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Vol. 9 No. 3 (2017)

The journal of Toxicology and pest control is one of the series issued twice by the Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, and is devoted to publication of original papers related to the interaction between and their environment. The goal of the journal is to advance the scientific understanding of mechanisms of toxicity. Emphasis will be placed on toxic effects observed at relevant exposures, which have direct impact on safety evaluation and risk assessment. The journal therefore welcomes papers on biology ranging from molecular and cell biology, biochemistry and physiology to ecology and environment, also systematics, microbiology, toxicology, hydrobiology, radiobiology and biotechnology. www.eajbs.eg.net

12th Arab Congress of Plant Protection ,ACPP ,4 -10 November, 2017 Hurghada=

Egypt. Acad. J. Biolog. Sci., 9(3): 99-107 (2017) Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences F. Toxicology & Pest control ISSN: 2090 - 0791 www.eajbs.eg.net

Leopard Borer, pyrina L. (: ) Threat to Olive Trees, europaea L. (Lamiales: Oleaceae) in Fayoum Governorate and Its Suppressing Trials Using IPM Tactics

Ahmed Merghem¹ and Abd Al-Aziz Ahmed² 1- Department of Wood borers and Termites, Plant Protection Research Institute. 2- Department of Olive Research, Horticultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article History Olive tree, Olea europaea L. (Lamiales: Oleaceae) is an Received: 1/9/2017 economically important and strategic crop which widely spreads Accepted: 10/11/2017 throughout the Mediterranean basin countries including Egypt. It suffers ______from several serious pest attacks especially those arising from Key words: wood-boring insects such as leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina L. Leopard moth (Lepidoptera: Cossidae). Present study concerns with the dispersion Zeuzera pyrina, IPM power of this cossid borer attacking olive groves at several localities in Fayoum governorate Fayoum governorate. Additionally, population fluctuation, infestation Olive tree rates and degrees have been studied recording the highest levels of Olea europaea infestation reaching 74% and 4.4 hole/tree, respectively whereas the Green lacewing predator lowest levels of infestation were 15% rate of infestation and 1.2 hole/tree Chrysoperla carnea degree of infestation. Trials to suppress these attacks using IPM tactics were applied with agricultural processes; pruning and mechanical control, biological control tools using the green lacewing predator, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) release in addition to chemical pesticide usage (Cidial-L 50%).

INTRODUCTION Wood boring insects are considered to be one of the most serious and devastating threat to olive trees, Olea europaea L. (Lamiales: Oleaceae) in the olive groves all over the Mediterranean basin counties in addition to Egypt. Leopard moth, Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) is a dangerous wood borer which is a polyphagous pest that attacks many fruit trees such as apple, and olive as well causing significant damage, detrimental effects and yield loss. In Egypt, olive is a popular fruit crop implanted in the old and newly reclaimed lands for trade and export purposes especially the olives and oils. Olive groves suffer from the attacks of this cossid borer leading to the loss of the nutritional and fruits values that mainly processed in many industries in addition to oil extract products (Feron et al., 1966; Baker, 1972; Navon, 1977; Jacoboni and Fontanazza, 1981; El-Hakim and El-Sayed, 1982; Barranco and Rallo, 1985; Katlabi, 1989; Tous and Romero, 1993; UNCTD, 1993; IOOC, 1994; Martin et al., 1994; Tous and Ferguson, 1996; Loumou and Giourga, 2003; Chen and Welter, 2007; Hegazi et al., 2015 and Shahidi, 2017). Only chemical control is applied for that cossid borer control in Egypt and such trials with chemical insecticides got limited success.

