Another Visit to Gandhara Were to Spend the Next Four Days

Home , Barikot, Khunjerab Pass, Shatial, Swat River

Back to the Past: Grand Trunk Road, where we Another Visit to Gandhara were to spend the next four days. Peshawar is an infinitely by Professor Richard Salomon fascinating city, with a reputation for cultural richness as well as for cabinets filled with dazzling gold n a previous article in Asia Notes intrigue and even danger. Ever ornaments. Turn—or rather, be I(Vol. 2.1, 1996-7), I described since it become the capital of the swept around—a corner, and you my previous tour through northern great Indo-Central Asian Kushana find yourself in the fish market, Pakistan, in the region known in dynasty under the emperor Kanish- with row upon row of vendors ancient times as Gandhara, which I ka nearly two thousand years ago, it calling out and beckoning to you to took with Jason Neelis, one of the has stood at what is sometimes sample their dozens of species of Department of Asian Languages called the “crossroads of Asia,” river fish from the Indus. In the and Literature’s graduate students. serving as the point of entry and next alley, cooks are stewing pun- In October 2000 I had the opportu- encounter for pilgrims, traders, gent curries in enormous smoke- nity to return to Pakistan with an- immigrants and invaders from blackened bubbling cauldrons. On other graduate student, Andrew Afghanistan, Iran, China, and from and on it goes, through the narrow Glass, to revisit some of the same the western world. Though in re- streets and alleys, fronted by old- places as well as to see some new cent years it has been overwhelmed fashioned houses with ornately ones. Andrew and I arrived in Paki- by huge numbers of refugees from carved wooden facades, now sag- stan early in the morning after a the wars in Afghanistan and ging and crumbling yet still retain- long and rather grueling flight from plagued by drug smuggling, the ing the air of their former glories. Seattle to Islamabad, including a arms trade, and religious extremist But a walk through Peshawar’s old six hour layover at London’s movements, it still retains its old bazaar is something to be experi- Heathrow Airport where I indulged flavor of a bustling and exotic enced rather than described. Every- myself with a shockingly expensive meeting place of the worlds of one should do it at least once in a afternoon nap at the airport hotel, Central Asia and the Indian subcon- lifetime. while Andrew, somewhat more tinent. blessed with youthful energy than I, he charms of the old city spent the time with his parents who ere, in the bazaar of the Tnotwithstanding, most of our had come to meet him at the air- HPeshawar’s old city, you wend time in Peshawar was spent at the port. your way through constant streams Department of Archaeology of of churning crowds, all seeming to Peshawar University. Here we got e spent our first day and move in opposite directions simul- our first, though far from our last Wnight in Islamabad at the taneously, somehow melting taste of the legendary hospitality of home of an old friend of mine, through one another, to the accom- the Pathans, the dominant ethnic Aman Ur-Rahman, who shares with paniment of a dazzling cacophony group in the Northwest Frontier the two of us a passionate enthusi- of car horns, hawkers’ shouts, and Province, of which Peshawar is the asm for the ancient history and blaring loudspeakers. The entrance capital. Housed at the University’s culture of this fascinating part of to the bazaar takes you first through guest house and taken under the the world. The next morning, we a jewelers’ bazaar of endless rows care of Professors M. Farooq Swati took a bus to Peshawar, three hours of tiny stalls, their walls with tiled and M. Nasim Khan the depart- ride to the west along the fabled mirrors that reflect, and seem to multiply, the luxuriant red velvet Continued on page 9.

1 has been changed to protect the tion available to high school stu- reputation of past columnists from dents, Latin is essential. And so we “embarrassment by association.” could go on. But all of this linguistic diversity is apparently seen by f more moment, coming at the the upper administrative levels of Ointersection of surprises and the Seattle School System as un- learning experiences, I was sur- welcome, leading apparently to an prised to learn that it is rumored unmanageable “splintering.” that the Seattle School System plans to eliminate the teaching of his view reflects a serious all foreign languages save Spanish Tmisconception of how crucial and Japanese. Superintendent Jo- and how fundamental language seph Olchefske is said to be in the instruction is to education overall. process of implementing a new Linguistic diversity is as critical to William G. Boltz, Chairman policy that will limit the teaching of the well being of the educational foreign languages in the high domain as biodiversity is to the Scriptula ex cathedra schools to just these two. The justi- ecological. (Linguistic diversity is fication, if such there can be, is that in fact a form of biodiversity, f the various improbabilities I foreign language teaching in the though you would never know it Omight have imagined over the schools has become “too splin- from the linguistically impover- years, certainly ending up as chair- tered,” or so at least he is reported ished culture that predominates in man of this Department ranks to have complained to a group of the U.S.) The worst effect of such a among those near the top of the list. concerned parents. policy is not the unavailability of My solace among the surprises of a languages for study (though that is year serving in this post has come oth Spanish and Japanese are bad enough); it is that such a policy from the guidance and good will I Bworthy languages, without fosters an impression that foreign have been the beneficiary of from doubt, and ought to be offered in language study is marginal, dis- the two immediately past chairmen, any high school system with claims missible, expendable, or whatever both now recovering scholars, from on excellence. But every one of us additional synonym we might wish a faculty of splendidly cooperative will immediately think of other to invoke. It is bad policy for the colleagues, and especially from an languages just as worthy and just as Seattle high school students who office staff with a superabundance deserving of being offered. If our will become UW students, and it is of patience, professional expertise aim is to name worthy languages a woefully short-sighted and ill- and good-humored tolerance for my that high school students ought to informed policy for the city’s edu- inexperienced incipience. have a chance to study should they cational system overall. Let us hope be so moved, we could start by that this rumor is just a rumor, and cannot say I have exactly fallen continuing the pairing of a western never becomes a fact. Iin love with the business of European language with an Asian being chairman, but it is a learning language, and suggest French and ______experience, and learning some- Chinese. Or, thinking eurocentrical- 1 Latinists, pedants, and enthusiasts of the thing, no matter what, is better than ly, we could mention German and history of board games will recognize that learning nothing. Most recently, for Russian; from a somewhat broader this claim is not entirely correct, but we need example, I learned that I was ex- geopolitical perspective, we would not be overly concerned with such a special- pected to write a few notes for this be inclined to lobby for Arabic and ized readership at the moment. For most of Newsletter. This “column” in past Indonesian. As a simple matter of us scriptula will mean ‘jottings,’ or ‘(little) Newsletters has been called some- making a solid humanistic educa- notes’ (of no particular consequence), and thing like “Notes from the Chair,” that is, to be sure, my intended meaning and it still is,1 only the language here.

