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"Some Thoughts on the Famen Temple Glass Finds." Selected Papers from the First International Symposium on the History and Culture of the Famen Temple, 1992

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Brill, R. H.; Fenn, P. M. "Some Thoughts on the Famen Temple Glass Finds." Selected Papers from the First International Symposium on the History and Culture of the Famen Temple, 1992. pp. 254-258. Rakow Research Library, The Corning Museum of Glass - http://www.cmog.org Brill, R. H.; Fenn, P. M. "Some Thoughts on the Famen Temple Glass Finds." Selected Papers from the First International Symposium on the History and Culture of the Famen Temple, 1992. pp. 254-258. Contents Preface ……... .....…….... •.. ..• ..• ••• •.. ... .....….... ... ... ... .....………. ........……. Zhang QizhiC1 ) Strive for the Fullest Exploration and Manefestation of the History and Culture of Famen Temple: A Foreword for This Book •••••• .•. .....…. ........……. ... .....……. ........….......... Han Jinke(3) Treasure Discoveries in the Underground Crypt at Famen Temp!e and Problems Concerning it . Shi Xingbang(6) Status and Function of Famen Temple in the Chinese Cultural History • Han Jinke.Li Faliang(30) Worship of the Sa rira of Sakyamuni in the Tang Dynasty ………………………… Li Bincheng(4D Famen Temple and the Research in the Chinese ldeological History …. ........……. Gong Jie , Ren Dayuan , Liu Baocai(S7) Relationships Between the Reign of Middle Tang Dynasty and the Worship of the Sarira of Sakyamuni ………………………………………………………………........…. Huang XinyaC66) Treasures in the Underground Crypt at Famen Temple and the Royal Warehouse • Ge ChengyongC7S) An Examination on the Establishment of Famen Temple in the Tang Dynasty . (J apan) 气贺泽保规 (8D Some Words about The Memor也l to His Majesty On the Sarira 0/ Sa 是:yamunz • Han Guopan(88) An Investigation into the Time Famen Temple Get First Established ……. Li Zhongcao(93) The Highland of Zhouyuan and Famen Temple …………………........…………. Ma Zhenglin(99) An Investigation into the Time the Stupa at Famen Temple Get First Established • Lu Jangllo. LllO Xizhang006) An Investigation into the Inscription on Zhu Qinglan's Tombstone …"………. Luo Changan(16) The Buddhist Master Fa Zang and Famen Temple …………………………(Japan) 镰田茂雄 (22) Tributes to the Sarira of Sakyamuni in the Sui and Tang Dynasties and Famen Temple • Yang Zengwen(28) Famen Temple and the Buddhism in the Tang Dynasty …........………………. Li Tingxian (36) Famen Temple and the Chinese Buddhist Culture …….......….......…......…. Hong Xiuping(44) An Investigation and lriterpretation of the Esoteric Buddhist Contents in the Relics Unearthed at Famen Temple .......….. ..……………·………... •.• ...…........…. Lu JianfuOSD The Esoteric Buddhist Sc h∞ 1 and Famen Temple …"…·………...•.. ••• ••• ...……… Li Keyu(64) Textual Value of the Remnants of Puningzang Hid in Famen Temple ........