12th Arab Congress of Plant Protection ,ACPP ,4 -10 November, 2017 Hurghada= Egypt

100 Ahmed Merghem¹ and Abd Al-Aziz Ahmed²

Extensive use of chemical Periodical survey visits were made insecticides resulted in health, to 23 localities at 6 districts in Fayoum environmental and economic problems as governorate (Ebshaway, Etssa, Fayoum, hazard effects against human, beneficial Senoris, Tameia and Yousef El-Sedeek) and environmental pollution to investigate the existence and (Abdel-Kawy et al., 1992; Gloria et al., geographical distribution of that cossid 2008 and Rosell et al., 2008). borer during 2015 season. These Alternative measures for effective, locations were visited to explore the safe, and cheap control were promoted to infested olive fields with the tested solve these problems. These measures boring pest. Infested locations, levels of included the individual application of the infestation and seasonal abundance of Z. biological control agents or by their use pyrina were determined throughout in integrated pest management (IPM) 2015-2016 seasons. programs. From these alternatives there Sampling of target pest: is the green lacewing predator, Stages of Z. pyrina were collected Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) from infested olive orchards at different (Chrysopidae: Neuroptera) which are locations in Fayoum governorate with no potential, environmentally safe and previous insecticidal treatments. widely used against many insect pests. Identification of the sampled stages was Pruning processes and screw elastic wire confirmed at the Department of are also recognized as effective Classification and , Plant mechanical control measures. Protection Research Institute, (Greathead, 1976; Arambourg, Y. 1983; Agricultural Research Centre. Katsoyannos, 1992; Lopez-Villalta, Green lacewing Predator: 1999; Collier and Steenwyk, 2003; The green lacewing predator, Hegazi and Khafagi, 2003; Abed El-Hadi Chrysoperla carnea were encountered et al., 2005; Hilal and Ouguas, 2005 and attacking Z. pyrina and these stages were Chakaravarthy et al., 2008). collected and sampled for laboratory Present study concerns with the identification. Identification was done by dispersion power of this cossid borer proposed keys of New (1980) and the attacking olive groves at several green lacewing predator, C. carnea was localities in Fayoum governorate. confirmed. Larval instars of C. carnea Additionally, population fluctuation, were supplied for further laboratory and infestation rates and degrees have been field experiments from mass-production studied. Trials to suppress these attacks culture of Bollworm Department, Plant using IPM tactics were applied with Protection Research Institute, agricultural processes; pruning and Agricultural Research Centre, Dokki, mechanical control, biological control Giza. tools using predator release in addition to Laboratory screening experiments: chemical pesticide applications. To test the efficiency of C. carnea against Z. pyrina stages, freshly sampled MATERIALS AND METHODS eggs and larvae were used. 20 individuals Target wood borer: of each borer stage were put in a Leopard moth borer, Zeuzera pyrina L. cylindrical glass jar 25 cm diameter x35 (Lepidoptera: Cossidae). cm length cm and exposed separately to Target host plant: two groups of 10, 15, 25 individuals of The olive tree, Olea europaea L. 2nd and 3rd larval instars of C. carnea. (Lamiales: Oleaceae). Chemical control treatment was applied Survey visits: using a recommended insecticidal dosage Leopard Moth Borer, Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) Threat to Olive Trees, Olea europaea101 L of Cidial L 50% EC at 3ml per 1litre of screw elastic wire and pruning processes water (due to recommendations of while chemical control was applied using Egyptian Agricultural Ministry) as a Cidial L 50% EC as 3ml per 1litre of control reference. Five replicates were water and control checks were just used for each treatment; and control treated with water. checks were made using distilled water Field treatments were evaluated by only. Mortality percentages were calculation the reduction of infestation recorded after 7 days; the time at which using Henderson and Tilton’s formula Cidial insecticide resulted in 100% (1955): mortality, then the achieved values were Reduction of infestation (%) = (C – T / C) X 100 corrected with Abbott's formula Where: according to Abbott (1925). C: Mean number of alive larvae in Field control studies: untreated control olive branches. The highly infested olive grove of T: Mean number of alive larvae in Naqalifa at Senoris district in Fayoum treated control olive branches. governorate was chosen for field control studies using the provided effective rates RESULTS AND DISCUSSION of application in laboratory experiments Survey and occurrence of Z. pyrina L.: i.e. 25 individuals of 2nd larval instars for Table (1) shows that olive groves C. carnea. Timing of field trials was the occurrence of the cossid borer at the determined according to the obtained surveyed localities in Fayoum ecological results of Z. pyrina activity governorate districts. Leopard moth borer which was on 4th week of April while was recognized in fourteen locations at mechanical control measures were the six districts of the governorate while applied during winter against hibernating the borer was not encountered in nine larvae. Five infested olive branches were locations throughout the same surveyed used for each treatment. Mechanical districts. control measures were represented using