2 Notes from our Language recognized for his contributions to rofessor Anne Yue-Hashimoto Programs the study of the humanities in this P(elected Vice President of the way, and on behalf of all of us I International Association of Chinese rofessor Richard Salomon extend our sincere congratulations Linguistics for 1998-99, and Presi- P was named to the Byron W. & to Rich on this occasion.” dent of the International Associa- Alice L. Lockwood Professorship tion of Chinese Linguistics for in the Humanities for the period rofessor Heidi Pauwels pre- 1999-2000) spent five months in from 16 December 2000 through 15 P sented a research report at the Hong Kong last year—January June 2003. In a letter to Asian L&L Eighth Conference on Early Litera- through April, 2000—as Visiting faculty dated January 25, 2001, ture in New-Indo Aryan Languages, Professor at the Department of Professor Boltz noted: “The charter held at K. University of Leuven in Chinese Language and Literature of that establishes the Lockwood Louvain, Belgium August 23-26, the Chinese University of Hong Professorship in the Humanities 2000, on the topic “Hagiography by Kong, teaching a graduate seminar emphasizes, among other aspects of and about Hariram Vyas.” Prof. in Cantonese linguistics (with 18 the humanities, that ‘[t]hrough the Pauwels also presented a talk for students—the greatest number, study of languages and literature the panel on Epics organized by Prof. Yue exclaims, she ever had in we learn how people communicate John Brockington at the European one class!) and working on various and express themselves. Through Conference of Modern South Asian aspects of the reconstruction of the study of philosophy and com- Studies, held at the University of proto-Yue phonology. In May, parative religion we understand the Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK, Sep- 2000, Prof. Yue was Visiting Pro- moral, ethical, and logical bases of tember 6-9, 2000, on the topic “The fessor at the Language Information thought and action.’ These aspects, courtship and the wedding of Rama Sciences Research Centre of the and others, taken together give us a and Sita, past and present.” City University of Hong Kong, way to ‘appreciate the rich cultural working on a monograph on the The proceedings of the first confer- fabric that ties us together as human Dancun dialect of Taishan. In late ence are to be published in Delhi by beings.’ ‘As scientific and techno- June, Prof. Yue went to Shaoguan in Manohar, those of the second con- logical advances produce rapid and northern Guangdong province to do ference will be published as a spe- sometimes unsettling changes in a preliminary survey of the dialect cial issue of Rocznik our world, it is essential that society of Shaoguan city and a suburban Orientalityczny in Prague some maintain its humanistic heritage. It variety of the Wantou village, time in the spring of 2001. is for this reason that the Lockwood which were investigated in 1929 by Foundation [establishes this Profes- the late Professor Yuen Ren Chao. uring Autumn Quarter, 2000, sorship], to encourage the scholarly The ultimate goal is to observe Prof. Pauwels was engaged in study of all aspects of our cultural D linguistic change in these dialects writing her book In Praise of Holy and intellectual heritage.’ These are since 1929 and to study their inter- Men: Imagining Religious Communi- sentiments and tenets that we can esting tone change phenomenon. ties in Medieval India, a project made all understand, support and act on. possible by a University of Washing- It is an honor for the Department to ton Royalty Research Fellowship. have one of our senior professors

New Graduate Students gram, and the remaining are, as Sachi Schmidt-Hori; pursuing stud- follows: pursuing studies in Chinese ies in Korean language and litera- ince Autumn, 1998, the Depart language and literature, Mr. Kevin ture, Ms. Jina Kim, Ms. Meewha Sment has welcomed twenty- Jensen, Mr. Robert Orndorff, Ms. Lee, Ms. Jemma Song, Ms. Hye-jin eight students into the ranks of its Jungim Chang, Mr. Chi On (Andy) Sidney; pursuing studies in South graduate programs in Chinese, Japa- Chin, Mr. Jason Hendryx, Ms. Xiao- Asian languages and literature, Ms. nese, South Asian and Korean Lan- qiao Ling, Ms. Kyoung-ok Noh, Mr. Diane Johnson, Mr. Michael Tandy, guages and Literature. Of the Timothy O’Neill, Mr. Charles Sanft, Mr. Jonathan Lawson, Mr. Ara Se- twenty-eight, two have graduated Ms. Ping Wang; pursuing studies in merjian, Mr. David Smith. The with terminal M.A.s (Ms. Gong Japanese language and literature, Department is proud of its new Hang Su, Chinese, Autumn, 2000 Mr. Jon Holt, Ms. Fusae Ekida, Mr. students and encourages them in and Ms. Tomoko Nakaone, Japanese, Philip Kaffen, Ms. Fumiyo Koba- their ambition for academic excel- Autumn, 2000)), one left the pro- yashi, Ms. Gulzemin Ozrenk, Ms. lence.

