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Toward an Integrative Science of the Brain and Crime
BioSocieties https://doi.org/10.1057/s41292-019-00167-3 COMMENTARY Mind the gap: toward an integrative science of the brain and crime Eyal Aharoni1 · Nathaniel E. Anderson2 · J. C. Barnes3 · Corey H. Allen4 · Kent A. Kiehl2 © Springer Nature Limited 2019 In the recent article, Criminalizing the brain: Neurocriminology and the production of strategic ignorance, Fallin et al. (2018) argue that most neuroscientists working with antisocial populations are guilty of suppressing, obfuscating, and erasing legiti- mate social explanations for criminal behavior as part of a strategic attempt to tout their reductionist preconceptions of behavior and to advance their own professional, extra-scientifc agendas. While we applaud their call for greater inclusion of social/ contextual factors into neurocriminological research, we fnd that they overstate the case against neurocriminology and understate important eforts by this emerg- ing community to generate signifcant and cross-disciplinary contributions to the understanding of antisocial behavior. Learning to identify and avoid such mischar- acterizations is critical for the pursuit of much-needed interdisciplinary research and collaboration on the prediction, explanation, and remediation of antisocial behavior. By critically evaluating Fallin et al.’s claims, we hope to strike a conciliatory bal- ance, which is more likely to promote integration rather than antagonism between disciplines. Fallin and colleagues correctly describe biosocial criminology as an emerging discipline that integrates historically neglected biological factors and neuroscientifc methods in the study of antisocial behavior. Indeed, this paradigm has demonstrated the value of genetics (Brunner et al. 1993), physiology (Latvala et al. 2015), bio- chemistry (Coccaro et al. 1998), and neuroimaging (Anderson and Kiehl 2012) for * Eyal Aharoni [email protected] 1 Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, P.O. -
Neuroscience, Law, and Ethics T
International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 65 (2019) 101459 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect International Journal of Law and Psychiatry journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijlawpsy Introduction Neuroscience, Law, and Ethics T In his influential Hardwired Behavior: What Neuroscience Reveals concerning the relevance of neurosciences to the law, especially crim- about Morality (2005), Laurence Tancredi combined neuroscience, inal law.” (Meynen, 2016, p. 3, Meynen, 2014; Morse & Roskies, 2013; psychology, philosophy, legal theory and clinical cases to insightfully Glenn & Raine, 2014; Chandler, 2018). One example is the use of examine the role of brain structure and function in moral behavior. neuroimaging to support behavioral evidence in judging whether a Analyzing how neurobiology shapes reasoning and decision-making, he person performing a criminal act met cognitive and volitional condi- discussed questions such as whether or to what extent we have free will tions necessary for criminal responsibility. Functional imaging re- and can be morally and criminally responsible for our actions. Is our cording abnormal activity in prefrontal-limbic pathways may indicate behavior hardwired and thus determined by the brain? Is free will an impaired cognitive and emotional processing and impaired capacity to illusion? Can mental content be explained entirely in terms of neural deliberate and consider the consequences of what one does or fails to content? If the brain influences but does not determine behavior, then do. This and other forms of imaging may eventually offer a more fine- how much of what we think and do is up to us? In his new book, grained account of impaired inhibitory mechanisms in the brain. -
Evolution and Executive Functions: Why Our Toolboxes Are Empty
Revista Española de Neuropsicología 4, 4:351-377 (2002) Copyright© 2002 de REN ISSN: 1139-9872 Evolution and executive functions: Why our toolboxes are empty Roy Sugarman PhD Royal Adelaide Hospital: Glenside Campus Dept of Psychiatry, Adelaide University Abstract: Despite the recent findings with regard to our origins as human primates, we still struggle to find tools that evaluate executive functioning adequately and reliably. Despite some evidence of ecological validity, our toolboxes remain largely empty. With regard to how we produce common behaviours by using individually distinct, multiple areas of focus, each brain is individual. In a sense, not many complex, human, behaviours follow a normal distribution. This work traces the probable origins of executive functioning in humans in a social context, defining in passing the nature of human self-regulation. A discussion follows which integrates these ideas within a second order, cybernetic neuroepistemology of human thought and emotion, and questions the logical paradox of assuming that isolated cortical areas such as the frontal lobes generate executive functions in a linear progression. A brief exploration follows with regard to the nature of human consciousness, and the difficulties in measuring such a homeostatic mechanism as executive function. Using alcohol related brain changes, and cross-cultural issues as exemplars, an attempt is made to define a neuroepistemology for understanding the dynamic interplay between executive function and consciousness. Key words: Brain´s Evolution, executive functioning. Evolución y funciones ejecutivas: por qué nuestras cajas de herramientas estan vacías Resumen: A pesar de los recientes hallazgos en relación a nuestros orígenes como humanos primates, aún luchamos para encontrar instrumentos que evalúen el funcionamiento ejecutivo adecuadamente y de manera fiable. -
