Les Scientifiques Et La Paix La Communauté Scientifique Internationale Au Cours Des Années 20

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Les Scientifiques Et La Paix La Communauté Scientifique Internationale Au Cours Des Années 20 Les scientifiques et la paix La communauté scientifique internationale au cours des années 20 Brigitte Schroeder-Gudehus DOI : 10.4000/books.pum.8021 Éditeur : Presses de l’Université de Montréal Année d'édition : 2014 Date de mise en ligne : 23 janvier 2018 Collection : Thématique Histoire et sciences humaines ISBN électronique : 9791036501159 http://books.openedition.org Édition imprimée ISBN : 9782760633643 Nombre de pages : 372 Référence électronique SCHROEDER-GUDEHUS, Brigitte. Les scientifiques et la paix : La communauté scientifique internationale au cours des années 20. Nouvelle édition [en ligne]. Montréal : Presses de l’Université de Montréal, 2014 (généré le 10 décembre 2020). Disponible sur Internet : <http://books.openedition.org/pum/8021>. ISBN : 9791036501159. DOI : https://doi.org/10.4000/books.pum.8021. Ce document a été généré automatiquement le 10 décembre 2020. Il est issu d'une numérisation par reconnaissance optique de caractères. © Presses de l’Université de Montréal, 2014 Conditions d’utilisation : http://www.openedition.org/6540 1 L'internationalité de la science n'entraîne pas l'internationalisme des scientifiques. La présente étude révise l'image idyllique d'une « science jamais en guerre ». Elle démontre que la communauté scientifique internationale, en plein essor au tournant du siècle, n'opposait pas, aux impératifs de ce qui était alors perçu comme l'intérêt national, les normes d'une solidarité supérieure de l'esprit ou de l'humanité. Bien au contraire, les voix de la modération se firent d'abord entendre dans les milieux politiques. La détente locarnienne était l'oeuvre de la politique étrangère des États. L'histoire ne confirme donc pas la légende voulant que les scientifiques constituent nécessairement le fer de lance du mouvement pour la paix. Les hommes de science ne sont-ils pas à ta remorque de l'Histoire plutôt qu'ils ne la façonnent ? BRIGITTE SCHROEDER-GUDEHUS Née en Allemagne, l’auteur a fait ses éludes universitaires à Lausanne, Parts et Genève. Après avoir obtenu son doctorat à l’Institut universitaire de hautes études internationales à Genève, elle a commencé sa carrière de professeur au Département de science politique de l’Université de Montréal où elle est actuellement directeur de l’Institut d'histoire et de sociopolitique des sciences. 2 SOMMAIRE Avant-propos Antoine Del Busso Remerciements Introduction L'internationalisme scientifique et la promotion d'intérêts socio-professionnels La science et l’approche fonctionnaliste de l’intégration internationale Un humanisme éclaire Le pluralisme fonctionnel de la Fabian-Society Les enseignements de l'histoire L’héritage Chapitre premier. L’internationalisme des patriotes L’organisation : l'Association internationale des académies Collaboration et compétition Un facteur de puissance Chapitre II. La mobilisation des esprits 1914-1918 L'autorité Les antagonismes insurmontables Commercium litterarum : les visions de l'avenir Un nouvel ordre Chapitre III. Une quadruple entente scientifique : le Conseil international de recherches L’esprit et la lettre La constitution du conseil international de recherches Chapitre IV. Le boycott La grande offensive Les fissures Chapitre V. La société des esprits : la coopération intellectuelle dans le cadre de la société des nations Fondements et objectifs Vexata quaestio 3 Pas de Locarno pour la science Chapitre VI. L’isolement La science comme substitut de puissance Culpabilité et expiation L'enjeu Le "Contre-Boycott" Le front commun Chapitre VII. L’impasse Les impératifs des politiques étrangères et la révocation du "Boycott" Le refus allemand Les professeurs contre la République Conclusion Abréviations Annexes Bibliographie Index des noms 4 Avant-propos Antoine Del Busso 1 Alors qu’une abondance de publications, de conférences et d’expositions s’apprête à souligner le centenaire de la Première Guerre mondiale, il nous semble important de rendre accessible le présent ouvrage, depuis longtemps épuisé. 2 Lors de sa première publication, en 1978, Les scientifiques et la paix a comblé une lacune de l’historiographie qui, lorsqu’elle traitait des aspects culturels du conflit et de ses conséquences, avait jusque-là passé sous silence l’effondrement spectaculaire de la communauté scientifique internationale. Celle-ci, tout en étant traditionnellement considérée comme un modèle de société mondiale rationnelle et pacifique, n’avait pourtant pas résisté, comme bien d’autres, à l’engagement patriotique, multipliant dès l’automne 1914 les échanges de dénonciations et insultes de part et d’autre. Son principal échec était toutefois de n’avoir pas su, après la fin des hostilités, rétablir en son sein ni l’ordre ni le fonctionnement dont elle s’était enorgueillie au tournant du siècle. C’est en s’attachant à cette perspective, que l’ouvrage avait apporté un nouvel éclairage sur la portée politique de l’internationalisme des scientifiques et sur leurs revendications d’autorité, tant sur le plan national qu’international. 