3 Cap and Gown .A.s were earned by the cholz, Stephen Dieker, Summer M following: Mary Hirsch, Floyd, Gary Lau, Sarah Ode- etween Summer Quarter, Chinese, Summer, 1998, Timothy gaard, Andrew Remter, Jennie B1998, and Summer Quarter, Lenz, South Asian, Winter, 1998, Umamoto, Tara Yamamoto, Mark 2001, the Department of Asian Douglas Osto, South Asian, Brachmann, Benjamin Ritter. In Languages and Literature has grad- Spring, 1999, Deborah Shamoon, Chinese Language and Literature: uated nine doctoral candidates and Japanese, Spring, 1999, Adam Chun-Wu Andrew Chang. In eleven Master’s candidates. Ph.D.s Ross, Chinese, Summer, 1999, South Asian Languages and Litera- were earned by the following: Charles Exley, Japanese, Autumn, ture: Dung Dinh Truong. Andrea Lingenfelter (Ching-Hsien 1999, Paul Davidson, Japanese, Wang), Summer, 1998, Christine Summer, 2000, Andrew Glass, The Department wishes to extend Marran (John W. Treat), Summer, South Asian, Summer, 2000, Timo- its hardiest congratulations to each 1998, Hamit Zakir (Ilse Cirtautas), thy Miller, Chinese, Autumn, and every graduate. Spring, 1999, Jeffrey Crosland 2000, Tomoko Nakaone, Japanese, (Anne Yue-Hashimoto), Autumn, Autumn, 2000, Gong Hang Su, t its annual Graduation and 1999, Keith Dede (Anne Yue- Chinese, Autumn, 2000. AAwards Reception (held this Hashimoto), Autumn, 1999, Timo- year on May 31, 2001, in the Ro- thy Lenz (Richard Salomon), etween Autumn, 2000, and tunda of Parrington Hall), the De- Autumn, 1999, Rachel DiNitto BSummer, 2001, B.A.s were partment of Asian Languages and (John W. Treat), Summer, 2000, earned by the following students. In Literature honors three Tatsumi Yeow-Chong Wu (David Knechtg- Japanese Language and Literature: awardees, Mr. Scott Richard es), Autumn, 2000, Ravinder Bryce Berger, Sun Hee Helen Cho, Blow, Mr. Chien-hsin Tsai, and Singh (Michael Shapiro), Winter, Maria Dooley, Jean Fuh, Seav Mr. Zachary Huntting; Wylie 2001, Valerie Ritter (Michael Huor Lim, Nicholas O’Neill, An- Scholarship awardee, Mr. Andrew Shapiro), Spring, 2001. Ph.D. can- drew Rouse, Aaron Vanover, Julia Glass; and Book Gift awardees, didate Jason Neelis (Richard Black, Josh Moonghen Choi, Ms. Fusae Ekida and Mr. Dung Salomon) is scheduled to defend Kevin Egan, John Hunter, Hanako Dinh Truong. his dissertation on June 7, 2001. Momono, Jane Otaki, Yukiko Sodos, Ti Wang, Gretchen Bu- Congratulations to these students!

research literature is about how the sociocognitive framework used English is learned. Amy Snyder to inform the study. Other chapters Ohta, Assistant Professor of Japa- investigate the role of private speech nese, is changing that through her (self addressed speech) in language research on how the Japanese lan- learning, how learning occurs during guage is acquired by adults in the student-student and student-teacher classroom setting. Dr. Ohta’s new interaction, corrective feedback, the book, Second Language Acquisition development of interactional style, Processes in the Classroom: Learn- the use of English in the classroom, ing Japanese, published by and the relationship between teach- Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, will ing techniques and classroom out- be of interest to language teachers as comes. The publisher expects the well as SLA researchers. book to be of interest to the SLA field as a whole, and to be used in econd Language Acquisition is courses on classroom research, San original study of the learning second language acquisition, and Second Language Acquisition processes of seven adult learners of foreign/second language teaching Processes in the Classroom: Japanese enrolled in first and second methods. Professor Ohta hopes that her year Japanese courses. Data were Learning Japanese research will both help to broaden the collected by recording the seven perspective of SLA researchers beyond learners as they interacted in their by Professor Amy Snyder Ohta studies of European languages, and that classes. The chapters investigate how her findings will be useful in improving learners make use of classroom n the field of Second Language the teaching of Japanese and other interaction in learning Japanese. The Acquisition (SLA), the bulk of the Asian languages. I first chapter provides an overview of

4 lects (with Samuel Moore) and inasmuch as the examiner was his experimental phonetics. Moore classmate in German! once surprised and horrified his seminar by giving an unannounced hile Li Fang-kuei waited for examination at the end of the term. Whis degree, Buck suggested A passage from Middle English that he enroll at Harvard to study was given to the students to identify Vedic and Buddhist Sanskrit, Tibet- the sources of certain vocabulary an and Tibetan Buddhist texts. Half items, whether they were from a year later, Li felt bored (wu-liao) southern English, and so forth. The and decided to visit Europe. He next day, when Moore saw Li went first to England, but there was Fang-kuei across the street on no Sinologist there. In France he campus (Li was trying hard to met Paul Pelliot and the Tibetanist avoid him!), he ran toward this Holstein, and learned phonetics quiet student and told him that he from a priest. He went to Berlin felt he had “discovered” Li from his armed with a letter of recommenda- examination. That evening he invit- tion from Franz Boas, and met Professor Li Fang-kuei ed Li to his house for dinner. Moore Lessing and Walter Simon. Simon was at that time the moving force in asked his opinion of Karlgren, and “Professor Li Fang-kuei: compiling a Middle English dictio- showed him his comparative Tibet- a Personal Memoir” nary, but he unfortunately died a an and Chinese paper. Boas wanted few years later without completing him to visit a phonetician in Ham- burg, but it turned out that this by Prof. Anne Yue-Hashimoto the work. phonetician had already gone to veryone familiar with the study dward Sapir interviewed Li Africa, so Li went to the zoo in- E of Chinese linguistics knows E Fang-kuei and became his stead. (Hmm. There is a similarity the academic contributions of Pro- mentor at the University of Chica- between Li Fang-kuei and Jerry fessor Li Fang-kuei in the field, and go. Li studied American Indian Norman as far as zoos are con- specifically in the areas of histori- linguistics and general linguistics cerned.) From Germany, Li took a cal phonology, Tai and Tibetan with Sapir, comparative Latin and boat to Quebec and nudged his way linguistics, and Amerindian lan- Greek, Ancient Greek, Persian, toward Montreal, where he found guages. Many have fond memories Sanskrit, and Old Church Slavic himself out of money! Fortunately, of him as a teacher, as well. I would with Carl Darling Buck, who was the University of Chicago sent him like to share some stories which the chairman at the time, and Ger- $3000 by cable for fieldwork. Professor Li related (in Chinese, to manic linguistics, Old High Ger- n the summer of 1927, Sapir friends and colleagues at my house) man, and Sanskrit grammar with suggested fieldwork to Li Fang- during a visit he made to Seattle on Bloomfield. By the beginning of I kuei, and took him to California for September 9, 1986, touching upon 1927, Li had finished all of his initiation. They stopped at Berkeley his student life and fieldwork. course work, and Bloomfield suggested a dissertation topic to him: to see Kroeber and stayed at the rofessor Li spent four years at the Old English genitive case; Faculty Club. They were to go to Pthe high school of the École however, by this time Li had al- northern California. At the time, Peking Normale Superieure, and ready started writing about the Humboldt County was very much four years at the Tsing Hua Junior grammar of an American Indian anti-Chinese, so Sapir had to make College before leaving for America language. By the spring of 1928, Li special arrangements with local through Shanghai in 1924. His two- Fang-kuei was finished with his officials. From Eureka they took a week trip took him to Hawaii, and dissertation, though he had to wait bus to the Hupo reservation where thence to Seattle, where he boarded until December to get his degree they stayed for two or three weeks. a train for Ann Arbor, Michigan. because he had forgotten to apply Sapir showed Li Fang-kuei first- During his two years at the Univer- to be a Ph.D. candidate! In addi- hand how to ask questions during sity of Michigan (Li graduated in tion, he had to pass French and fieldwork sessions, but Li was on 1926) he studied Latin epics and German language examinations. He his own for his work with the Mat- drama, Medieval French, Old Eng- took and passed his French exam, tole Indians, who at that time were lish, Gothic, Middle English dia- but was excused from the German, Continued on page 6.

