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Neurociência E Crime DA DISCIPLINA CONVIDADO PUCRS APRESENTAÇÃO DE APOIO Neurociência e crime DA DISCIPLINA CONVIDADO PUCRS ADRIAN RAINE GABRIEL GAUER Neurocriminology Adrian Raine Departments of Criminology, Psychiatry, and Psychology, University Of Pennsylvania Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, 9-10 December Neurocriminology: Structure of the Two Evenings 1. Genetics 2. Brain Structure 3. Brain Function 4. Neurology 5. Neurocognition 6. Neurochemistry 7. Psychophysiology 8. Health Factors 9. Psychopaths 10.Treatment 11. Neurolaw Genes and Environment > 200 twin and adoption studies Environments Genes Shared Environment 15% Genes Non-Shared 50% Environment 35% Is Psychopathy and Violence Heritable? • no twin studies on criminal psychopaths • psychopathic “personality”: “I like to have sex with people I barely know.” “A lot of people are “suckers” and can easily be fooled” “I sometimes dump friends that I don’t need any more” Blonigen et al. (2003) Minnesota: 17y PPI: 29-56% genetic; no shared environment Tuvblad et al. (2017) Teacher reports of 5-year-olds grandiose-deceitful 57% stimulation-seeking 74% Larsson et al. (2006) Sweden : 16-17y A (63%) C (0%) E (37%) Viding et al. (2005) 7y; callous-unemotional; 67% heritability Violence 36,877 pairs of twins (Frisell et al. 2012) A (49%) C (15%) E (36%) XYY 1961: discovery of XYY: 1 in 1,000 1965: 4% Scottish prisoners have XYY (Jacobs et al. 1965) 1966: Speck murders 8 nurses in Chicago 1968: 3.8% Pennsylvanian prisoners have XYY (Telfer et al. 1968) 1968: Speck argued to be XYY in a conviction appeal: - 6 feet tall - learning disability: dropped out at 16y - low IQ - pock-marked face 1976: 41.7% of XYY in general population are criminal (vs. 9.3% controls) (Witkin et al.) violent crime: 8.4% vs 1.8% 2012: higher aggression and delinquency scores in XYY children (Ross et al., 2012) The “Warrior Gene”: MAO-A Humans • Dutch mother of 10-year-old boy wants genetic counseling • all 14 male relatives show impulsive-aggressive behavior • all have mutation in MAO-A gene (Brunner et al. 1993) Animals MAO-A Knock-Out Mice • abnormally aggressive • much rougher mating behavior (Cases et al. 1995; Shih, 1999). Low MAOA Interacts with Maltreatment Caspi et al. 2002, Science, 297: 851-854 Low MAOA High MAOA 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 Antisociality 0 -0.2 -0.4 None Probable Severe Maltreatment Warrior Gene Controversy Doubling in rate of low-MAO-A gene in Maori in New Zealand. (Lea & Chambers, 2006). “Maori violence blamed on gene” : “…goes a long way to explaining some of the problems Maori have. Obviously, this means they are going to be more aggressive and violent and more likely to get involved in risk-taking behaviour like gambling”. The Dominion Post, Wellington, 9 August 2006. Lee & Chambers, (2007): Maori used to be fearless warriors . Dangerous migration from Polynesia to New Zealand . Current population had survived tribal warfare . Evolutionary survival of the fearsome: 15% of NZ population . Argue unethical and unscientific to ignore the difference CNN Counter-point: 34% Caucasian, 56% Maori, 54% Chinese Zhang et al. (2016) What specific genes are associated with violence and antisocial behavior? Candidate Gene Approach (Vassos et al., 2013) . Meta-analyses of 185 studies of violence and aggression . 31 genes examined – no significant effects . Genes may interact with the environment . Gene x Gene interactions possible GWAS Approach (Viding et al., 2010) . GWA study on 8,374 children . Examined 642,432 SNPs . No SNPs significantly associated with antisocial / psychopathic (CU) behavior Summary: Genetics 1. Genes account for about 50% of antisociality 2. Genes interact with the environment 3. Which genes? Not yet known 4. Genetic research requires caution. Neurocriminology: Structure of the Two Evenings 1. Genetics 2. Brain Structure 3. Brain Function 4. Neurology 5. Neurocognition 6. Neurochemistry 7. Psychophysiology 8. Health Factors 9. Psychopaths 10.Treatment 11. Neurolaw Dorso-lateral Orbito-frontal Raine et al. (2000) Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 57 119-127. PCL 34 Controls 14.2 27 Alcohol / Substance Dependence 20.2 21 Antisocial Personality Disorder 28.5 Those with APD: 43% rape 53% attack stranger (bruises or bleeding) 29% armed robbery 38% fired handgun at person 29% homicide / attempted homicide “Segmentation” of prefrontal grey and white matter Prefrontal 0.095 gray 0.09 volume 0.085 0.08 0.075 0.07 Controls Alcohol APD Structure: Frontal & Parietal Abnormalities in Murderers Sajous-Turner, Anderson et al. (2019). Brain Imaging and Behavior Murderers (N = 203) versus Criminals (N = 475) Superior Raine et al. (2009) Middle S Molecular Psychiatry M Inferior I Orbital R O Rectal 4.6% 5.5% -19.7% - 11.3% - 0.8% 3.6% - 9.6% - 9.1% - 