ByB y By JAMESJAME SSAMUEL SAMUE LWALKER WALKER JAMES SAMUEL WALKER TheThe Su pSupervisoryervisory C oCommitteemmittee c ecertifiesrtifies t hthatat t hthisis ddisquisition isquisition complies complie swith wit hNorth Nor tDakotah Dako ta State State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of The Supervisory Committee certifies that this disquisition complies with North Dakota State University’s regulations and meets the accepted standards for the degree of University’s regulations and meetMASTERs the acce pOFted SCIENCE standards for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE MASTER OF SCIENCE SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: SUPERVISORY COMMITTEE: David A. Rider DCoa-­CCo-Chairvhiadi rA.
    [Show full text]
  • The Leopard Moth
    CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION BULLETIN 169, NOVEMBER, 191 1. ENTOMOLOGICAL SERIES, No. 16. The Leopard Moth Fig. I. Female Leopard Moth. Natural size. CONTENTS. Page Appearance of Infested Trees ............................... ........ 3 This Insect a Pest in Europe.. .. ........ .... .. ...... .. 4 Occurrence in other Countries.. ... .. .. .... .... ... .... 5 History of its Spread in America .. .. .. ........... .... 5 Distribution and Spread in Connecticut.. ..... ... .. ..... 8 Description............................ ............................ 9 Life History and Injury .. ....... .... ........ .. ..... .... 10 Natural Enemies and Checks.. .. ..... .... .. .. .. ... 14 Remedial Treatment.. .. ..... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... 15 Bibliography ..... ..........................................,....... 20 Summary........................................................... 24 The Bulletins of this Station are mailed free to citizens of Con- necticut who apply for them, and to others as far as the editions permit. CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION, OFFICERS AND STAFF- BOARD OF CONTROL. His Excellency, SIMEONE. BALDWIN,ex-oficio, President. PROF.H. W. CONN,Vice President.. ........................hliddletown GEORGEA. HOPSON,Secretary. .............................Wallingford E. H. JENICINS,Director atzd Treasurer......................New Haven J. W. ALSOP..................................................... .Avon WILSONH. LEE.................................................Orange FRANKH. STADTMUELLER....................................
    [Show full text]
  • Leopard Moth Borer, Zeuzera Pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) Threat to Olive Trees, Olea Europaea L
    Provided for non-commercial research and education use. Not for reproduction, distribution or commercial use. Vol. 9 No. 3 (2017) The journal of Toxicology and pest control is one of the series issued twice by the Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, and is devoted to publication of original papers related to the interaction between insects and their environment. The goal of the journal is to advance the scientific understanding of mechanisms of toxicity. Emphasis will be placed on toxic effects observed at relevant exposures, which have direct impact on safety evaluation and risk assessment. The journal therefore welcomes papers on biology ranging from molecular and cell biology, biochemistry and physiology to ecology and environment, also systematics, microbiology, toxicology, hydrobiology, radiobiology and biotechnology. www.eajbs.eg.net 12th Arab Congress of Plant Protection ,ACPP ,4 -10 November, 2017 Hurghada= Egypt Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci., 9(3): 99-107 (2017) Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences F. Toxicology & Pest control ISSN: 2090 - 0791 www.eajbs.eg.net Leopard Moth Borer, Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) Threat to Olive Trees, Olea europaea L. (Lamiales: Oleaceae) in Fayoum Governorate and Its Suppressing Trials Using IPM Tactics Ahmed Merghem¹ and Abd Al-Aziz Ahmed² 1- Department of Wood borers and Termites, Plant Protection Research Institute. 2- Department of Olive Research, Horticultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt. ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History Olive tree, Olea europaea L. (Lamiales: Oleaceae) is an Received: 1/9/2017 economically important and strategic crop which widely spreads Accepted: 10/11/2017 throughout the Mediterranean basin countries including Egypt.