5 “Memoir” continued from page 5. eggs, bread, and canned beef. With- fter this field trip, Li traveled in a month these provisions were Ato Vancouver to take a steamer virtually extinct. Li’s first task was exhausted and there was no boat to back to China. It was Sapir who to find where the Mattole lived. For return to Good Hope for more. A provided him with funds from the this field trip he returned to Eureka, hunter stationed not far away had Rockefeller Foundation for a year, took a bus south to Petrolia, and lo! provisions in his cabin. Li took both for traveling expenses and for by the mouth of the Mattole river, flour and yeast to make bread, and field work in China. Sapir had near the ocean, learned of the exist- since the hunter was not there, left considered the possibility of a ence of a single family in the vicin- money in his cabin. An American relationship between Sino-Tibetan ity. Li walked along the river, Indian brought Li a fish each day, and Athabaskan. (When asked crossed it barefoot, borrowed a and the fish supplied three meals about this idea of Sapir’s more than horse from a farmer (it was his first (head, middle, and tail). Li bought thirty years ago back in the Mid- experience riding a horse) and bacon for grease, and a frying pan. West, Li smiled and answered, finally found the Indian family. The The fish parts were either fried or “Distant as the floating clouds!”) Li father was about seventy years old boiled in water. To gather firewood, went to Peking through Shanghai, and blind; the son was about twen- Li went into the forest (shàng sh n k where he met Cai Yuanpei, the ty. Li stayed in a hotel ten miles n mùtou) every day with his Indian Director of Academia Sinica at the away, spending six hours a day guide, armed with an axe, to chop time. He was invited to join the with his informant (the son) for down six pine trees. Each man Academia Sinica, but because of about a month, paying him forty carried “home” three on his shoul- his commitment to the Rockefeller cents an hour. There were things ders! A kerosene bucket served as Foundation, he accepted only an the son did not know, however, and the stove. So Li’s daily chores honorary appointment. Li then went Li continued his southward journey included cutting down (and chop- to northern Guangdong through along the Wailaki reservation and ping) firewood, making a fire, Shanghai and Canton, to Lianjiang, worked on other Athabaskan lan- boiling water, and making bread. where the Yaos lived, and contin- guages. By the beginning of 1928, The bread he made did not rise, but ued down to Haikou by boat. He Li had finished his Mattole report. instead became hard as rock. Li had could not, however, enter Li Shan to cut the bread into pieces and because of the existing unstable i Fang-kuei went to Canada soak the pieces in water before social situation, although he suc- L twice to work on the Atha- eating them. Canned fruit had to be ceeded in collecting materials for baskan languages. The first trip was bought, with one can lasting several Li and Hainanese languages. After made in 1927. Li took the train days. The Indians he worked with returning to Canton, he gathered from Chicago through North Dako- were of the Hare tribe, and the some Hainanese speakers for pho- ta to Edmonton, reaching Ford older members could speak En- netic experiment, making his own Chipewyan on Lake Athabaskan by glish. Fieldwork progressed very experimental instrument—using a boat. He spent one summer writing slowly because of the daily cooking holed canned tube for cigarettes several articles on Chipewyan and chores, and Li could not gather as and rubber bands to connect it with returned to Chicago in the autumn, much material as he wanted. The a thing (he could not describe ex- taking a boat to a small town called language was also very complicated actly what it was—of course it was Waterace and then a train by way of in its verbal inflections of person, his own invention!). When implo- Edmonton to Chicago. number, tense, and so forth. To sives were pronounced, the thing analyze one verb, dozens of forms would fall inward. This was the is second field trip com had to be collected. Li warned that first time that implosives were Hmenced at the end of his Euro- sometimes one did not know what discovered in China. In early 1930, pean journey. From Montreal he one got for the elicited forms. For Li wrote to the Rockefeller Founda- took the Trans-Canada National example, he would ask how to say tion to terminate his fellowship, for Railway to Edmonton, then trav- “I went” and later find that the he had become a research member eled by riverboat to Slave Lake and answer he had been given was “you of the Institute of History and Phi- to Good Hope, where he spent two went”! Further, he could stay only lology after returning to Peking, months. Seven to eight thousand one or two months because of the together with Chao Yuen Ren and fish flowed down the McKenzie severe cold that arrived after Sep- Luo Xintian. River from the North Pole every tember. And there was only one day. At Good Hope, Li bought boat scheduled to return.