……. Tong Wei (72) Rakow Research Library, The Corning Museum of Glass - http://www.cmog.org Brill, R. H.; Fenn, P. M. "Some Thoughts on the Famen Temple Glass Finds." Selected Papers from the First International Symposium on the History and Culture of the Famen Temple, 1992. pp. 254-258. Collection ,Revelation and Value of the Buddhist Sutra in Famen Temple …. Bai Ming(l77) Guan-zhu-ba's Replenishing of Biddhist Sutra Acknowledged from the Editor's Notice of the Yuan Dynasty Buddhist Sutra in Famen Temple ........……………. Zhang Xi o.ying(l94) A GeneraL Introduction to the Jishazang Kept in the Princeton University … Tang Yijie(l99) On the Configuration andEssencials of the Buddhist Cultural System ••••••••••••••• Fang Litian(204) Buddhism and the Science of History in the Tang Dynasty ........………………. Niu Zhigong(210) Relationships Between the Chinese Buddhism and the Rcsearch of Historical Geography ………. Zhu Shiguang(223) A Study on The List 0/ Silk Fahrics C仿U斤仇l1 ed to Sakyamuni's Sanra Unearthed in Famen Temple …………………………………………………………………… Han Wei (229) An Interpretation and Identification of the Secret Porcelain …........………·…… Song Boyin(241) Secret Porcelain一一- Treasures in Ancient Porcelain •.• ••• ...……........…………. Zhu Boqian(250) Glasswares in Famen Temple ………........………………. Robert H. Brill and Philip M. Fenn(254) The Islamic Glasswares Unearthed in the Underground Crypt at Famen Temple . An Jiayao(259) Gold and Silver Wares in the Underground Crypt of Famen Temple and Wensiyuan ……. Lu Zhaoyin(266) Gold and Silver Industry and Gold and Silver Ware Style of the Late Tang Dynasty Mirrored by the Gold and Silver Wares Unearthed in Famen Temple ………… Zhao Chao(Z73) The Sino-]apan Cultural Exchange in the Tang Dynasty Revealed by the Cultural Relics Uncarthed in the Underground Crypt of Famen Temple …………………… WangRenpo(279) The Cultural Relics at Famen Temple and theCultural Exchange Between China and the Western Regions ……………………………………….......….. Han Jinke ,Liang Guilin(284) The Weighing Measures in the Tang Dynasty Revealed by the Gold and Silver Wares Unearthed at Famen Temple .........…………………... •.• •.. ...…………… Wang Cangxi.(287) Atmasphere Environment and Protection of the Cultural Relics Unearthed at Famen Temple …….......………. Cheng Derun , Liu Cheng, Ren Xinlai(301) Crafts of Gold and Silver Ware Manufecture and Fundamental Requirements for Anticorrosive Protection of Gold and Silver Relics of Famen Temple ………………………… Wang Dayie(308) An Investigation into the Silk-woven Palindrome of Famen Temple …… Lu Yi ,Liu Shufang(312) Buddhism and the Chinese Folk Art..<; and Folk Lore •.•••••••••• ..............