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Formation of Fulvene in the Reaction of C2H with 1,3-Butadiene

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Formation of Fulvene in the Reaction of C2H with 1,3-Butadiene UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Previously Published Works Title Formation of fulvene in the reaction of C2H with 1,3-butadiene Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/34x2s372 Authors Lockyear, JF Fournier, M Sims, IR et al. Publication Date 2015-02-15 DOI 10.1016/j.ijms.2014.08.025 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 378 (2015) 232–245 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Mass Spectrometry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijms Formation of fulvene in the reaction of C2H with 1,3-butadiene Jessica F. Lockyear a,1, Martin Fournier b,c, Ian R. Sims b, Jean-Claude Guillemin c, Craig A. Taatjes d, David L. Osborn d, Stephen R. Leone a,* a Departments of Chemistry and Physics, University of California at Berkeley, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA b Institut de Physique de Rennes, UMR CNRS-UR1 6251, Université de Rennes 1, 263 Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes CEDEX,France c Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS UMR 6226, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes CEDEX 7, France d Combustion Research Facility, Mailstop 9055, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94551-0969, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: Products formed in the reaction of C2H radicals with 1,3-butadiene at 4 Torr and 298 K are probed using Received 30 May 2014 photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The reaction takes place in a slow-flow reactor, and Received in revised form 21 July 2014 products are ionized by tunable vacuum-ultraviolet light from the Advanced Light Source. The principal Accepted 11 August 2014 reaction channel involves addition of the radical to one of the unsaturated sites of 1,3-butadiene, followed Available online 20 August 2014 by H-loss to give isomers of C6H6. The photoionization spectrum of the C6H6 product indicates that fulvene is formed with a branching fraction of (57 Æ 30)%. At least one more isomer is formed, which is Keywords: likely to be one or more of 3,4-dimethylenecyclobut-1-ene, 3-methylene-1-penten-4-yne or 3-methyl- Combustion chemistry 1,2-pentadien-4-yne. An experimental photoionization spectrum of 3,4-dimethylenecyclobut-1-ene and Astrochemistry Fulvene simulated photoionization spectra of 3-methylene-1-penten-4-yne and 3-methyl-1,2-pentadien-4-yne Benzene are used to fit the measured data and obtain maximum branching fractions of 74%, 24% and 31%, Polycyclic aromatic Hydrocarbons respectively, for these isomers. An upper limit of 45% is placed on the branching fraction for the sum of Photoionization benzene and 1,3-hexadien-5-yne. The reactive potential energy surface is also investigated computationally. Minima and first-order saddle-points on several possible reaction pathways to fulvene + H and 3,4-dimethylenecyclobut-1-ene + H products are calculated. Published by Elsevier B.V. 1. Introduction Titan [2,8] and in numerous combustion and flame studies [9,10]; thus, many reactions have been postulated to explain its formation. There are many parallels between combustion chemistry and In addition, it is vital to know the pre-cyclization chemistry as well the chemistry of planetary atmospheres and interstellar space. In as the critical ring-forming reactions to understand the generation these environments, reactions of radicals with hydrocarbons lead of PAHs [4]. In combustion environments, propargyl (C3H3) to molecular-weight growth and formation of polycyclic aromatic recombination is generally thought to be one of the main benzene hydrocarbons (PAHs). Further, it is often the same radicals that are formation pathways [4,11–13]. However, several studies have thought to be responsible for these important processes in such shown that benzene is a minor, or non-existent, product of varied environments. PAHs are significant in astrochemistry propargyl recombination at low temperatures and pressures because they are complex molecules whose formation may give [12,14]. The C3H3 +C3H3 route to C6H6 can only proceed by us clues to the chemistry of a prebiotic earth [1,2]. In combustion, relatively inefficient radiative association in the very low pressures the mechanism of PAH formation is investigated in order to curtail of astrochemical environments and so alternative mechanisms it, because PAHs and soot emitted from combustion engines [3–5] must be invoked. Another popular candidate for benzene forma- are significant pollutants. tion is the reaction between the 1,3-butadien-1-yl radical (n-C4H5) Benzene (C6H6), the simplest closed-shell aromatic ring, is and acetylene (C2H2), which undergoes an addition–elimination likely to be a key primary reactant in PAH chemistry and it has been reaction to yield C6H6 +H [3,4,15]. However, there are conflicting detected in the circumstellar envelopes [6,7], the atmosphere of accounts of the importance of C4H5 in benzene formation, not the least