6 “Nineteen Ninety-Eight most distinguished students of Li speakers included Mei Tsu-Lin Symposium Dedicated to the Fang-kuei, narrated Memories of a (Cornell University), Shi Qisheng Memory of Professor Li Great Scholar-Teacher. The first (Zhongshan University), Lien Chin- keynote address, Linguistic Co- fa (National Tsing Hua University), Fang-kuei (1902-87)” evolution, was given by William S- Samuel H-N Cheung (UC Berkeley Y Wang (City University of Hong and Hong Kong University of by Prof. Anne Yue-Hashimoto Kong and Professor Emeritus at UC Science and Technology), and Berkeley). First-day speakers in- Benjamin T’sou (City University of inguistic Change and the Chi- cluded Ting Pang-Hsin, Takashima Hong Kong), on topics relating to nese Dialects from the Per- L Kenichi (University of British the Min and Yue dialects. spectives of Historical Documenta- Columbia), Anne Yue, Hirayama tion and Language Contact, an Hisao (Waseda University and n unannounced tribute to International Symposium organized Professor Emeritus at Tokyo Uni- Professor Jerry Norman, who by Professor Anne Yue (Depart- A versity), William Baxter III (Uni- retired from the Department of ment of Asian Languages and Liter- versity of Michigan), South Coblin, Asian Languages and Literature at ature), in memory of Professor Li and Iwata Ray (Shizuoka Universi- the end of Spring Quarter, 1998, Fang-kuei, distinguished scholar ty), on topics ranging from non- took place in the afternoon of the and teacher at the University of Chinese linguistics, oracle bones third day. The session was planned Washington from 1949 - 1967, took inscriptions, to Mandarin tones and by Anne Yue and David Branner place between August 17 and Au- phylogeny, and the Jiang-Huai (alumnus of the Department of gust 19, 1998, at the University of dialect. Asian Languages). It was kept Washington’s Faculty Center. The secret to ensure the attendance of Symposium was sponsored and he second day of the Sympo- Professor Norman, who had no subsidized by the Department of sium began with a special inkling of it until he noticed from Asian Languages and Literature, T presentation by the eldest daughter the program that all UW graduates the Chinese Studies Program of the of Li Fang-kuei, Lindy Li Mark and graduate students in Chinese Jackson School of International (California State University at linguistics were lumped together in Studies, the College of Arts and Hayward) on A Dialect Approach to the last two panels, and made a Sciences, and the Chiang Ching- Speech in Kunqu Performance. remark about it. Mei Tsu-Lin, a Kuo Foundation of International Professor. Mark’s performance friend of more than thirty years, Scholarly Exchange, which awarded tugged at the hearts of those who and David Branner, one of Nor- a generous grant of $25,000 for the have heard Li Fang-kuei himself man’s best students, delivered the occasion. Twenty-nine scholars accompanying with flute the kunqu tribute, followed by six papers from from all over the world presented performance of Madame Li Xu students whom Norman had super- papers for eleven panels. Ying. Another keynote address, vised or taught: Stephen Wadley Voicing in the Shyrbei Dialect, was (Portland State University), Keith pening remarks by Dean given by Jerry Norman. Second- Dede (then Ph.C., Department of Michael Halleran were fol- O day speakers included Zhang Min Asian Languages and Literature, lowed by an account, in both Chi- (National University of Singapore), currently at Lewis and Clark Col- nese and English, of the history of Hou Jingyi (Institute of Linguistics, lege), Richard Simmons (Rutgers Sinology and Sinologists at the Chinese Academy of Social Scienc- University), Yu Zhiqiang (Baruch University of Washington by Pro- es, Beijing), Huang Xuezhen (Insti- College), Jeffrey Crosland (then fessor David Knechtges, then Chair tute of Linguistics, Chinese Ph.C., Department of Asian Lan- of the Department of Asian Lan- Academy of Social Sciences, guages and Literature, currently at guages and Literature, and remarks Beijing), You Rujie (Fudan Univer- IUP, Beijing), and David Branner by Professor Jerry Norman, succes- sity), Li Xiaofan (Peking Universi- (currently at the University of sor to the position of Li Fang-kuei ty), Wu Yunji (University of Maryland). between 1971 and his retirement in Melbourne), Laurent Sagart (Centre 1998. Ting Pang-Hsin, Agassiz de National de la Recherche Scien- he Symposium was made very Professor at UC Berkeley and Dean tifique, Paris) and Yan Sen (Jiangxi special by the attendance of of the College of Humanities and T Normal University) on topics relat- two of Professor Li’s three children Social Sciences at the Hong Kong ing to the dialects of Southern (Lindy and his youngest child University of Science and Technol- Mandarin, Jin, Wu including Annie) and three grandchildren. Its ogy, and South Coblin, Professor at Suzhou, Xiang, Gan, Hakka, and to the University of Iowa, both of the Woman’s Script. Third-day Continued on page 12. whom can be considered among the