Table 1: Occurrence of Z. pyrina infesting olive groves in different locations at districts of Fayoum governorate in Egypt during 2015. District Locality Existence* Aboksa + Kasr Baiad - Ebshaway Tobhar + Zeid - Al-Gaafra + Al-Hegr - Al-Meer + Ettsa Al-Qasemeia - Danial + Kalamsha - Nawara - Beni Saleh - Fayoum Demo + Behmo + Fedemeen + Senoris Gorfos + Naqalifa + Sanhor + Fanoos + Tameia Kafr Mahfouz - Sawi + Al-Mokrani - Yousef Al-Sedeek Kasr El-Gebali + * (+) indicates to the presence of Z. pyrina; (-) indicates to the absence of the borer.

102 Ahmed Merghem¹ and Abd Al-Aziz Ahmed²

Z. pyrina was found to be more Steenwyk (2003) through California in distributed and existed at Senoris district the United States of America, Hilal and as it was found in the all five localities of Ouguas (2005) in , and Ulașli the district; Behmo, Fedemeen, Gorfos, and Can Cengiz (2016) in Hatay Naqalifa and Sanhor. At Ettsa district, it Province. was reported in three locations; Al- Infestation levels of leopard moth Gaafra, Al-Meer and Danial whereas in borer: Ebshaway and Tameia districts it was Figs. (1&2) elucidate the rates and recorded in two locations; Aboksa and degrees of infestation with Z. pyrina at the Tobhar in Ebshaway while Fanoos and fore-mentioned surveyed locations in the Sawi in Tameia. On the other hand, this different districts of Fayoum governorate. cossid borer was just found in one This cossid borer revealed the highest location in both the two rest districts; values of both rate and degree of Fayoum and Yousef Al-Sedeek districts infestation at the locations of Senoris at Demo and Kasr El-Gebali. district more than those of the same These obtained results are estimated locations in the rest districts. matching with those of Hegazi and The locality of Naqalifa which belongs to Khafagi (2003) which pointed out that Z. Senoris district recorded the highest pyrina were widely distributed attacking levels of infestations reaching 74% and olive groves in Egypt in addition to the 4.4 hole/tree respectively for the rate and confirmation with Barranco and Rallo the degree of infestation. (1985) results in Spain, Collier and

Leopard Moth Borer, Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) Threat to Olive Trees, Olea europaea103 L

On the other side, the lowest levels through all the surveyed locations in the of infestation were recorded in Tameia Senoris district, the Naqalifa locality was district at Sawi location recording a rate of chosen for the further field ecological and infestation was 15% and a 1.2 hole/tree control studies. degree of infestation. The fore mentioned results reveal According to Figs. (1&2), Olive that Z. pyrina with such dispersive power groves at Naqalifa locality were noticed and levels of infestations in olive groves to be more susceptible to the infestation at Fayoum governorate is considered to with Z. pyrina attacks than any other be a dangerous threat to olive in Egypt. olive groves of the other districts in This situation needs more extensive Fayoum governorate. Meanwhile, locality research work for the control of this of Sawi in Tameia district showed the devastating borer. highest resistance to the borer infestations. Population fluctuation of leopard moth Obtained results confirm, in borer: accordance with Hegazi et al. (2015), The data presented in Fig. (3) Show that Z. pyrina is a very injurious pest to the relation between the emergence of Z. olive groves in Northern Egypt causing pyrina adults on the olive trees, indicated serious damage of great concern as Egypt by the number of the pupal skins of provides a favourable environment for emerged , and the time of the activity of this cossid borer. As a inspection throughout 2015-2016 seasons result of recording the highest infestation at Naqalifa in Fayoum governorate. levels and broad distribution of Z. pyrina