    [Show full text]
  • Informativo Fitosanitario Nº 03 - 2005
    INFORMATIVO FITOSANITARIO Nº 03 - 2005 VIGILANCIA FITOSANITARIA Zeuzera pyrina L DIVISION PROTECCIÓN AGRÍCOLA (Lep: Cossidae) “Leopard Moth” o “Taladrador amarillo de la madera” INTRODUCCION Zeuzera pyrina es una plaga muy polífaga, afectando especies frutales, forestales y ornamentales, produce daño económico en los países donde se encuentra presente, es de difícil control, posee una amplia distribución en el mundo, su difícil detección en inspecciones y los registros de intercepciones en el país de esta plaga, en material de propagación importado, la hacen parte de la lista plagas cuarentenarias para Chile. HOSPEDEROS Adultos de Z. Pyrina Dentro de la amplia gama de hospederos se encuentra el manzano, peral, ciruelo, cerezo, vid, DAÑO olivo, nogal, castaño, granado, Citrus, Rubus, etc. Durante el estado larval, Zeuzera pyrina produce Dentro de los géneros forestales afectados se galerías de hasta 40 cm de longitud en ramas encuentran Quercus, Fagus, Salix, Tilia, Platanus, gruesas y tronco de sus plantas hospederas, Populus, etc., y en especies ornamentales como aunque se encuentran preferentemente en ramas de Acer japonicum y Rhododendron spp. 10 cm de diámetro. Su presencia se delata por la acumulación de aserrín en la entrada de los túneles DISTRIBUCION y al pie de los árboles. En árboles jóvenes 1 larva es Esta plaga presenta un amplio rango de distribución capaz de producir la muerte. En la porción apical de geográfica, la que abarca la mayor parte de las ramillas se advierten brotes muertos y hojas regiones temperadas de América del Norte, Europa cloróticas. Las ramas afectadas se quiebran en la y Asia. punta y al morir, las larvas se mueven hacia madera Europa: Austria, Bélgica, Bulgaria, Chipre, más vieja.
    [Show full text]
  • Zeutec Use in Mating Disruption to Manage the Leopard Moth Zeuzera Pyrina
    Zeutec Use in mating disruption to manage the Leopard moth Zeuzera pyrina The leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina Linnaeus (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) is a polyphagous insect which attacks a high variety of species with a special incidence in fruit trees such as pear, apple, cherry, loquat, pomegranate, olive and hazelnut trees. Damage is changeable according to the age of the plantation. In young trees, just a caterpillar can cause the death of the tree or prevent a correct formation of the Zeuzera pyrina structure of the branches. Old trees are severely attacked provoking drying of the Lepidoptera: branches making them more vulnerable to the wind and the attack of other pests Cossidae like Synanthedon myopaeformis or Cossus cossus. The first adults appear in late spring and emerge throughout the summer. Each female can lay more than 1000 eggs which are deposited in groups of approximately 200. After hatching, larvae weave a bag where they remain 2-3 days before going to the tender parts of the tree to begin their nourishment. Subsequently they migrate outside and enter inside thicker branches which are devoured almost completely, leaving only the bark. During the winter, larvae stay in diapause until spring to continue constructing the galleries. Pupation takes place between April and July. There are normally one generation per year but in cold regions, the cycle of this species can be completed in two years. CONTROL MANAGEMENT Up to now, the management of Z. pyrina has been carried out by the application of chemical insecticides during egg hatching to eliminate first instar larvae. Cultural practices are useful against located attacks.
    [Show full text]
  • REPORT on APPLES – Fruit Pathway and Alert List
    EU project number 613678 Strategies to develop effective, innovative and practical approaches to protect major European fruit crops from pests and pathogens Work package 1. Pathways of introduction of fruit pests and pathogens Deliverable 1.3. PART 5 - REPORT on APPLES – Fruit pathway and Alert List Partners involved: EPPO (Grousset F, Petter F, Suffert M) and JKI (Steffen K, Wilstermann A, Schrader G). This document should be cited as ‘Wistermann A, Steffen K, Grousset F, Petter F, Schrader G, Suffert M (2016) DROPSA Deliverable 1.3 Report for Apples – Fruit pathway and Alert List’. An Excel file containing supporting information is available at https://upload.eppo.int/download/107o25ccc1b2c DROPSA is funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration (grant agreement no. 613678). www.dropsaproject.eu [email protected] DROPSA DELIVERABLE REPORT on Apples – Fruit pathway and Alert List 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Background on apple .................................................................................................................................... 3 1.2 Data on production and trade of apple fruit ................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Pathway ‘apple fruit’ .....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Invasive Species
    This document contains chapters extracted from the Egyptian State of Environment Reports for 2007 and 2008 that deal specifically with biodiversity. The complete reports are available at: http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/English/info/report_search.asp Biodiversity Introduction: Biodiversity is the sphere of life on earth that encompasses ecosystems, natural habitats, fauna and flora, microbial species, and genetic resource. Biodiversity provides food, fuel, construction materials, waste purification and decomposition, climate regulation, alleviation of disasters, renewal of soil fertility, disease combating, keeping genetic resources (crops, breeds, animal wealth, medicine and other products). For that reason, biodiversity is the basis of life prosperity, the means of human lives and cultures, and by its conservation, we keep humanity, providing its treasures for the existing and future generations. The Arab Republic of Egypt has paid special attention in the last 2 decades for natural resources conservation issues, and has enacted legislation to conserve natural heritage with support of political leadership to assure integration of development sectors with environment protection, and conserving natural resources for the existing and future generations. The promulgation of law no 102 of 1983 on protected areas was in tandem with the declaration of Ras Mohamed, the first national park in Egypt, in south Sinai, followed by establishment of 27 protectorates all over Egypt covering 15% of Egypt's total area. Since 1980 until now, many skills and experiences have been gained to improve protected areas management and biodiversity conservation. The first phase, during eighties, was distinguished by comprehensive protection, while the second phase during nineties, was distinguished by conservation and sustainable development, and currently the main target is comprehensive ecosystem management which depends on applying integrated ecosystem for human being welfare, as well as achieving 2010 target (reducing the rate of biodiversity loss).