…....... Xiao Yunru(329) The Future of the Literature of Famen Temple Seen from The Luue S01也 0/ Famell Temple …… Lei Shutian(338) A General Survey of the Buddhist Literature and Art of Famen Temple ……… Wang Zhan (342) Rakow Research Library, The Corning Museum of Glass - http://www.cmog.org A. t(~ 霉 Brill, R. H.; Fenn, P. M. "Some Thoughts on the Famen Temple Glass Finds." Selected Papers from the First International Symposium on the History and Culture of the Famen Temple, 1992. pp. 254-258. :2喜 法门寺玻璃器 美国纽约州康宁玻璃博物馆 罗伯特. H .布旦尔 (Robert H. Brill) 美国纽约州康宁玻璃公司 菲利普. M .芬息 (Philip M. Fenn) .法门寺地宫出土的珍宝中有 20 件玻璃器皿，其中 6 件深蓝色透明的刻纹玻璃 盘与伊斯兰刻纹玻璃非常相似。这种伊斯兰刻纹玻璃的特征就是以繁复的几何纹和 植物纹为图案的主题。我们已经测试过世界其它地方收集到的 19 件伊斯兰刻纹玻 璃样品的化学成分，这些测试结果对法门寺玻璃盘的研究可以提供出间接的帮助。 这 19 件样品的描述见本文结尾附录和文后图 2-----11 的注释，样品中只有一件 有确切的出处。测试结果见表一。分析结果将伊斯兰刻纹玻璃分成两种明显不同的 化学类型，反映出这批玻璃至少有两个产地，两产地相距很远。第一组包括 15 件样 品，是自然纯碱类型的铀钙玻璃。第二组包括 4 件样品，是草木灰类型的纳钙玻璃。 表一 刻纹玻璃的化学成分分析(平均值〉 自然纯碱类型玻璃 自然纯碱类型玻璃 草木灰类型玻璃 无色透明 蓝色 蓝色和其它颜色 4 件样品的平均值 11 件样品的平均值 3 件样品的平均值 Si02 69. 6% 69. 4% 65. 5% Na20 16. 3 15. 5 15. 7 CaO 9. 32 9. 89 7. 97 K20 O. 50 O. 52 2. 75 MgO O. 60 O. 64 3. 94 Ah0 3 2. 46 2. 37 2. 43 Fe203 O. 81 1. 50 1. 12 注 :7 种主要元素和少量元素的氧化物总和达不到 100% 。检测分析工作由以下人合作完成: P. 芬恩完成显微电镜分析，纽约西巴比伦裁定控制部的 B. 赖辛 (B. Rising) 和 R. 冈萨雷斯 (R. Gonzales) 完成偶合等离子放射光谱 1 (P) 分析。 19 件样品共进行了 24 次分析，本文暂不 报导着色剂、脱色剂和微量元素的分析结果，以后的论文再发表全部分析结果。 两组玻璃的不同之处可以在图 1 中看出来。伊斯兰时期的自然纯碱类型玻璃的产地 是在福斯塔特(今天的埃及开罗附近) ，也有可能在地中海沿岸的一些地方，那里比 较容易从 Wadi 碱湖直接得到自然纯碱。大多数其它伊斯兰玻璃，也可能是全部其它 • 254 • Rakow Research Library, The Corning Museum of Glass - http://www.cmog.org Brill, R. H.; Fenn, P. M. "Some Thoughts on the Famen Temple Glass Finds." Selected Papers from the First International Symposium on the History and Culture of the Famen Temple, 1992. pp. 254-258. 伊斯兰玻璃，所用的苏打来自沼泽地和沙漠上生长的某种植物的草木灰。例如，我 们测试过的 44 件来自内沙布尔的玻璃样品，全部是草木灰类型的玻璃。我们还分析 过十几个其它内陆遗址出土的玻璃，结果相同。 在对法门寺玻璃样品进行化学分析之前，我们无法知道它们是属于自然纯碱类 型还是属于草木灰类型，我们也无法确定它们的产地是在埃及或地中海沿岸，还是 属于内陆的玻璃产地，如伊朗、美索不达米亚和中亚。然而，从外表上看，法门寺 玻璃盘上的纹饰更接近于草木灰类型的玻璃纹饰，与自然纯碱类型的玻璃纹饰差别 较大，所以法门寺玻璃盘的产地很可能与草木灰类型玻璃产地相同。 我们将这 4 件草木灰类型的刻纹玻璃样品的化学分析结果与三十年前在内沙 布尔地表收集到的 20 件玻璃样品的分析结果进行了认真的比较，比较内容包括其 主要元素、少量元素和微量元素。表二是从内沙布尔地表采集的玻璃样品的成分分 析结果(七种主、次要元素，其中也包括了 17 件无色透明刻花玻璃样品的化学分析 结果〉。从比较结果看，我们可以有把握地认为这 4 件草木灰类型的刻纹玻璃的产地 是在内沙布尔附近。通过这样的间接研究，可以推测法门寺的玻璃盘可能也是在内 沙布尔或者在离内沙布尔不远的地方制造的。当然这一推断还有待于对法门寺玻璃 盘或其它玻璃器的化学成分进行分析验证。 表二 从内沙布尔地表采集的玻璃样品的化学成分分析(平均值〉 不同颜色的玻璃 无色透明、刻花玻璃 20 件样品的平均值 17 件样品的平均值 Si02 66. 9% 71. 9% Na20 16. 0 12. 5 CaO 6. 97 6. 78 K20 2. 88 2. 35 MgO 3. 57 5. 17 Alz03 2.55 1. 02 Fe203 1. 15 o. ,29 注:纽约西巴比伦裁定控制部的 B . 赖辛和 R. 冈萨雷斯采用原子吸收法分析。全部的分析 结果以后将发表。 法门寺玻璃盘的刻纹图案中有一种像五瓣叶子的植物花纹。我们怀疑这种特殊 的植物花纹与地宫没有必然的联系。有人认为这花纹表示枫叶，可能有某种含义。尽 管作者不是中国西部或中亚植物方面的权威，但作者认为这种叶子很像是一种大麻 Ccannabis 副iva) 。这种大麻的原产地是中亚。在蓝色玻璃盘生产的年代里，大麻在 中亚某些地方有多种用途。例如，中国古代的药典中提到了大麻，据说，在古代斯 基泰的礼仪中有一项是点燃大麻使其发烟。 对这种看法肯定会有不同的见解，这种纹饰也可能表示其它植物。例如，有的 盘子上的这种植物看起来像葡萄，有的这种纹饰附有一个浆果或果实样的东西，这 • 255 • Rakow Research Library, The Corning Museum of Glass - http://www.cmog.org Brill, R. H.; Fenn, P. M. "Some Thoughts on the Famen Temple Glass Finds." Selected Papers from the First International Symposium on the History and Culture of the Famen Temple, 1992. pp. 254-258. 些现象都难以解释为大麻。无论如何，这个问题值得其它领域的专家进一步研究。 