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Content of Anthocyanins and Flavonols in the Fruits of Cornus Spp

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Content of Anthocyanins and Flavonols in the Fruits of Cornus Spp Agrobiodivers Improv Nutr Health Life Qual, 5, 2021(1): 9–17 DOI: https://doi.org/10.15414/ainhlq.2021.0002 Research Article Content of anthocyanins and flavonols in the fruits of Cornus spp. Volodymyr Levon*, Svitlana Klymenko M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Article Details: Received: 2021-02-17 Accepted: 2021-03-16 Available online: 2021-05-31 The genetic pool of the cornelian cherry (Cornus mas L.) at the M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden (NBG) of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine includes more than 100 specimens collected from wild and cultivated plants in Ukraine, and cultivars of Bulgarian, Slovak, English, Austrian and Georgian selection. The genetic pool of cornelian cherry of the NBG presents a rich variety of biological and economic properties. Data on the content Cornus mas cultivars with early, medium and late fruit maturation periods are presented. The fruits of the Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. (CO-01, CO-02) and the hybrid Cornus mas × Cornusof anthocyanins officinalis and(cultivars flavonols Etude in theNo 1fruits and Noof 2) were also studied. As a result of the study, it was found that the Cornus C. mas content of anthocyaninsC. masand flavonols in the fruits of has a significant difference in cultivars. Among cultivarsShajdarovoi, with Vydubetskyi early fruit ripening, and Titus, the among most thepromising C. mas cultivarsas a source with of abioflavonoids late fruit ripening preparations period, theare most’Pervenets‘ promising and ’Volodimirskij‘,are the cultivar among Sokoline. Also cultivars promising with are an the average hybrid fruit C. masripening × C. period,officinalis the (cultivar most promising Etude No. are 1 the and cultivars No. 2). TheseMrіya most promising cultivars and forms must commend for use in the food and medical sectors of the national economy. Keywords: Cornus mas, Cornus officinalis , cultivar, fruits, anthocyanins, flavonols Introduction converted into excellent cultivated plants by breeding. Subgenus Cornus L., which has a fragmented areal on These plants include C. mas a very ancient fruit the globe, is represented by four species: Cornus mas valuable food, medicinal, soil protection, ornamental L. – in the west of the continent of Eurasia, C. officinalis plant, used in the Neolithic era. The modern range of Sieb. et Zucc. – in Japan, China and Korea, C. chinensis cornelian cherry is the Pontic Mediterranean region: Wanger. – in the central region of China and C. sessilis the southern Mediterranean regions of Europe, the Toor. – in North America (Browic, 1986). southern foothills of the eastern Carpathians, as well as the Crimea, Caucasus and Asia Minor (Klymenko, C. mas (cornelian cherry) is a very ancient, cultivated 1990). Cornelian cherry is a culture that meets the plant, known in Ukraine as a culture since the time standards of the time. According to the literature data of Kievan Rus. The development of horticulture in and our research cornelian cherry yields are abundant Russia was associated with famous monasteries, and stable in culture (Klymenko, 2004; Klymenko et especially Vydubetsky, Mezhyhirsky, Kyiv-Pechersk al., 2017b). The plant bares large juicy fruits, while Lavra, it was here that many plants were introduced not demanding thorough care. Its cultivation is very into culture, including cornelian cherry. The forms of productive. Plants are usually not damaged by vermin these plants are very diverse, many of them can be and illnesses and do not need pest treatments. directly introduced into the culture, and some can be *Corresponding Author: Levon Volodymyr, M.M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 01014, Kyiv, Timiryazevska st. 1, Ukraine * [email protected] © Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra – 9 – ISSN 2585-8246 www.uniag.sk Agrobiodivers Improv Nutr Health Life Qual, 5, 2021(1): 9–17 C. mas is recognized as a source of polyphenols, tannins, astringents and disinfectants, selectively acting even anthocyanins, and iridoids, all of which are present on dysentery bacillus, typhoid pathogens. Cornelian in both its fruits and leaves (Kucharska et al., 2015; cherry is also used for rheumatism, colds, fever and Szczepaniak et al., 2019). skin diseases (Blaze, 2000). A high number of bioactive compounds have been C. officinalis – native to Japan, Northeast China and C. mas fruits (Klymenko et al., 2019), Korea, is virtually unknown in Europe and grows only in the collections of Botanical Gardens. C. officinalis identifiedespecially byin acting as potent antioxidants (Moldovan a relative of C. mas, native to northeastern China and amongand David, which 2017). flavonoids Two exert iridoids favourable (loganic health acid effects and Korea. It is cultivated in large areas in Japan – the local name – sandzaki. It is one of the important types of plant material used in Chinese traditional medicine. incornuside) cornelian andcherry