7 Additions to the Faculty rof. Hamm and his wife, Zhou tics and carry out research on Old PXue, are the proud parents of a Chinese phonology. n the last two years (and since young son, Lyle Strother Tianxiao Ithe publication of our last newslet- Hamm, and the combination of a new rof. Adam Kern, Ph.D., Har- ter), the Department has been enhanced job and fatherhood leaves him little Pvard University: Early modern by the addition of new faculty in virtu- time for hobbies, though in his younger Japanese literature, drama, and culture ally all of its language programs. In days he was himself a practitioner of (popular and visual). Prof. Kern has Autumn, 2000, the Department was the martial arts. taught classes in Japanese literature joined by Prof. John Christopher (Japan 321, 322), Classical Japanese Hamm, M.A., Ph.D., U.C. Berkeley: The Department was joined in Autumn, (Japan 471, 472), and in Advanced Traditional Chinese fiction and drama, 1998, by two new faculty in Chinese Readings in Classical Japanese Litera- performance literature and popular and Japanese, respectively. ture (Japan 571, 572, the latter sched- culture, 20th century literature and film. uled for Spring, 2002). During the Classes Prof. Hamm has taught in the rof. Zev Handel, M.A., Ph.D., academic year 1999/2000, Prof. Kern Department include Beginning Manda- PU.C., Berkeley: Chinese historical worked in Tokyo, Japan on a transla- rin (Chin 111, 112, 113), Premodern phonology, Sino-Tibetan linguistics, tion volume of 18th century comic Chinese Narrative (Chin 380), Genre was hired as a visiting lecturer in Chi- books (called kiby shi). The volume is Studies in Wuxia Xiaoshuo (Chin 580), nese in 1998, and as Assistant Professor currently under review. and History of Chinese Literature: Late in 1999. He has taught Second-Year Imperial to Modern (Chin 463), Ad- Chinese (Chin 211, 212, 213), The lso new to the Department vanced Readings in Modern Chinese Chinese Language (Chin 342), Middle Asince 1998 are three temporary (Chin 482), and Studies in Chinese Chinese Phonology: Methods and faculty: Dr. Mark Allon (hired in Drama (Chin 575). Prof. Hamm will be Materials (Chin 532), and Introduction 1998), Postdoctoral Research Associ- on teaching release Autumn Quarter, to Chinese Historical Phonology (Chin ate, Sanskrit, working on the Buddhist 2001, revising his dissertation, The 542). Manuscript Project (headed by Prof. Sword, the Book, and the Nation: Jin Richard Salomon); Dr. Davinder Yong’s Martial Arts Fiction, for publi- n September, 2000, Prof. Han Bhowmik (hired Autumn, 2000), cation. Prof. Hamm has recently pre- Idel made a two-week inspection and modern Japanese literature; and Dr. sented a paper, “Jin Yong and the evaluation tour of University of Wash- Timothy Lenz (hired Autumn, 2000), Guangdong School of Martial Arts ington affiliated language programs in Postdoctoral Research Associate, Fiction,” at the International Confer- China, including CIEE Beijing, Shang- Sanskrit, working on the Buddhist ence on Jin Yong’s Fiction at Peking hai, and Nanjing; CET Harbin, and Manuscript Project. University, and another, “Genre Fiction OUS/CUN Beijing. In 1999, he was and the Negotiation of the Literary UW representative to the Inter-Univer- ive lecturers and one teaching Field,” at the conference “Chinese sity Board for Chinese Language Fassociate have joined the faculty: Popular Culture Unveiled” at Colum- Studies; to the Board of the Oregon Ms. Fumiko Takeda, Japanese lan- bia University. University System Chinese Study guage, M.A., University of Oregon; Dr. Abroad Program; and to the Interna- Soohee Kim, Korean language, M.A., ndergraduate education is a tional Faculty Council exploratory Florida International University, Mi- Uprominent interest of Prof. meetings with delegations from Tsing- ami, Ph.D., Linguistics, University of Hamm, who serves on the Depart- hua University (Beijing) and Sichuan Washington; Dr. Jeffrey Dreyfuss, ment’s Undergraduate Studies Com- University (Chengdu). Prof. Handel Indonesian language, M.A., Ph.D., mittee and the Humanities Center chaired the Department’s Computer University of Michigan; Dr. K. P. Curriculum Forum, a committee focus- Committee, and has overseen the Singh, Hindi language, M.Phil., M.A., ing on issues of pedagogy and curricu- project to revise and redesign the Center for the Study of Social Systems, lar development. He admits to feeling Department’s web site. He has devised Jawaharlal Nehru University, Ph.D., excited to be working with an adjunct a series of new course numbers to University of Wisconsin-Madison; Dr. professor in our Department (newly facilitate credit transfer for students Nyan-ping Bi, Chinese language, hired by the Department of Compara- engaged in Chinese study abroad. Prof. Ph.D., Indiana University; Ms. Lauren tive Literature), Prof. Yomi Braester, on Handel will be a Visiting Professor at Divina, Tagalog language, M.A. Seat- modern Chinese literature and film, and the Hong Kong University of Science tle University, and Teaching Associate hopes for a collaboration with Prof. and Technology for the 2001/2002 Ms. Miyako McDavid, Japanese Braester on a possible conference on academic year. While there, he will language, M.A., University of Pitts- Chinese urban literature and film. teach a course on Sino-Tibetan linguis- burgh.