3 À l’heure actuelle, où l’historiographie des relations transnationales s’investit de façon marquée dans l’étude de l’impact des courants internationalistes sur l’évolution de la société internationale, le travail de Brigitte Schroeder-Gudehus conserve toute sa pertinence. AUTEUR ANTOINE DEL BUSSO Éditeur des Presses de l’Université de Montréal 5 Remerciements 1 Nous devons remonter loin pour rendre hommage à ceux qui, les premiers, ont inspiré un intérêt et une réflexion dont cet ouvrage porte encore les traces : Jean Meynaud, alors professeur de science politique à l'université de Lausanne, nous confia, au début des années soixante, des recherches sur le rôle des savants dans la vie internationale ; Jacques Freymond, directeur de l'Institut universitaire des hautes études internationales à Genève, nous encourageait à choisir le thème de notre thèse de doctorat dans ce domaine, même si ce thème était alors très marginal par rapport aux préoccupations de la science politique et de l'étude des relations internationales. 2 L'idée d'approfondir et d'étendre ces anciennes recherches ne nous serait cependant jamais venue, si l'on n'avait pas réussi à nous convaincre que leur intérêt dépassait celui que présentent les curiosa historiques. Ainsi, nous ne saurions trop exprimer notre gratitude à Paul Forman qui - généreux de ses encouragements et de ses conseils - a joué un rôle capital non seulement dans la genèse de ce livre mais plus généralement dans l'orientation de nos recherches et de notre carrière. 3 Au fil des années où, entrecoupée de nombreuses interruptions, la rédaction de ce texte a progressé, les concours ont été nombreux, trop nombreux pour que nous puissions énumérer ici tous ceux à qui vont aujourd'hui nos remerciements. Nous devons une reconnaissance particulière cependant à Jean-Claude Guédon et à Camille Limoges, nos collègues à l'Institut d'histoire et de sociopolitique des sciences, et à Victor-Yves Ghébali, du Centre de recherche sur les institutions internationales à Genève. Ils ont lu entièrement le manuscrit, en ont éliminé les traces d'une maîtrise toujours précaire de la langue française et nous ont incitée à préciser notre pensée là où elle était floue, et à la développer davantage quand elle pouvait apparaître trop allusive pour l'un ou l'autre des publics visés. 4 Cette étude n'a pu se faire que grâce aux dépôts d'archives ; la liste de ces archives cache une somme énorme d'assistance, d'imagination et de patience de la part d'archivistes et de bibliothécaires : nous avons rencontré des directeurs d'archives qui acceptaient de mettre à notre disposition des collections qui n'étaient pas normalement accessibles ; des archivistes qui mobilisaient des ressources au-delà de leur juridiction. Nous tenons à leur exprimer, ici, notre plus vive gratitude. 6 5 Nous remercions également nos assistants qui, à divers stades du travail, nous ont fourni un précieux concours : Louise Dandurand, Charles Dufresne et Marie-Janie Chartier. 6 L'ouvrage n'aurait pu être réalisé sans l'aide financière que nous a accordée le Conseil des arts du Canada 7 Introduction 1 La Seconde Guerre mondiale a démontré le rôle décisif de la mobilisation scientifique et technique. Depuis, la science et la technique se placent au sommet de l'échelle parmi les facteurs de puissance. L'homme de science fait désormais partie des ressources nationales stratégiques. Sa fonction, qui est de contribuer à accroître la puissance économique et militaire, semble donc clairement établie. 2 En même temps, il se voit attribuer un rôle très différent, rôle qui ne se rattache pas aux résultats de son activité mais à la nature spécifique de l'entreprise scientifique : on mise sur l'hypothèse que les scientifiques sont en mesure de combler des divisions politiques en jetant des ponts entre collectivités hostiles, qu'ils peuvent accroître la compréhension entre les peuples et donc les rapprocher ; qu'ils peuvent enfin court-circuiter la diplomatie traditionnelle et ainsi servir de fer de lance à un mouvement pour la paix mondiale. La "communauté scientifique internationale" semble offrir ainsi un modèle à l'usage de la société politique, et on prête toutes les vertus à l'homme de science, en particulier le désir et le pouvoir d'introduire des comportements de compréhension et d'évaluation rationnelle dans les relations interétatiques. 3 Les sciences fondamentales fournissent certes l'exemple le plus impressionnant d'une oeuvre collective, d'une somme de contributions individuelles qui, entièrement cumulatives, ne sont censées
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