4.0% -16.4% Middle Frontal Gyrus: Functional Neuroanatomy Middle . choosing delayed over immediate rewards (McClure et al, 2004) . response inhibition (McNab et al. 2008) . moral decision-making (Raine and Yang, 2006) . empathy to pain stimuli (Gu et al. 2007) . awareness during fear conditioning (Carter et al. 2006) Ventral PFC: Functional Neuroanatomy Orbito-Frontal Rectal . response perseveration (Ragozzino, 2007) . decision-making (Bechara et al. 1997) . emotion-regulation (Meyer-Lindenberg et al. 2006) . behavioral inhibition (Aron et al. 2004) . compassion and caring for others (Toro et al. 2008) . sensitivity to others’ emotional states (Schirmer et al. 2008) . insight (Barrash et al. 2000) Charles Whitman (August 2, 1966) Rhawn. (2000) Neuropsych. Neuropsychol. Behav. Neurol. IQ of 138; age 12 youngest Eagle Scout in world . Loved guns; joined marines after high school, married . Scholarship to Univ Texas . Anger control problems; developed hypergraphia, . Became increasingly religious; temper; remorse . Terrible headaches, over-eating; difficulty concentrating . Sought UT Health Center help for uncontrollable violent impulses “He readily admits having overwhelming periods of hostility with a very minimum of provocation... he... also... made vivid reference to thinking about going up on the tower with a deer rifle and start shooting people” (Dr. Heatly) . Went to police and asked to be arrested . “After my death I wish that an autopsy would be performed to see if there is any visible physical disorder”. (Whitman) Whitman’s Tumor . post-mortem: tumor impacting hypothalamus and compressing amygdala The Tumor Amygdala and Adult Psychopathy Yang et al., (2009) Archives of General Psychiatry 27 psychopaths vs. 32 non-psychopaths Amygdala and Adolescent Antisociality Volume reductions in conduct disorder, aggression, violence Fairchild et al. (2011); Pardini et al. (2014); Zhang et al. (2019) What causes reduced amygdala volumes? Hanson et al. (2014) Biol. Psychiat. (1) early neglect: N = 36: orphaned / abandoned (2) physical abuse: N = 31: volatile caregiving / recorded abuse (3) low SES: N = 20: offspring of unskilled workers / low educ. (4) controls: N = 41: middle class, no abuse Social stress and amygdala Behavioral Problems & Amygdala r = -.26 r = -.24 . Violence exposure at 13y associated with reduced amygdala at 16y (Saxbe et al. 2018) Summary: Brain Structure 1. Reduced volume of prefrontal gray 2. Predispose to reduced emotion regulation, impulse control, empathy, and morality 3. Amygdala and emotion impairments 4. Childhood stressors can impair brain structure Neurocriminology: Structure of the Two Evenings 1. Genetics 2. Brain Structure 3. Brain Function 4. Neurology 5. Neurocognition 6. Neurochemistry 7. Psychophysiology 8. Health Factors 9. Psychopaths 10.Treatment 11. Neurolaw Brain Abnormalities in Murderers Indicated by Positron Emission Tomography Raine et al., 1997, Biological Psychiatry, 42, 495-508 41 Controls 41 Murderers NORMAL MURDERER Raine Normal Multiple Murderer Murderer Frontal impairments in antisocial individuals: A meta-analysis of 43 structural and functional imaging studies. (Yang and Raine, 2009) Structural + Functional (43 studies, N = 1,262): d = 0.60, p < .001 Aspirin and reduction in death from heart attack d = .04 Smoking and lung cancer d = .16 SAT scores and later college GPA d = .40 Attention scores and ADHD d = .60 (Meyer, 2001) Reactive and Proactive Aggression Scary Snowman Reactive - Proactive Aggression Scale (RPQ: Raine et al. 2006) Reactive aggression: • felt better after hitting or yelling at someone • reacted angrily when provoked by others • hit others to defend yourself Proactive aggression: • used physical force to get others to do what you want • used force to obtain money or things from others • had fights with others to show who was on top Prefrontal Dysfunction in Reactive Murderers NORMAL REACTIVE PROACTIVE CONTROL MURDERER MURDERER Amygdala Children with DBD (N = 15) vs Controls (N = 17) (White et al. 2012) . Reduced amygdala response to fearful faces in DBD . Reduced amygdala response to fear associated with higher callous-unemotional scores (r = -.38) Callous – Unemotional Behavior and Amygdala Children with DBD (N = 30) vs Controls (N = 16) (Viding et al. 2012) . 15 controls . 15 antisocial kids high on callous-unemotional (CU) . 15 antisocial kids low on CU Amygdala Functioning Antisocial - Controls Antisocial - Low CU High CU Amygdala – Prefrontal Connectivity Diffusion Tensor Imaging . Aggressive schizophrenics: reduced amygdala – orbitofrontal connectivity Hoptman et al. (2009): . Reduced OFC – amygdala connectivity in 9 psychopaths compared to 9 controls (Craig et. al. 2009) . Reduced orbitofrontal - amygdala connectivity in 14 teenagers with disruptive behavior disorders (vs. 14 controls) (Marsh
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