    [Show full text]
  • Interaction Between the Leopard Moth Borer and Olive Varieties: Associational Resistance at Work
    International Research Journal of Agricultural Science and Soil Science (ISSN: 2251-0044) Vol. 6(1) pp. 008-019, April, 2016 Available online http://www.interesjournals.org/IRJAS DOI: http:/dx.doi.org/10.14303/irjas.2016.016 Copyright © 2016 International Research Journals Full Length Research Paper Interaction between the leopard moth borer and olive varieties: Associational resistance at work 1Esmat E.H., 2Fredrik S., 3Wedad K., 4Maria K., 5Agamy E., 6Atwa A. A., 7Gadelhak G. 1/7Department of Economic Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Egypt 2Swedish University of Agriculture Sciences, 230 53 Alnarp, Sweden 3Plant Protection Research Institute, Alexandria, Egypt 4Chemical Ecology and Natural Products Laboratory, NCSR “Demokritos”, Ag. Paraskevi, 15310, Athens, Greece 5Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt 6Deanship of Scientific Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.Plant Protection Research Institute, Giza, Egypt Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected] Abstract In the last few decades, the population of leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) became high and wide spread in newly established olive orchards in Egypt, where it causes damages and decreases plant vigor. Newly established olive orchards suffered the greatest damage from this woodborer insect, including the death of young trees. In Egypt, damage caused by leopard moth led even to olive grove uprooting. Field data show clear differences in number of active galleries/tree and number of broken olive shoots among olive varieties, while laboratory rearing experiments show strong differences in suitability for larval development. The varietal sensitivity of olive trees, based on a plantation of mixed varieties in ratio of 1:1 in rows of 3+3 on~900 tree /plot, could be summarized as follows: a.
    [Show full text]
  • List of Insects Affecting the Maple
    36 The Ohio Naturalist. [Vol. X, No. 2, LIST OF INSECTS AFFECTING THE MAPLE. JAMES F. ZIMMER. DIPTERA. Cecidomyidae. Cecidomyia erubescens (O. S.), Cecidomyia ocellaris (Osten Sacken). HYMENOPTERA. Oryssidae. Oryssus terminalis (Newman), Oryssus Sayi. (West- wood. Siricidae. Tremex columba. (Linn.). Tenthredinoidea. Cimbex americana (Leach.). Uroceridae. Xiphidria albicornis (Harris). COLEOPTERA. Calandridae. Stenoscelis brevis (Boh.). Brenthidae. Eupsalis minuta (Drury). Buprestidae. Dicerca divaricata (Say), Chrysobothris for- morata (Fab.) Cerambycidae. Graphisurus fasciatus (De Geer), Glycobinus speciosus (Say), Bellamira scalaris (Say), Monohammus marmoratus (Rand.), Purpuricenus humeralis (Fabr.), Ela- phidion villosum (Fab.), Molorchus himaculatus (Say.), Urographis fasciatus (De Geer), Liopus variegatus (Hald), Hyperplatys maculatus (Hald), Dryobius sexf asciatus (Say), Leptostylus oculiferus (Say.). Chrysomelidae. Chrysomela bigsbyana (Kirby.). Cleridae. Thaneroclerus sanguineus (Say.). Coccinellidae. Anatis ocellata (Linn.). Cucujidae. Silvanus imbellis (Lec), Laemophloeus biguttatus (Say.). Elateridae. Elater humeralis (Lec). Histeridae. Hister lecontei (Say). Hydrophilidae. Cerylon caslaneum (Say.). Lucanidae. Ptalycerus quercus (Weber). Melandryidae. Melandrya Striata (Say), Euchodes sericea (Hald.), Phloetrya liturata (Lec), Synchroa punctata (Newm.). Mordellidae.. Mordella borealis. Nitidulidae. Cryptarcha concinna (Melsh), Colastus truncatus (Rand.) Ptinidae. Ptilinus ruficornis (Say.), Xeslobium affine (Lee). Scolytidae.