five fruits. anthocyanins The MS fragmentation(delphinidin, Is being quite common in Asia, and the UK, it is pathwayscyanidin, andof the pelargonidin two iridoids glycosides) were studied. were The identified content used even more widely than C. mas. In its homeland, of total iridoids in cornelian cherry fruits covered C. officinalis is widely known as a medicinal plant. a wide range, from 86.91 to 493.69 mg/100 g fw. Studies conducted in vitro and in vivo have shown Loganic acid was the most dominant iridoid compound a multi-faceted protective effect of fruit extract against diabetes and its complications, in particular a diabetic 88–96 % of total iridoids. nephropathy. Decoctions of fruits and leaves are used identified in cornelian cherry fruits and amounted to in folk medicine as a tonic, stimulating and astringent In most C. mas fruits, pelargonidin-3-galactopyranoside (Klymenko, 2002; Klymenko and Ilyinska, 2020). was dominant (Kucharskaa, et al., 2015). Cyanidin-3- rhamnosylgalactoside, a new anthocyanin, was isolated Besides, we have researched cultivar Etude, which is C. mas. Cyanidin-3- C. officinalis × C. mas. galactoside and delphinidin-3-galactoside were also Genotype obtained from grafting C. officinalis on C. mas and identified from the berries of an(Klymenko artificial andhybrid Ilyinska, from crossing2020). identified (Du and Francis, 1973). The presence of a large amount of biologically active but also in seeds, buds, shoots, leaves, pollen and bee substances in representatives of the Cornaceae pollenBioactive e.g. compounds (Brindza etare al., present 2009; not Krivoruchko only in flowers, etal., family not only makes them a valuable medicinal raw 2011; Hosseinpour-Jaghdani et al., 2017; Klymenko material but also increases their resistance to many et al., 2017a; Levon et al., 2017; Brindza et al., 2018; stress factors. Long-term observations have shown Grygorieva et al., 2020; Przybylska et al., 2020). that representatives of the Cornaceae family have extremely high resistance to both pests and adverse C. mas is weather conditions, plants bloom profusely and give birth (Klymenko, 2000). The content ofC. flavonoidsofficinalis –in 1448.9 leaves mg/100of g (in 847.6 mg/100 g, in flowers – 1704.9 mg/100 g; All parts of plants of species of representatives of C.in masflowers of C. officinalis – the Cornaceae family (fruits, leaves, bark, roots) are 124.9terms mg/100of rutin). g The(in contentterms of of chlorogenic acids in flowers acid). Inof medicinal raw materials and have long been used in leaves ofis 41.5 C. mas mg/100 g, in flowers of folk medicine for the treatment of anaemia, metabolic C. mas and C. officinalis – chlorogenic and ellagic acids, disorders, as an anti-scurvy, antidiabetic agent rutin, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside rutin was identified, and quercetin. in flowers The of Very often medicinal cornel is used as an anti-diabetic (Krivoruchko, 2018). Based on HPLC–PDA–MS/MSn (Mamedov et al., 1990; Czerwińska and Melzig, 2018). flavonoid rutin predominates in all studied samples treat diabetes, they reduce the level of glucose in the quercetin, kaempferol, and aromadendrin glycosilated blood,medicinal increases plant, the especially enzymatic in activityEast Asia. of the Fresh pancreas, fruit derivativesanalysis eight (Pawlowska, compounds et al., have 2010). been identified as stimulate the processes of digestion. In Tibetan Juice, jam and compote from C. mas fruits are useful medicine, bark and leaves of medicinal cornel are used for anaemia, liver diseases, gout, stomach diseases for the treatment of pleurisy, fever, powder of dried fruits to treat kidney illnesses (nephritis) (Yokozawa et known as antipyretic and diuretic agents, and from the al., 2009; Cao et al., 2011). (Sklyarevsky,bark – as a tonic 1975), and Infusions stimulating of leaves (Chikov and and flowers Laptev, are The purpose of this study was to determine the content 1976). Medicines from fruits and leaves are used as of anthocyanins and flavonols in the fruits of plants of © Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra – 10 – ISSN 2585-8246 www.uniag.sk Agrobiodivers Improv Nutr Health Life Qual, 5, 2021(1): 9–17 the genus Cornus. This will allow us to identify the most promising cultivars and forms for use in the food and in 95 % ethanol was added, and the volume of the medical sectors of the national economy. solutionflask, 1 mlwas of brought a 2 % tosolution the mark of aluminumwith 95 % chloridealcohol. The optical density of the solution was measured after Material and methodology 20 minutes at a wavelength of 390 nm in a cuvette with a layer thickness of 10 mm. The control was a mixture Biological material of solutions of aluminum chloride and acetic acid (Andreeva and Kalinkina, 2000). Biochemical studies were carried out on fruits dried in a well-ventilated room in the absence of direct The number of parallel measurements was 3. The sunlight at a temperature of 20–25 °C and crushed in accuracy of the method was in the range of 0.3–2.0 %. an electric mill. The fruits of Cornus mas plant cultivars The obtained data were presented in mg/100 g DM.
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