在国外收藏的其它刻纹玻璃中我们仅知道一件有这种五尖瓣叶子的图案，即美 国纽约大都会艺术博物结藏的一件较大蓝色盘子(编号 40. 170. 131) 。这件盘子 还没有做过化学成分分析，是内沙布尔的考古发掘品。从外表上看，它与本研究中 测试过的两件草木灰类型的样品 (6349 和 6350) 非常相似。 法门寺地宫出土的玻璃器中有一件非常精美的玻璃瓶，看来不是萨珊玻璃就是 伊斯兰早期玻璃。玻璃瓶的纹饰有星状贴饰和圆饼形贴饰。认真地研究一下相似的 器物可能有助于准确地确定这件瓶子的来源。无论如何，这件玻璃瓶是进口的。 在法门寺国际学术研讨会后，作者之一 (R. H. 布里尔〉在安家瑶的陪同下有 幸到博物馆库房考察了几件法门寺的玻璃器。这次实物考察更坚定了对上述伊斯兰 刻纹蓝玻璃盘的看法。安家瑶与作者还都一致认为法门寺出土的淡黄色薄壁直桶杯 与伊斯兰玻璃中的另一种类型非常相似，虽然这种类型的玻璃器不像刻纹玻璃器那 么流行。这种类型玻璃器的明显特征是在玻璃杯的内底中心缠贴一圆形的环状物。 我们咨询了柏林伊斯兰博物馆的詹斯·克洛格 (Jens Kroeger) 博士，他说内沙布尔 (9~10 世纪〉、克泰西芬 (Ctesiphon) 、塞流西亚 (Seleucia) 、萨迈腊和福斯塔特等地 都出土过内底缠贴圆环的伊斯兰玻璃杯。 对法门寺玻璃器的实物考察使我们更加相信法门寺玻璃器的原产地应是内沙 布尔，尽管仍然还有一些难以确定的问题，例如，有些同样的特征(特别是蓝色的 玻璃盘〉在中东其它地方的伊斯兰玻璃中也有发现。对法门寺玻璃器进行全面可靠 的化学成分分析将可能得出这批玻璃器是全部或部分来自内沙布尔，还是来自伊斯 兰世界其它地方的结论。 法门寺地宫出土的另一件玻璃器应受到特别重视。这是一件小盘子，表面绘有 厚厚的、鲜艳的、桔黄色图案。看上去颜色可能是用一种类似模板的工艺 (stencil­ like technique) 绘上去的。这种上色过程与玻蹈色和透明棕色金属光泽玻璃的施色方 法很相似。我们曾分析了几件被认为是产于埃及或伊朗的深绿色和深蓝色的玻璃残 片，玻璃表面有金属光泽彩绘，结果发现它们都是草木灰类型玻璃，黄色的涂层里 金属光泽是由于银离子和铜离子的存在所致。法门寺的玻璃盘(好像是深绿色为底 色的玻璃)毫无疑问与这种技术有关系，很可能是同一产地的作品。 总之，法门寺的玻璃器具有极高的价值，这不仅是由于它们的遥远产地，而且 由于它们藏于佛塔地宫而产生的一系列饶有兴趣的问题和它们与地宫中的其它珍 宝之间的可能关系。 附录 2 检测的玻璃样品 无色透明玻璃 6340 长颈薄壁瓶。方格纹、植物纹、绳索纹和三角纹。破碎复原。水色，稍有
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    Blake, Warren, and Jeremy Green. 1986. A Mid-16th Century Portuguese Wreck BIBLIOGRAPHY in the Seychelles. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration 15: 1, 1–23. Bodde, Derk. 1975. Festivals in Classical China. Princeton: Princeton University Abinion, Orlando V. 1989. The Recovery of the 12th Century Wooden Boats Press. in the Philippines. The Bulletin of the Australian Institute for Maritime Booth, B. 1984. A Handlist of Maritime Radiocarbon Dates. The International Archaeology 13: 2, 9–11. Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration 12: 3, 109–204. Adachi Kiroku. 1938. Kyûseiki ni okeru Sumatora-tô nan no kôro ni kansuru Brongniart, Alexandre. 1844. Traité des arts céramiques ou des poteries kenkyû (A study of the South-Sumatra sea route in the 9th century). considérées dans leur histoire, leur practique et leur théorie. Paris: Béchet Shigaku zasshi 49: 4, 1–32; 5, 48–93. Jeune et Augustin Mathias. Adhyatman, Sumarah. 1983. Notes on Early Olive Green Wares Found in Bronson, Bennet. 1996. Chinese and Middle-Eastern Trade in Southern Indonesia. Jakarta: Ceramic Society of Indonesia. Thailand during the 9th Century A.D. In Ancient Trades and Cultural Adhyatman, Sumarah. 1990. Antique Ceramics Found in Indonesia. Jakarta: The Contacts in Southeast Asia, edited by ONCD, 181–200. Bangkok: The Office Ceramic Society of Indonesia. of the National Cultural Division. Alba, Larry A. 1984. The Genesis of Underwater Archaeology in the Philippines. Brown, Roxanna M. 1975–76. Preliminary Report on the Koh Khram Sunken Manila: National Museum internal report. Ship. Oriental Art 21: 1, 356–370. Allan, James Wilson. 1991.
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