8 “Gandara” continued from page 1. sort of heaven on earth. One senses of Washington in January 2001). In this especially when visiting any of the Italian manner, spirits always the Buddhist stupas (stone domes seemed to be high at the mission, built over sacred relics of the Bud- especially at mealtime, which fea- dha’s body) that were built in vast tured Italian dishes, expertly adapt- numbers in Swat, beginning about ed to local available items by an the 3rd century BC and continuing ancient Pathan cook who had per- for many centuries. The Buddhists fected this unique culinary art over favored sites with scenic vistas, many decades of service to the often deep in the side valleys to the mission. The excellent meals were east of the Swat River. One such rendered all the more enjoyable by site we visited, the Malam Jabba a steady stream of cheerful banter stupa, was high up in the snow- and jokes in Italian; the spirit was capped mountains, in an exquisitely infectious, and it was easy to share beautiful mountain meadow, cut in the laughter, even when we through by meandering crystal didn’t understand a word. streams. It was in remote places like this, according to some archae- his is not to say that nothing ologists, that Buddhism breathed its Tgot done at the mission. Quite last gasp in Swat, as it retreated to the contrary, the rule seemed to higher and higher into the moun- be “work hard, play hard,” and Professors M. Nasim Khan and tains to escape the hostility of the everyone was expected to rise M. Farooq Swati at the ancient new religion, Islam. But even in promptly at 4:30 each morning, to Buddhist monastery of Takht-i- these dire straits, the few remaining be ready to depart at 5 o’clock for bahi. Buddhists apparently managed to the excavation site at Barikot. Bar- find scenic locations for their last ikot is a large hill on the left bank ment’s experts in Gandharan art homes. Unfortunately, little more of the lower Swat River, and epigraphy respectively, we had than piles of rubble remain of the our every need catered to through- monastic and ritual structures at out our visit. One of the high points this site; but with a little imagina- was a day trip to several archaeo- tion one can still picture the survi- logical sites in the area to the north vors of Buddhist Swat living out of Peshawar. We visited, among their last days, pondering the immi- other places, the village of Shahba- nent fulfillment of the Buddha’s zgarhi, where in the 3rd century BC prophecy that the dharma would the Indian emperor Ashoka had his disappear after a thousand years. thirteen edicts on moral and religious principles carved onto huge n Swat, Andrew and I were the boulders; the hilltop Buddhist mon- guest of the Italian Archaeologi- asteries of Takht-i-bahi and Jamal- I cal Mission in Saidu Sharif, a ven- garhi; and the mounds of the The Hindu temple atop Barikot erable institution that has been ancient cities at Charsadda, which hill, with the Swat River in the operating since the 1950’s, and was the capital city of Gandhara in background which has carried out numerous the time of the Indo-Scythian dy- excavations which have proved to nasties in the first centuries BC and extraordinarily rich in relics of be of critical importance for the nd AD. diverse periods, from the 2 centu- study of Buddhist art and culture in ry BC Indo-Greek city site at the Gandhara. Here we were treated by th rom Peshawar, we drove base of the hill to the 8 century the director, Professor Pier- northeastward over the Mala- AD Hindu temple at the crest, F francesco Callieri, and his students kand Pass to the Swat Valley, the which is currently being excavated. and colleagues, to five days of legendary paradise of later Bud- Indeed, the Barikot hill encapsu- Italian hospitality that was fully a dhist lore. Despite modern ravages lates the entire ancient history of match for its Pathan counterpart (and of overpopulation, poverty, and Swat, from the time when it was which we were happy to reciprocate deforestation, it is still easy to see seized by Alexander the Great in when Callieri visited the University how Swat got its reputation as a Continued on page 10.

9 “Gandara” continued from page 9. places which we would have found pression of having been built in only with great difficulty, if at all, haste, and many sections are peri- 327 BC, opening the door to the without his help. Among them were odically washed out by torrents Hellenistic culture of the Indo- the stupas at Arab Khan China, set from the cliffs above or torn up by Greek period, up to the destruction in a pleasant hillside glade with a rockslides. Twice we had to stop to of the aforementioned Hindu tem- fine view of the Jambil Valley wait while workers standing on ple around the eleventh century AD below. Here we met some rather narrow ledges high on the cliffs— after the arrival of Islam in the ragged looking local farmers who, with no helmets or safety equip- region. despite their evidently limited ment—broke off loose boulders means, insisted in good Pathan with jack hammers, which then ater, Prof. Callieri took fashion that we have tea and bis- came tumbling down on the road L Andrew and me for a personal cuits with them. Some minutes below, to be pushed over the edge guided tour of an important stupa later, our host returned from the by bulldozers. site located on the outskirts of the nearby village with a battered ther- modern town of Saidu Sharif. Here, mos full of steaming tea, which we ur goal in visiting the Chilas he pointed out to us the fine details drank while seated on our im- Oarea was to see some of the of the stratigraphy and construction promptu seats of honor, flat stone dozens of sites along the upper techniques that enabled the excava- slabs he picked up from an adjacent Indus River where in ancient times tors to date the most important field. Like every Pathan we met, merchants, pilgrims, and hunters phase of construction to the first our host provided the best that he carved thousands of inscriptions half of the first century AD, and could for his honored guests. and petroglyphs into the huge boul- which led them to postulate a major ders along the riverside. These expansion of Buddhism in the ecause there was so much to artifacts (which are being compre- region at this time. This was a most Bsee in Swat, and because our hensively studied by Jason Neelis interesting and welcome conclusion situation there was so enjoyable, we in his doctoral dissertation) present for us, as it corresponds perfectly remained several days longer than the modern scholar or visitor with a with the conclusions that we had planned. But finally we tore our- vast gallery of graffiti left by travel- independently reached from our selves away and went on to our ers from India, China, and Iran studies of the recently discovered next destination, the town of Chilas from the 2nd to the 8th centuries AD. Gandharan Buddhist scrolls, which on the upper Indus River. From The diversity of scripts and lan- seem to date from the same period. Swat, we drove eastward over a guages is an epigraphist’s delight, rutted, winding road over the which kept Andrew and me busy uring our stay at the mission, Shangla Pass to Besham, where we for many happy hours: hundreds of DProf. Callieri put at our dis- met the Karakorum Highway. This inscriptions in the Gandhari lan- posal a trusted and highly experi- road, stretching from the Grand guage written in Kharoshthi script, enced guide, Duwar Khan, Trunk Road to the 16,000 foot high in Sanskrit in Brahmi script, in who—as he liked to point out with Khunjerab Pass at the border with Iranian languages such as Sogdian great pride—had been working for the Xinjiang region of China, was and Parthian, and even a few stray the mission for thirty-five years. He completed in 1973 under a joint graffiti in Chinese and Hebrew. The spent three full days with us, tramp- Pakistani-Chinese project. With the inscriptions are by turns informa- ing over the hills and footpaths of completion of the highway, the tive, as in the one by a Sogdian the Swat Valley in search of stupas journey along the upper Indus merchant who prays “May I quick- and inscriptions. Though he looked River and onward to the Chinese ly reach Tashkurgan and see my to be well in his sixties, at least, he border, which had hitherto been an brothers there,” and poignant, as in clambered over the steep hillsides extremely arduous and dangerous the lament of one Bhotalamka- like a young man. It seemed to be trip, became relatively safe and Radijiya, who sadly informs us “I all that Andrew (himself a moun- fast. One should not, however, have lost my money, and lost my- tain climber!) could do to keep up envision anything like an American self.” with him; as for me, I gave up freeway; the Karakorum Highway trying early on, and Duwar Khan is a winding two-lane road clinging any other inscriptions spent much of his time sitting on to the steep cliffs along the gorges Mcontain pious Buddhist senti- rocks, waiting patiently for me to of the river, hundreds of feet below. ments, and these often accompany crawl my way up to him, puffing Though an impressive feat of engi- carvings, often casual or rude, but and sweating all the way. He neering in exceedingly difficult brought us to many interesting terrain, the highway gives the im- Continued on page 12.