In 2015, Z. pyrina adults started to week of May recording 30.4 moths and emerge during the 4th week of April in the emergence ceased on the 2nd week of 2015 with an average rate of emergence November and the complete stoppage of 6.2 moths. Whereas in 2016, it started to emergence was on 4th week of emerge during the 2nd week of April with November. These findings are parallel to an average rate of emergence was 1.2 those of Ismail et al. (1992) confirming moth. During 2015, emergence of adult the damage of this cossid borer to olive moths continued till it reached the first trees. peak of emergence on the 4th week of During this study in Naqalifa, Z. May recording 29.6 moths then it pyrina revealed slightly high emergence fluctuated till ceased on the 4th week of rates in 2016 season more than that October then it completely stopped on 2nd recorded in 2015 as it showed total week of November. Meanwhile, in 2016, emerged moths reached 241.2 whereas the first peak of emergence on the 2nd this figure was 239 adult moths in 2015 104 Ahmed Merghem¹ and Abd Al-Aziz Ahmed² thus control studies were subsequently with Abed El-Hadi et al. (2005) who suggested. confirmed the possibility of the Laboratory screening experiments: successful control for this lepidopterous Fig. (4) Represents laboratory borer by other than chemical pesticides. control treatments against Z. pyrina Through the obtained results release of immature stages using C. carnea and the 2nd larval instars of C. carnea caused Cidial L50%. A week after treatment, mortality percentages higher than that of Cidial L50% resulted in 100% mortality the 3rd larval instars release for both for for both egg and larval stages of that Z. pyrina larvae and egg stages. Also, leopard moth borer. laboratory experiments indicated that In addition to this vanishing power Cidial at 3ml./1litre water and the 2nd of Cidial, the 2nd larval instars of C. larval instars of C. carnea at 25 carnea revealed a potential efficiency individuals release are effective recording average 100 and 94 mortality treatments for the control of Z. pyrina percentages for egg and larval stage, stages. respectively. This finding is matching

Field applications: infestation reduction with Z. pyrina Effect of IPM elements; C. carnea attacking olive trees at Naqalifa in and Cidial in addition to mechanical and Fayoum governorate is shown in Fig. (5). agricultural control measures, on

Field applications revealed that mechanical control tools were noticed to Cidial resulted in the highest average achieve a considerable average levels of reduction of infestation reached 80.8 %. infestation reduction recording 63.8 and The application of agricultural and 66.2 % infestation reduction respectively Leopard Moth Borer, Zeuzera pyrina L. (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) Threat to Olive Trees, Olea europaea105 L for pruning processes and screw elastic REFERENCES wire. In case of C. carnea instars release; Abbott, W.S. (1925). A method of the average infestation reduction was the computing effectiveness of an lowest scoring 57.8 %. insecticide. J. Econ. Entomol., 18: During field applications, the 265-267. mortality rates were markedly less than Abdel-Kawy, A., El-Bishry, H. and El- those resulting from laboratory Kifl, T. (1992). Controlling the experiments especially for the C. carnea leopard moth borer, Zeuzera pyrina release; this may be attributed to the by three entomopathogenic effect of the natural field conditions. nematodes in the field. Bull. Faculty Meanwhile Cidial treatments Agric., Cairo Univ., 43 (2): 769-780. showed the highest mortality levels Abed El-Hadi, Birger, R., Hanoch, E., through both the laboratory experiments Vardi, Y., Sarid, D. and Zemer, B. in addition to the field trials in olive (2005). Control of Zeuzera pyrina in groves. These findings are consistent olives by using pheromone male with Coyle et al. (2005) in North confusing. Alon Ha’notea, 59: 383- America and Kinawy et al. (1992) 385. observations when they applied the Arambourg, Y. (1983). CEC programme horticultural, mechanical and chemical on integrated and biological control. treatments against another cossid borer, In R. Cavalloro and A. Piavaux, eds. Paropta paradoxa H.-Schaeff. Progress Report 1979/1981, Brussels (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) infesting apple – Luxembourg, p: 103-110. trees in Egypt. Baker, W.L. (1972). Eastern Forest On average, the total reduction of Insects. USDA For. Serv. Misc. infestation resulted by the biological Publ., 1175. control agent and the mechanical control Barranco, D. and Rallo, L. 1985. Las measures achieved 62.6 % compared to variedades de olivo cultivadas en the average reduction percentage 80.8 % España. Olivae, 2 (9):16-22. for insecticidal application. So these Brown, J; E. Hannon; R. Rodstrom; and elements could be used altogether in IPM J. Chong., (2017). Carpenter worm programs for successful control trials moth. Insect Pest Management in against Z. pyrina enhancing the Hybrid Poplars Series, Washington possibilities of olive production State Univ., p. 2-6. increment in accordance with the results Chakaravarthy, A.K.; N.R. Prasanna of Sergeeva (2014) and Brown et al. Kumar and L.V. Kumar. (2008). (2017) who confirmed that IPM Bio-efficacy of Garlic Barrier on programs resulted in a significant control insect pests of Gherkins (Cucumis of this boring moth. sativus L., Family: Cucubitaceae). From the foregoing results of the Pest., 32(9): 33-36. laboratory experiments and field Chen, Y. and Welter, S. (2007). Crop applications, it is obvious that the bio- domestication creates a refuge from control agent C. carnea, agricultural parasitism for a native moth. J. Appl. processes with mechanical control are Ecol., 44:238–245. strongly recommended to be used as Collier, T., and Steenwyk, R. (2003). control measures against Z. pyrina Prospects for integrated control of infestations in olive graves or may be olive pests are promising in used as components in IPM programs to California. Calif. Agric., 57:28–30. control this cossid borer. Coyle, D.R., T.E. Nebeker, E.R. Hart and W.J. Mattson (2005). Biology and management of insect pests in North 106 Ahmed Merghem¹ and Abd Al-Aziz Ahmed²

