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Carrera De Ingeniería Ambiental UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA BOLIVIANA “SAN PABLO” UNIDAD ACADÉMICA REGIONAL COCHABAMBA Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Exactas Carrera de Ingeniería Ambiental Línea base para la instalación de sistemas agroforestales en cinco parcelas piloto pertenecientes a los municipios de Vinto y Quillacollo Tesis de Licenciatura en Ingeniería Ambiental Francisco Xabier Rodríguez Urtasun Cochabamba – Bolivia Febrero – 2012 TRIBUNAL EXAMINADOR José Sánchez Ponce Ph D. Mgr. Luis Alberto Levy M. Profesor Guía Profesor Relator Ing. Mauricio Azero A. Mgr. Alfonso Vía Reque Director de Carrera Rector Regional DEDICATORIA Y AGRADECIMIENTOS A Dios, por haberme dado la oportunidad de vivir y porque sin Él, estas hojas estarían en blanco, o mejor dicho no existirían. A mi familia, especialmente a mis padres, por soportarme, hasta los días en los que ni yo me soporto, por siempre haber estado ahí para mi, por ser mis principales auspiciadores y haberme inculcado amor, cariño y una educación basada en valores. A la familia de la Granja Modelo Pairumani, particularmente a José Sánchez, Rubén Medrano y Paola Castellón por sus sabios consejos, tanto en el campo laboral como fuera de él y por haber creado un ambiente armónico donde primó el respeto e inculcaron en mí, motivación y responsabilidad entre otras virtudes. Al mismo tiempo, gracias por los conocimientos que me transmitieron en otras áreas. A Ana María Michel, por su capacidad de orientación en la investigación, por sus consejos y por las charlas sobre distintos aspectos de la vida que me hicieron reflexionar. A Alberto Levy, por su colaboración durante toda la investigación y su grado de conocimiento y sabiduría hacia la agroforestería. A las agricultoras Amalia, Sonia y Gelmy, porque aprendí su forma de ver la vida y me empaparon aún más con ese amor a la tierra y la naturaleza. A Benigno Ocampo de la Escuela Técnica Sayarinapaj. Al Hogar Zapatito, a Don Iván y a todos los niños que conocí durante la investigación. A Mauricio Azero, por haberme guiado durante el transcurso de mi carrera. A Noemí Stadler-Kaulich y Diego Barreiro por transmitirme valioso conocimiento sobre los árboles y su dinámica. A mi cuñado Javier Téllez por apoyarme en el análisis cromatográfico. A Carla Núñez De Moraes, Stephanie Sánchez, Friederich Wilkes, Oscar Alba, Rodrigo Fernández y Guillaume Crespín por todos los momentos compartidos. Por último quiero agradecer a los árboles, por enseñarme su magia y cargarme de energía positiva con tan sólo sentir, la textura de sus hojas, el aroma de sus flores y la majestuosidad de su copa. No se puede expresar solo con palabras, simplemente tiene que vivirse. ÍNDICE Página INTRODUCCIÓN ....................................................................................................................... 1 Antecedentes ......................................................................................................................... 4 Descripción del problema .................................................................................................... 5 Objetivos… ........................................................................................................................... 6 Objetivo general..................................................................................................................... 6 Objetivos específicos .......................................................................................................... 6 Justificación .......................................................................................................................... 7 Límites y alcance .................................................................................................................. 8 1. MARCO TEÓRICO ............................................................................................................. 10 1.1. Cambio Climático ..................................................................................................... 10 1.2. Degradación de suelos .............................................................................................. 13 1.3. Agroforestería ........................................................................................................... 14 1.3.1. Beneficios de la agroforestería .......................................................................... 15 1.3.2. Funciones ambientales de la agroforestería ...................................................... 16 1.3.2.1. En el manejo y conservación del suelo ......................................................... 17 1.3.2.2. En el manejo y conservación de la vegetación ............................................. 18 1.3.2.3. Como servicio ecológico y protección .......................................................... 18 1.3.3. Potencial de la agroforestería ............................................................................ 19 1.3.4. Legislación sobre la agroforestería ................................................................... 19 1.4. Sistemas Agroforestales ........................................................................................... 20 1.4.1. Selección de especies ........................................................................................ 20 1.4.2. Clasificación de sistemas agroforestales. .......................................................... 21 1.4.2.1. Cercas vivas .................................................................................................. 23 1.4.2.2. Cortinas rompevientos .................................................................................. 24 1.4.2.3. Huertos caseros ............................................................................................ 27 i 1.4.2.4. Cultivo en callejones ..................................................................................... 29 1.4.2.5. Bancos forrajeros o bancos de proteína ....................................................... 31 1.5. Indicadores de sostenibilidad .................................................................................. 32 1.5.1. Historia de los indicadores ................................................................................ 33 1.5.2. Indicadores en la degradación de suelos ........................................................... 34 1.5.3. Indicadores en SAF ........................................................................................... 36 1.6. Marco conceptual metodológico .............................................................................. 37 1.6.1. Observación directa ........................................................................................... 37 1.6.2. Recuento de lombrices ...................................................................................... 38 1.6.3. Infiltración de suelos ......................................................................................... 38 1.6.4. Análisis cromatográfico. ................................................................................... 39 1.6.5. Índice de calidad de suelos. ............................................................................... 41 2. MARCO REFERENCIAL ................................................................................................... 42 2.1. Ubicación geográfica ................................................................................................ 42 2.2. Datos climatológicos y ecológicos ............................................................................ 43 2.3. Vegetación ................................................................................................................. 45 2.4. Demografía ................................................................................................................ 47 2.5. Actividad económica ................................................................................................. 47 2.6. Tecnología agrícola ................................................................................................... 48 2.7. Destino de la producción ......................................................................................... 48 3. METODOLOGÍA ................................................................................................................. 50 3.1. Los talleres diagnóstico participativos .................................................................... 50 3.2. Identificación de los estudios de caso ...................................................................... 51 3.3. Identificación de especies a reforestar .................................................................... 51 3.4. Compromiso de los agricultores .............................................................................. 52 3.5. Implementación de los sistemas agroforestales (SAFs) ......................................... 52 3.6. Definición de indicadores socioeconómicos ............................................................ 53 3.6.1. Entrevistas abiertas ............................................................................................ 54 3.6.2. Observación directa ........................................................................................... 54 ii 3.7. Muestreo de suelos .................................................................................................... 55 3.8. Análisis de suelos ...................................................................................................... 56 3.8.1. Infiltración de suelos ........................................................................................
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