10 Donors 1997/2001 The Department of Asian Languages and Literature gratefully acknowledges the generosity of its donors over the past year:

Daniel Hsieh Estate of Dr. Shu-koo & Isabella Yen Kao Michael & Joana Shapiro Lawrence L. & Margie A. Griffin Ming-Jiun & Shu-Shen H. Wu Katherine H. Huber Ching I & Sabrina S. Tu Gregory H. Sherry L. Schuler Saraswathy Ramanathan William T. & Jacalyn Midori Carroll Pang-Hsin & Chen Chi Ting Amy H. Choe Kenji & Patricia M. Yamada Kurt D. Beidler Lawrence & Lois S. Markus Kanlayanee Sitasuwan Lauretta M. Grill Linda Testa Albert & Dorothy Marden John K. Nyquist G. Tselos Thatcher E. Deane Ted T. & Margaret Yasuda Professor and Mrs. Robert E. Entenmann Takeshi & Fumiko Morita Imai Linda L. Mark Florence M. Fujita Mr. & Mrs. Daniel Bensky Harry M. & Noriko Tatsumi Al Steinmetz Sam Fogg, Rare Books Limited Roderick D. Bush Sang Ran Lee

UW Department of Asian Languages and Literature

You may wish to support the Department of Asian Languages and Literature by making a contribution to one of its specific funds. You can do this by sending a check made out to “University of Washington Foundation” with one of the funds listed below designated on the memo line of your check. Please send the check along with this form to:

Administrative Assistant Department of Asian Languages and Literature Box 353521 University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195 Please check the appropriate fund(s):

° Friends of Asian Languages and Literature Fund: used for discretionary purposes to support ongoing cultural programs and activities, some general services to the Department and other special events which require the use of non-University funds.

° Henry S. Tatsumi Endowed Scholarship Fund: honors the late Professor Tatsumi and rewards excellence by students in the study of the Japanese language at the University of Washington.

° Yen Fu Endowed Scholarship Fund: honors the great Chinese translator Yen Fu and provides assistance to students who have demonstrated a knowledge of or interest in the Chinese language and culture.

° Turrell V. Wylie Endowment Fund: honors former Chairman and Professor of Tibetan Turrell V. Wylie and provides scholar- ships to graduates or undergraduates in the Department.

° Andrew L. Markus Memorial Endowment Fund: honors the late Professor Markus and is used to support library acquisi- tions in the area of Classical Japanese.

° Friends of Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project: The Early Buddhist Manuscripts Project relies on grants & gifts from foundations and individual donors, and appreciates contributions of any size, which will assist us in meeting the high costs of publishing the British Library scrolls. Contributions support post-doctoral & graduate student research appointments, costs of research & publication, and improvements in our technological capacities.

11 “Sympoium” continued from page 7. success depended not only on the enthusiastic support of the participants (not a few of whom have been taught by Li Fang- kuei or his students or are acquainted with him), generous fund- ing from various units of the University and the Chiang Ching-Kuo Foundation, but also on help in preparation by various individuals, including Virginia Lore, Jeff Crosland, Li Xiao- fan, Yan Sen, and Ken-ichi Takashima.. Special thanks to Keith Dede, who served as jack-of-all-trades, Youngie Yoon, who took care of air fares and budget matters, and Robert Orndorff, who reproduced through high-tech Li Fang-kuei’s personal letter for the cover-page background and his portrait for the collection of conference proceedings.

et us all hope that the fine L tradition in Chinese linguistics established here by Professor Li Fang-kuei half a century ago will continue to flourish after the retirement of his eminent successor, Professor Jerry Norman.

volume of selected papers Apresented at the symposium in memory of Li Fang-kuei was published in December, 2000, by the Academia Sinica of Taiwan, with Ting Pang-Hsin and Anne Yue as co-editors, and supported by a publication grant by the Chiang Ching-Kuo Foundation.

“Gandara” continued from page 10. hand, the trade in silk, spices, jew- material motives; for the traffic in els, and other luxury goods between worldly trinkets and in the quest for the Indian subcontinent and Chi- enlightenment went hand in hand nese Central Asia, and, on the other along this perilous route. hand, the spread of Buddhism, hand in hand with trade, from its Indian fter two happy days of homeland into East Asia. While Aclambering among the rocks searching out these remarkable of the inscription sites at Shatial, carvings, one is literally following Oshibat, Chilas, and Thalpan, the in the footsteps of the Buddhist time had come for me to return to merchants, and perhaps of their Islamabad. Now the extra days we monastic companions, who helped spent in Swat came back to haunt to make Buddhism into a world me, as we had only begun to see all religion. of the points of interest at these sites, let alone the many others ne should keep in mind, further up the Karakorum Highway. Othough, that this was a two- While Andrew was able to stay on way street, for it was also through another week and travel as far north the same route along the Indus that as Gilgit and Skardu, in the high Xuanzang and other Chinese monks Karakorum Mountains, my trip was journeyed to India in search of almost over, except for quick stops Buddhist manuscripts, which they on the way back at Mansehra, to Stupas, Kharoshthi inscriiptions, brought back China to be translated see another set of Ashokan rock and petroglyphs carved on a rock into Chinese. Reading the Chinese inscriptions, and at the magnificent at Chilas. pilgrims’ accounts of the terrible archaeological remains of Taxila, hardships they underwent in this one of the great cities of the ancient sometimes quite magnificent, of passage, one can hardly fail to world. Then it was on to London stupas or other Buddhist symbols marvel at what risks and labors for a quick visit to the British Li- and images. These carvings thus people undertook in ancient times, brary, and home to Seattle, and visually document, on the one for the sake of both spiritual and back to work again.