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ARABIC SUMMERY

تھديد حفار ساق التفاح Lepidoptera: Cossidae) Zeuzera pyrina) ألشجار الزيتون Olea Lamiales: Oleaceae) europaea) فى محافظة الفيوم و محاوالت الحد منه بٳستخدام وسائل المكافحة المتكاملة لآلفات

أحمد مرغم١ و عبد العزيز أحمد٢ ١- قسم بحوث الناخرات و النمل األبيض– معھد بحوث وقاية النباتات ٢- قسم بحوث الزيتون–معھد بحوث البساتين– مركز البحوث الزراعية – الدقى – جيزة – مصر

تعد شجرة الزيتون (Olea europaea L. (Lamiales: Oleaceae من المحاصيل ذات األھمية اإلقتصادية و اإلستراتيجية و التى تنتشر بكثافة فى دول حوض البحر المتوسط و منھا جمھورية مصر العربية ، و يعانى شجر الزيتون من اإلصابات الحشرية الخطرة العديدة و ال سيما تلك الھجمات الناجمة عن اإلصابة بالحفارات مثل حفار ساق التفاح (Zeuzera pyrina L.(Lepidoptera: Cossidae ، و تھتم الدراسة الحالية ببحث شدة ٳنتشار ھذا الحفار عند مھاجمة بساتين الزيتون فى العديد من المناطق بمحافظة الفيوم ، باإلضافة ٳلى دراسة تذبذب تجمعات ھذا الحفار العددية و مداھا تزامنا مع مستويات اإلصابة من حيث معدالتھا و درجات اإلصابة وقد تم رصد أعلى مستويات محققة ٧٤ % و ٤.٤ ثقب/شجرة على التوالى بينما سجلت أقل مستويات لالصابة ١٥ % بالنسبة لمعدل االصابة و ١.٢ ثقب/شجرة لدرجة االصابة ، كما تم تطبيق طرق المكافحة المتكاملة لآلفات و ذلك للحد من ھجمات ھذا الحفار مثل: العمليات الزراعية كالتقليم و المكافحة الميكانيكية ، و المكافحة الحيوية كٳطالق مفترس أسد المن (Chrysoperla (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae (carnea (Stephens باإلضافة إلستخدام المبيد الكيميائي سيديال- ل ٥٠ %. الكلمات المفتاحية: حفار ساق التفاح ، المكافحة المتكاملة لآلفات ، محافظة الفيوم ، شجرة الزيتون ، مفترس أسد المن.