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Mites Associated with Some Plants of the Family Solanaceae at Fayoum and Beheira Governorates

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Mites Associated with Some Plants of the Family Solanaceae at Fayoum and Beheira Governorates MITES ASSOCIATED WITH SOME PLANTS OF THE FAMILY SOLANACEAE AT FAYOUM AND BEHEIRA GOVERNORATES By MOHAMAD LAMLOM SALLAM B.Sc. Agric. Sci. (Plant protection), Fac. Agric., Cairo Univ., 2002 THESIS Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE In Agricultural Sciences (Agricultural Zoology) Department of Zoology and Agricultural Nematology Faculty of Agriculture Cairo University EGYPT 2016 ABSTRACT The aim of the present study is to through light on studying mites associated with some plants of the solanaceae family, description and ontogenic development of immature stage of Cosmolaelaps keni Hafez, El-Badry and Nasr, studies included also biology of C. keni fed on various prey. Samples of mite species belonging to 3 sub orders were collected during the years of (2013, 2014 and 2015) from various Solanaceae plants. Samples collected from 2 Governorates (Beheira and Fayoum) in Egypt. The results revealed that, 35 mite species belonging to 17 families were recorded during my survey. Description of the C. keni male as well as the variation of the ontogenic development immature stages (Larva, Protonymph, and Deutonymph) was also studied. Cosmolaelaps keni was able to feed, develop and reproduce on active stages 1st and 2nd nymphal stages of Thrips tabaci and eggs of Tuta absoluta, Phthorimaea operculella and Agrotis ipsilon. Results indicated that, the mean consumption rate during the oviposition periods was similar when the predator fed on eggs of P. operculella and T. absoluta (211.22 and 205.67 eggs), respectively. The daily number of deposited eggs by C. keni was the highest on A. ipsilon eggs and the lowest being on T. tabaci nymphs. The effect of A. ipsilon, T. absoluta and P. operculella eggs and T. tabaci nymphs as food on the effects of various prey insects were included in the present study.The determination of the polyptides of different prey species with comparing the similarities index value of P. operculella, T. tabaci and A. ipsilon with T. absoluta indicated that the SI values was high (0.93) on P. operculella and T. tabaci related to T. absoluta. This indicated that there is great similarity between these samples to T. absoluta sample. On the other hand, the SI of A. ipsilon sample recorded the lowest value (0.77), indicating that there is a genetic variation between A. ipsilon sample and T. absoluta sample. Laboratory biological studies of mites of the family phytoseiidae were studied Neoseiulus barkeri (Hughes) and Cydnoseius negevi Swirski and Amitai. Results indicated that, insignificant differences was found on the life cycle duration of both predatory mites when offered T. tabaci. Results indicated that, the consumption rate during the oviposition period was significantly higher in N. barkeri than in C. negevi when both predators offered T. tabaci (163.50 and 124.72 nymphs), respectively. The mean consumption rate during the oviposition period was significantly lower on N. barkeri than C. negevi when both fed on B. Tabaci eggs (1.06and 33.56 eggs), respectively. Agistemus exsertus Gonzalez, mites of the family Stigmaeidae larvae of the predatory was failed to feed and develop beyond the larval stage on T. absoluta eggs. Newly emerged females was able to feed and sustain pre-oviposition period was 1.05 days while the ovi-position period being 17.58 days when females fed on eggs of T. absoluta. Females of A. exsertus were laid an average (44.16 eggs) during the oviposition period. Key words: Acari, Laelapidae, Phytoseiidae, Stigmaeidae, Feeding habits, Cosmolaelaps keni, Neoseiulus barkeri, Cydnoseius negevi, Agistemus exsertus, Life table parameters, Biological control. INTRODUCTION The Solanaceae family is a great commercial importance. Solanaceaous species are used for food (ex: potato, tomato, pepper), as drugs (ex: tobacco, deadly nightshade), and as ornamentals (ex: petunia, velvet tongue, Datura spp.) (Knapp et al., 2004). Governorates, Beheira and Fayoum, were considered as the North and South gates, respectively for Egypt. Cultivated area in Beheira and Fayoum on tomato plant is 39092 and 3673 feddans; respectively, pepper plant 4607 and 614 feddans; respectively, and potato plant in Beheira being 27893 feddans. Biological control of pest species has conservatively mainly focused on precise natural enemies for each pest (Hoy, 2005). The group of mesostigmatic mites represent an important constituent of the below ground food web, where they are generally measured to be predators feeding on small arthropods, worms and nematodes (Al-Rehiayani and Fouly, 2005; Joharchia and Halliday, 2011). Family laelapidae is considered one of the most essential groups of soil beneficial mites, where it regularly