The New BRAIN
SPECIAL EDITION The New BRAIN MACLEAN’S EBOOK Contents Introduction Join us for a giant brainstorming session on what the world’s neuroscience superstars are keeping top of mind The glia club Once dismissed as ‘glue,’ glial cells, neuron’s little brother, have become the lodestone of brain research. But is it a good idea for scientists to herd in one direction? Charlie Gillis How to build a brain A philosopher and engineer has created the most complex simulated brain in the world. On $30,000 a year. Nick Taylor-Vaisey Mad beauty A conceptual photographer dusts off the jars of a brain collection from a Texas mental hospital David Graham They grow up so fast The latest research on a baby’s remarkable brain development, from recognizing right and wrong to the gift of memory Rosemary Counter Gone baby gone Why don’t we remember anything from earliest childhood? It’s called infantile amnesia. Emma Teitel MACLEAN’S EBOOK THE NEW BRAIN Memory and gender Emma Teitel The young and the restless No one knows why autistic kids are often night owls, but their parents can take heart: science is looking at some biological causes based in the brain Katherine DeClerq Crying out for attention How one psychologist is offering hope to parents worried about the stigma, safety and side effects of ADHD medication Hannah Hoag Mind the age gap Previously dismissed as lesser or defective, new research is revealing that the teenage brain is just as powerful as any adult’s Rosemary Counter No brawn, no brains Genetics may decide your upper and lower limits for cognitive -
Proceedings of the Inaugural Meeting Ofais Sigprag Par Agerfalk Uppsala University, [email protected]
Association for Information Systems AIS Electronic Library (AISeL) All Sprouts Content Sprouts 9-1-2010 Proceedings of the Inaugural Meeting ofAIS SIGPrag Par Agerfalk Uppsala University, [email protected] Mark Aakhus Rutgers University, [email protected] Mikael Lind Viktoria Institute, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://aisel.aisnet.org/sprouts_all Recommended Citation Agerfalk, Par; Aakhus, Mark; and Lind, Mikael, " Proceedings of the Inaugural Meeting ofAIS SIGPrag" (2010). All Sprouts Content. 253. http://aisel.aisnet.org/sprouts_all/253 This material is brought to you by the Sprouts at AIS Electronic Library (AISeL). It has been accepted for inclusion in All Sprouts Content by an authorized administrator of AIS Electronic Library (AISeL). For more information, please contact [email protected]. Working Papers on Information Systems ISSN 1535-6078 Proceedings of the Inaugural Meeting of AIS SIGPrag Pär Ãgerfalk Uppsala University, Sweden Mark Aakhus Rutgers University, USA Mikael Lind Viktoria Institute, Sweden Abstract The Special Interest Group on Pragmatist IS Research (SIGPrag) was approved by the Association for Information Systems (AIS) council at its June 2008 meeting in Gallway. The motivation for this initiative is the growing recognition of the importance of theorizing the IT artifact and its organizational and societal context from a pragmatic and action-oriented perspective. SIGPragâs mission is to provide a much-needed centre of gravity and to facilitate exchange of ideas and further development of this area of IS scholarship. In summary, pragmatist IS research rests on the following set of assumptions: ⢠Human life is a life of activity. -
Ecopsychology
E u r o p e a n J o u r n a l o f Ecopsychology Special Issue: Ecopsychology and the psychedelic experience Edited by: David Luke Volume 4 2013 European Journal of Ecopsychology EDITOR Paul Stevens, The Open University, UK ASSOCIATE EDITORS Martin Jordan, University of Brighton, UK Martin Milton, University of Surrey, UK Designed and formatted using open source software. EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Matthew Adams, University of Brighton, UK Meg Barker, The Open University, UK Jonathan Coope, De Montfort University, UK Lorraine Fish, UK Jamie Heckert, Anarchist Studies Network John Hegarty, Keele University, UK Alex Hopkinson, Climate East Midlands, UK David Key, Footprint Consulting, UK Alex Lockwood, University of Sunderland, UK David Luke, University of Greenwich, UK Jeff Shantz, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Canada FOCUS & SCOPE The EJE aims to promote discussion about the synthesis of psychological and ecological ideas. We will consider theoretical papers, empirical reports, accounts of therapeutic practice, and more personal reflections which offer the reader insight into new and original aspects of the interrelationship between humanity and the rest of the natural world. Topics of interest include: • Effects of the natural environment on our emotions and wellbeing • How psychological disconnection relates to the current ecological crisis • Furthering our understanding of psychological, emotional and spiritual relationships with nature For more information, please see our website at http://ecopsychology-journal.eu/ or contact us via email: -
Tanksley, J.C