of which is that 1,3-butadien-2-yl (i-C4H5) is more stable than n-C4H5, but it is preferable to have the latter for facile benzene * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 510 643 5467. formation [4]. In 1989 Westmoreland et al. outlined 18 suggested E-mail addresses: [email protected] (J.F. Lockyear), [email protected] pathways to benzene formation in combustion [9]. Despite all (S.R. Leone). current and past efforts, even the most rigorous combustion 1 Tel.: +1 5103295313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2014.08.025 1387-3806/Published by Elsevier B.V. J.F. Lockyear et al. / International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 378 (2015) 232–245 233 models available are unable to accurately predict concentrations of might expect a small branching fraction for benzene, with the species such as C6H6,C5H6, and C8H6[16]. For example, the remainder of the products being 1,3-hexadien-5-yne. concentrations of 1-butyne (CH3CH2CCH), 2-butyne (CH3CCCH3), Despite the likely importance of C2H reactions with C4H6 1,3-butadiene (CH2CHCHCH2), C4H5,C4H4,C4H3 and 1,3-butadiyne isomers, very few other studies examining them have been (C4H2) from a butanol flame experiment are not well replicated by published. The reasons for this are manifold, including the the associated model and the authors of this study state that this technique chosen to produce the C2H radical. Generally, in flow discrepancy arises because the base C4 chemistry has not been tube experiments, C2H is formed via 193 nm photolysis of C2H2,or thoroughly validated for recombination reactions that lead to occasionally 193 nm photolysis of trifluoromethylacetylene highly unsaturated C4 and larger hydrocarbons [16]. (CF3CCH). Recent work in our group has employed 193 nm A promising species in the search for cyclization reactions is photolysis of C2H2 and CF3CCH to determine the products and the ethynyl radical (C2H), which is abundant in many astronomi- rates of reactions of C2H with acetylene [32], ethene [33], propene cal environments [17–19]. The C2H radical readily undergoes [33], butenes [34], allene [35] and propyne [35], among others. barrierless addition–elimination reactions with unsaturated However, polyunsaturated and acetylenic C4 (and higher) hydro- hydrocarbons [20]. The fact that these reactions are barrierless carbons tend to absorb strongly at 193 nm, so there are concurrent is important in low temperature astrochemical environments, photodissociation yields of radicals that can interfere with the where entrance barriers are difficult or impossible to overcome. reaction of interest or give rise to secondary reactions that Reactions of C2H have been implicated in the generation of long complicate the analysis. Our group has reported one experimental chain polyynes that have been detected in the interstellar study of C2H with an isomer of C4H6, specifically 1-butyne [36], medium (ISM) [6,21,22]. Moreover, the eliminated moiety in which employed 193 nm photolysis of C2H2 to generate the radicals the addition–elimination reactions of this radical is often a and in which the contribution of products due to 1-butyne hydrogen atom, meaning that C2H reacting with C4H6 yields photolysis was carefully examined and accounted for. Clearly a isomers of C6H6 + H. Thus, C2H has been suggested by Kaiser and method that avoids photodissociation of the molecular co-reactant co-workers to be a critical species in benzene formation in the is preferable. At 300 K, 1,3-butadiene absorbs strongly at 193 nm, ISM [23]. Although in combustion environments C2H is present at but only weakly at 248 nm. Consequently, for the experimental concentrations that are too small to make a substantial work here, a different C2H precursor was synthesized, bromoa- contribution to soot formation, C2H is formed via several cetylene (BrC2H), which photolyses efficiently at 248 nm to give reactions: between the hydroxyl radical (OH) and C2H2 to form Br + C2H [37]. Details of the synthetic method are given in water (H2O) and C2H [4], between C3H3 and oxygen atoms (O) to Section 2. form formaldehyde (CH2O) + C2H, between C3H3 and methyl Determining the ratio between straight chain and cyclic isomer radicals (CH3) to form ethyl radicals (C2H5)+C2H [24], or between products of the title reaction is valuable for understanding C3H3 and methylene radicals (CH2) to form ethene (C2H4)+C2H astrochemical and combustion chemistry. By synthesizing bro- [11]. In addition, C2H can be formed by the reaction of hydrogen moacetylene, an excellent C2H precursor when photolysed at atoms (H) with C2H2 at higher temperatures [5,25]. 248 nm, problems with interfering dissociative products of the 1,3- Recently, Mebel and co-workers have carried out an extensive butadiene are minimized. Obtaining product masses is achieved by ab initio investigation into the reactions of C2H with unsaturated tunable synchrotron ionization, time-of-flight mass spectrometry. hydrocarbons, including all isomers of C4H6 (1,3-butadiene [23], This method is a powerful multiplexed technique that allows the 1,2-butadiene [20], 1-butyne and 2-butyne [26]).
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