feeds on soil arthropods and nematodes (Walter and Campbell, 2003; Joharchia et al., 2012). Predatory mites of the genus Cosmolaelaps (Berlese) are important biological control agents for nematode, thrips and acarid mites (Moreira et al., 2015). Cosmolaelaps is diverse genus and most of its species are free-living in soil, organic matter, and humus of trees and moss Ramroodi, et al. (2014). Recently, Nasr and Momen (2016) stated that, five species only were recorded from Egypt, Cosmolaelaps keni Hafez, El-Badry and Nasr being the dominant one. Another family of mesostigmatic group is the family Phytoseiidae, which have very diverse food habits, ranging from generalist that feed on a variety of animal, insects and plant foods, to specialist predators on tetranychid / eriophyid /tydeid mites (McMurtry et al., 2013). Neoseiulus barkeri (Hughes) and Cydnoseius negevi (Swirski & Amitai) are the main predators of pest mites and insects and are widely found on various crops. Both N. barkeri and C. negevi are generalist endogenous predators and they were able to control mite and insect pests of various families such as (Tetranychiidae, Eriophyidae, Thripidae and Aleyrodidae (Hansen, 1988; Momen, 1995; Calvo et al., 2003; Momen and Abdel-Khalek, 2008 and Momen et al., 2009). Mites of the family Stigmaeidae (Prostigmata) are another important biological control agents of many pest insects and mites. Agistemus exsertus Gonzales is considered as an egg predator of tetranychoid mites as well as some insects (Abou-Awad and El- Sawi, 1993; Momen, 2001 and El-Sawi and Momen, 2005). The successful use of a biological control agent needs, among other things, the accessibility of competent procedure for its mass production in a wide scale (van Lenteren 2000). Aim of work The present study has six objectives 1. Survey on various mites are associated with the tomato, pepper and potato plants in Beheira and Fayoum governorates. 2. Identifying the pest and predatory mite species are associated with the selected plants. 3. Describe and illustrated the male and immature stages of C. keni, which has not been described before. 4. To study the feeding habits of the dominant predatory mite species on pests infested selected plants. 5. Studying the genetic variation between various prey related to T. absoluta. 6. Comparing the prey consumption and fecundity of each predatory mite species were made to help in predicting of their possible role in greenhouses/ field. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 1. Mites associated with Solanaceae plants Alexsandra et al., (2005) studied the occurrence of the tomato red spider mite, Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard and predatory mites on four of the most abundant native solanaceous plants in costal Pernambuco, Brazil. A total of twenty-seven species were found, of which the most common were the phytophagous species T. evansi and Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) (Tenuipalpidae), and the predaceous species Asca sp. (Ascidae), Phytoseius guianensis DeLeon and Paraphytoseius orientalis (Narayanan, Kaur and Ghai) (both Phytoseiidae). Prasad (2006) studied the occurrence and pest status of phytophagous mites common on vegetables. Only four groups, tetranychid (spider mites), tenuipalpid (false spider mites), tarsonemid (silver / broad mite) and eriophyid (erineum / gall mite), were found on vegetable crops in the Hazaribagh district of Jharkhand region in India from 2002 to 2004. Although vegetable crops were attacked by phytophagous mites almost throughout the year, the mite problem remained extremely severe during the summer months (April to July) followed by post-monsoon (September to October) periods. During the rainy season, mite species attained minor to mild pest status while during winter (December to February), their occurrence remained almost negligible and stray in general on commonly grown vegetables including okra, aubergine, tomato, chilli, french been, cowpea, pumpkin, bottle gourd and cucumber. Komik et al., (2007) surveyed the predators of the tomato red spider mite T. evansi on solanaceous plant were carried out in north-eastern and south-eastern Brazil. Survey were carried out in areas identified as climatically similar to regions in Africa where T. evansi has been reported as a pest and where prospective natural enemies may be introduced. A total of 56 & 445 mites and insects were found in 330 samples collected from 20 different species of solanaceous plant. Tetranychus evansi was found in only three samples, on Solanum americanum Mill and Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. The predominant predatory mites were (in decreasing order): Polioptila guianensis, Pronematus ubiquitus (McGregor), Asca sp., P. orientalis, Phytoseius woodburyii DeLeon, Amblyseius compositus Denmark and Muma, Homeopronematus anconai (Baker), Neoparaphytoseius sooretamus (El-Banhawy), Cunaxoides
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