    [Show full text]
  • Pdf 953.46 K
    J. of Plant Protection and Pathology, Mansoura Univ., Vol. 10 (11):531-535, 2019 Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology Journal homepage: www.jppp.mans.edu.eg Available online at: www. jppp.journals.ekb.eg Efficacy of the Egg Parasitoids Trichogramma evanescens West. (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) for Controlling the Leopard Moth Borer, Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) in Apple and Pomegranate Orchards in Egypt Cross Mark Askar, S. I.* Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Egypt ABSTRACT The Experiment was conducted at Al-Nubariya district, Al-Beheira Governorate, Egypt, during three successive years 2016, 2017 and 2018. Trichogramma evanescens was released (twice a year) in the selected orchards to control the leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina (L.). Z. pyrina was recorded with high numbers in the first year that decreased in positive relation with the parasitoid in the second and the third year. The parasitoid numbers showed significant variation between all months more than the variation observed in Z. pyrina monthly numbers. in the first year, T. evanescens showed high activity only in pomegranate trees but in second and third year no significant variation appeared between the two orchards. Moreover, data resulted significant variation between each years and Z. pyrina reduction in numbers by the time. Generally, the parasitoid recorded 2.74±0.58, 4.65 ±1.00 and 5.08 ±0.59 in year 2106, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Meanwhile, Z. pyrina recorded mean number of 3.22 ±0.45, 1.99± 0.37and 1.35 ±0.23 in year 2106, 2017 and 2018, respectively. Keywords: parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens, Zeuzera pyrina, Apple, Pomegranate, Egypt INTRODUCTION this parasitoid in controlling this pest under the Egyptian field condition.
    [Show full text]
  • Probing the Effects Destruxins on Leopard Zeuzera Pyrina (L.) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), in Olive Trees
    VOLUME 1, 2017 Probing the Effects Destruxins on Leopard Zeuzera Pyrina (L.) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), in Olive Trees 1 Magda Mahmoud Sabbour * 1 Department of Pests and Plant Protection, Agriculture Division, National Research Center, Giza, Egypt Email Address [email protected] (Sabbour M.M) *Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 19 December 2017; Accepted: 8 January 2018; Published: 26 January 2018 Abstract: Olive tree is subjected to attack by many insect pest species that effect on the yield quality and quantity. Among the most common pest species surveyed in Egypt is; the leopard Zeuzera pyrina (L.) (Lepidoptera: Cossidae), which considered a serious pest in olive fields causing a lot of damage and loss in olive trees. Destruxin consist of an a-hydroxyl acid and five amino acid residues. It is a cyclic hexadepsipeptide produced by fungus causing paralysis and death in insects. It causes the infestations decrease of many insect pests. The effect of destruxins was tested under laboratory and field conditions against Z. pyrina. Results showed that the LC50 of Destruxin recoded 139 ppm when the 3rd larval instars Z. pyrina treated with different concentrations. When the Isolate Destruxin A-304 applied on the target pests the LC50 recorded 33 ppm. Under field conditions, the infestations were significantly decreased to 7.0 ± 3.2 and 7.0 ± 4.2 larvae after treated with Isolate Destruxin A-304 in Ebn Malek and Ismailia, respectively. In the same last places the Isolate Destruxin A-366 application showed a significant decrease in the pests infestations reached to 45.0 ± 1.2 and 41.0 ± 1.2 larvae as compared to 99.0 ± 1.2 and 99.0 ± 1.2larvae in the control.
    [Show full text]