Identifying psychological pathways to polyvictimization: evidence from a longitudinal cohort study of twins from the UK Peter T. Tanksley, J.C. Barnes, Brian B. Boutwell, Louise Arseneault, Avshalom Caspi, Andrea Danese, Helen L. Fisher, et al. Journal of Experimental Criminology ISSN 1573-3750 J Exp Criminol DOI 10.1007/s11292-020-09422-1 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Springer Nature B.V.. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self-archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your article, please use the accepted manuscript version for posting on your own website. You may further deposit the accepted manuscript version in any repository, provided it is only made publicly available 12 months after official publication or later and provided acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication and a link is inserted to the published article on Springer's website. The link must be accompanied by the following text: "The final publication is available at link.springer.com”. 1 23 Author's personal copy Journal of Experimental Criminology https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-020-09422-1 Identifying psychological pathways to polyvictimization: evidence from a longitudinal cohort study of twins from the UK Peter T. Tanksley1 & J.C. Barnes1 & Brian B. Boutwell2,3 & Louise Arseneault4 & Avshalom Caspi4,5,6,7 & Andrea Danese4,8 & Helen L. Fisher4 & Terrie E. Moffitt4,5,6,7 # Springer Nature B.V. 2020 Abstract Objectives Examine the extent to which cognitive/psychological characteristics predict later polyvictimization. We employ a twin-based design that allows us to test the social neurocriminology hypothesis that environmental factors influence brain-based charac- teristics and influence behaviors like victimization. -
Andrew B. Newberg Page 1 Curriculum Vitae
Andrew B. Newberg Page 1 Curriculum Vitae Andrew B. Newberg, M.D. Education: 8/84-5/88 B.A. Haverford College Haverford, PA 19034 8/88-5/93 M.D. University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine Philadelphia, PA 19104 Postgraduate Training and Fellowship Appointments: 6/93-6/94 Internship in Internal Medicine, Graduate Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19134 7/94-6/96 Residency in Internal Medicine, Graduate Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19134 7/96-6/97 Chief Resident, in Internal Medicine, Graduate Hospital, Philadelphia, PA 19134 7/97-6/98 Fellow, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 7/97-1/98 Chief Fellow, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Faculty Appointments: 7/94-6/97 Assistant Instructor, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine 7/98-11/99 Clinical Assistant Professor of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine 7/97-7/99 Instructor, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine 12/99-6/06 Assistant Professor of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine 6/03-10/10 Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine 10/05-10/10 Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Religious Studies, University of Pennsylvania, School of Arts and Sciences 7/06-10/10 Associate Professor of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine 10/10-present Professor of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University and Hospital 10/10-present Professor of Radiology, Thomas Jefferson University and Hospital 7/15-present Adjunct Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Arts and Sciences Hospital and Administrative Appointments: Andrew B. -
Religion in an Age of Science by Ian Barbour
Religion in an Age of Science return to religion-online 47 Religion in an Age of Science by Ian Barbour Ian G. Barbour is Professor of Science, Technology, and Society at Carleton College, Northefiled, Minnesota. He is the author of Myths, Models and Paradigms (a National Book Award), Issues in Science and Religion, and Science and Secularity, all published by HarperSanFrancisco. Published by Harper San Francisco, 1990. This material was prepared for Religion Online by Ted and Winnie Brock. (ENTIRE BOOK) An excellent and readable summary of the role of religion in an age of science. Barbour's Gifford Lectures -- the expression of a lifetime of scholarship and deep personal conviction and insight -- including a clear and helpful analysis of process theology. Preface What is the place of religion in an age of science? How can one believe in God today? What view of God is consistent with the scientific understanding of the world? My goals are to explore the place of religion in an age of science and to present an interpretation of Christianity that is responsive to both the historical tradition and contemporary science. Part 1: Religion and the Methods of Science Chapter 1: Ways of Relating Science and Religion A broad description of contemporary views of the relationship between the methods of science and those of religion: Conflict, Independence, Dialogue, and Integration. Chapter 2: Models and Paradigms This chapter examines some parallels between the methods of science and those of religion: the interaction of data and theory (or experience and interpretation); the historical character of the interpretive community; the use of models; and the influence of paradigms or programs. -
The Neuroscientific Study of Religious and Spiritual Phenomena: Or Why God Doesn’T Use Biostatistics
THE NEUROSCIENTIFIC STUDY OF RELIGIOUS AND SPIRITUAL PHENOMENA: OR WHY GOD DOESN’T USE BIOSTATISTICS by Andrew B. Newberg and Bruce Y. Lee Abstract. With the rapidly expanding field of neuroscience re- search exploring religious and spiritual phenomena, there have been many perspectives as to the validity, importance, relevance, and need for such research. In this essay we review the studies that have con- tributed to our current understanding of the neuropsychology of re- ligious phenomena. We focus on methodological issues to determine which areas have been weaknesses and strengths in the current stud- ies. This area of research also poses important theological and episte- mological questions that require careful consideration if both the religious and scientific elements are to be appropriately respected. The best way to evaluate this field is to determine the methodologi- cal issues that currently affect the field and explore how best to ad- dress such issues so that future investigations can be as robust as possible and can become more mainstream in both the religious and the scientific arenas. Keywords: health; methodology; religion; spirituality. With the rapidly expanding field of research exploring religious and spiri- tual phenomena, there have been many perspectives as to the validity, im- portance, relevance, and need for such research. There is also the ultimate issue of how such research should be interpreted with regard to epistemo- logical questions. The best way to evaluate this field is to determine the methodological issues that currently affect the field and explore how best Andrew B. Newberg, M.D., is assistant professor of radiology and psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania Health System, 110 Donner Building, H.U.P., 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104; e-mail [email protected]. -
Comments on Donald T. Campbell's
Contents W. Callebaut/R. Riedl 2 Preface Donald T. Campbell 5 From Evolutionary Epistemology Via Selection Theory to a Sociology of Scientific Validity Linnda R. Caporael 39 Vehicles of Knowledge: Artifacts and Social Groups W. D. Christensen/C. A. Hooker 44 Selection Theory, Organization and the Development of Knowledge Andy J. Clark 49 Evolutionary Epistemology and the Scientific Method Ed Constant 55 Comments on Donald T. Campbell’s “From Evolutionary Epistemology Via Selection Theory to a Sociology of Scientific Validity” Steve Fuller 58 Campbell’s Failed Cultural Materialism Francis Heylighen 63 Objective, Subjective, and Intersubjective Selectors of Knowledge Aharon Kantorovich 68 The Rationality of Innovation and the Scientific Community as a Carrier of Knowledge Elias L. Khalil 71 Can Artificial Selection Remedy the Failing of Natural Section with Regard to Scientific Validation? Kyung-Man Kim 75 D. T. Campbell’s Social Epistemology of Science Marc De Mey 81 Vision as Paradigm: From VTE to Cognitive Science Erhard Oeser 85 The Two-stage Model of Evolutionary Epistemology Henry Plotkin 89 Knowledge and Adapted Biological Structures Massimo Stanzione 92 Campbell, Hayek and Kautsky on Societal Evolution Franz M. Wuketits 98 Four (or Five?) Types of Evolutionary Epistemology Evolution and Cognition: ISSN: 0938-2623 Published by: Konrad Lorenz Institut für Evolutions- und Kognitionsforschung, Adolf-Lorenz-Gasse 2, A-3422 Alten- Impressum berg/Donau. Tel.: 0043-2242-32390; Fax: 0043-2242-323904; e-mail: [email protected]; World Wide Web: http://www.kla.univie.ac.at/ Chairman: Ru- pert Riedl Managing Editor: Manfred Wimmer Layout: Alexander Riegler Aim and Scope: “Evolution and Cognition” is an interdisciplinary forum devoted to all aspects of research on cognition in animals and humans. -
Neuroimaging Abnormalities in Neurological Patients with Criminal Behavior
Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports (2018) 18:47 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-018-0853-3 BEHAVIOR (H S KIRSHNER, SECTION EDITOR) Neuroimaging Abnormalities in Neurological Patients with Criminal Behavior R. Ryan Darby1 # Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract Purpose of Review Criminal behavior occurs in previously law-abiding neurological patients, including patients with traumatic brain injury, focal brain lesions, and dementia. Neuroimaging abnormalities in these patients allow one to explore the potential neuroanatomical correlates of criminal behavior. However, this process has been challenging because (1) It is difficult to determine the temporal relationship between criminal behavior and neurological disease onset; (2) Abnormalities in several different brain regions have been associated with criminal behavior; and (3) It is difficult to quantify neuroimaging abnormalities in individual subjects. Recent Findings Recent studies have begun to address these concerns, showing that neuroimaging abnormalities in patients with criminal behavior localize to a common brain network, rather than a single specific brain region. New methods have been developed to identify atrophy patterns in individual patients, but have not yet been used in neurological patients with criminal behavior. Summary Future advances will be important for making sure that neuroimaging data is used in a responsible manner in legal cases involving criminal behavior. Keywords Criminal . Moral . Brain lesions . Neurology . Frontal lobe . Brain networks Introduction he was killed by police [2]. At autopsy, he was found to have a malignant tumor in his right temporal lobe, prompting ques- Neurological diseases can cause profound changes to behav- tions about the degree to which his brain injury contributed to ior.