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How Was the Traditional Makam Theory Westernized for the Sake of Modernization?
Rast Müzikoloji Dergisi, 2018, 6 (1): 1769-1787 Original research https://doi.org/10.12975/pp1769-1787 Özgün araştırma How was the traditional makam theory westernized for the sake of modernization? Okan Murat Öztürk Ankara Music and Fine Arts University, Department of Musicology, Ankara, Turkey [email protected] Abstract In this article, the transformative interventions of those who want to modernize the tradition- al makam theory in Westernization process experienced in Turkey are discussed in historical and critical context. The makam is among the most basic concepts of Turkish music as well as the Eastern music. In order to analyze the issue correctly in conceptual framework, here, two basic ‘music theory approaches' have been distinguished in terms of the musical elements they are based on: (i.) ‘scale-oriented’ and, (ii.) ‘melody-oriented’. The first typically represents the conception of Western harmonic tonality, while the second also represents the traditional Turkish makam conception before the Westernization period. This period is dealt with in three phases: (i.) the traditional makam concept before the ‘modernization’, (ii.) transformative interventions in the modernization phase, (iii.) recent new and critical approaches. As makam theory was used once in the history of Turkey, to convey a traditional heritage, it had a peculi- ar way of practice and education in its own cultural frame. It is determined that three different theoretical models based on mathematics, philosophy or composition had been used to explain the makams. In the 19th century, Turkish modernization was resulted in a stage in which a desire to ‘resemble to the West’ began to emerge. -
Issues of Musical Identity During The
RAST MÜZİKOLOJİ DERGİSİ Uluslararası Müzikoloji Dergisi www.rastmd.com Doi:10.12975/rastmd.2016.04.01.00067 ISSUES OF MUSICAL IDENTITY DURING THE FOUNDATION OF THE TURKISH REPUBLIC (1923-1950) Adem Merter Birson1 ABSTRACT In the early years of the Turkish Republic, music was a central topic in the cultural reforms that aimed to guide Turkey in the modernism and progressivism that defined the first half of the twentieth century. Several issues were involved, including the “change of civilizations” from an Ottoman and Eastern identity to becoming more like a Western European nation-state. This was a period that saw the establishment of Western-style music conservatories and the employment of musicians and musicologists to help establish a national classical music based on Turkish folk elements. At the same time, media outlets such as radio helped to shape and disseminate a national folk musical style. Private music making and cultural exchange with the West also played an important role in shaping a new Ottoman style. All of these elements worked together to form a rich and complex fabric of musical identity during the early days of the Turkish Republic. Keywords: Turkish Republic, National Identity, Cultural Reforms, Classical Music, Folk Music TÜRK CUMHURİYETİ KURUMLARINDA MÜZİKAL KİMLİK MESELESİ (1923-1950) ÖZET Yirminci yüzyılın ilk yarısında müzik, Türkiye’yi erken Cumhuriyet döneminde çağdaşlık ve ilericelik konusunda yönlendiren önemli bir alan olarak tanımlanmıştır. Osmanlı ve Doğu kimliğinden Batı ve Avrupa ulus devletine dönüşüm, uygarlıkların değişimi gibi birçok konuyu içeriyordu. Bu, Batı stili müzik konservatuvarlarının kuruluşu ve Türk halk kültürüne dayalı ulusal klasik müziğin oluşturulması amacıyla müzisyenlerden ve müzikologlardan faydalanılmasını içeren bir dönemdi. -
Ottoman Music Culture in the Balkans Through the Prism of the Travel Writer Evliya Celebi
International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research (IJSBAR) ISSN 2307-4531 (Print & Online) http://gssrr.org/index.php?journal=JournalOfBasicAndApplied --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ottoman Music Culture in the Balkans through the Prism of the Travel Writer Evliya Celebi Aida Islama*, Stefanija Leshkova Zelenkovskab aFaculty of Pedagogy “Ss Kliment Ohridski”, Cs Cyril an Methodius University, Bulevar 8-mi Septemvri bMusic Academy, University “Goce Delchev”, Krste Misirkov 10-A, 201 Stip 2000, R. Macedonia aEmail: [email protected] bEmail: [email protected] Abstract This paper reconstruct the picture about the Ottoman music through the prism of descriptions and experiences of Celebi on his stay in several cities in the territory of R. Macedonia in 17th century. Based on the data, we covered the institutions, spiritual and educational, in which music activities took place usually. Spiritual music had a ceremonial character and was represented in the mosques and tekkes. The spiritual life in mosques was at a very high level; so, music education had a valuable place in the divine service. The important role that tekkes had in terms of cultural life is confirmed through the travelogues of Celebi, in which information about their activity in all the cities are found. Their role was significant in the development of fine arts, especially poetry and music. Music was an integral part of education in the madrassas through the study of spiritual music forms. Many individuals contributed to the development of spiritual, as well as overall musical culture, and as we learn from the Seyahatname (book of travels) of Celebi, they all had different social activities. -
A Collective Biography Study of Musicians: Patterns, Networks and Music As a “Profession” in the Late Ottoman Era and the Early Republican Years in Istanbul
A COLLECTIVE BIOGRAPHY STUDY OF MUSICIANS: PATTERNS, NETWORKS AND MUSIC AS A “PROFESSION” IN THE LATE OTTOMAN ERA AND THE EARLY REPUBLICAN YEARS IN ISTANBUL A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES OF İSTANBUL ŞEHİR UNIVERSITY BY ONUR ÖNER IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN HISTORY JANUARY 2019 ABSTRACT A COLLECTIVE BIOGRAPHY STUDY OF MUSICIANS: PATTERNS, NETWORKS AND MUSIC AS A “PROFESSION” IN THE LATE OTTOMAN ERA AND THE EARLY REPUBLICAN YEARS IN ISTANBUL Öner, Onur. PhD in History Thesis Advisor: Prof. L. Cem Behar January 2019, 288 pages This dissertation focuses on the musicians of Istanbul who experienced the transitional period from the late Ottoman to the Early Republican years in Turkey. By focusing on their career trajectories, the thesis seeks to understand the ways in which musicians responded to broader socio-political changes. The thesis offers a wide range of quantitative analyses that were generated in IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). The thesis explores the geographical origins, birth dates, family backgrounds, education patterns, language proficiency, occupational distribution with a view to bring the common as well as the distinct features of musicians under investigation to light. The study gives emphasis to the musicians’ mobility in Istanbul in order to enhance the geographical understanding of music. The frequency analysis enabled this study to identify the most frequented neighborhoods by musicians as well as the musical interactions among the neighborhoods. Gephi, which is software to visualize social connections, was used to show the most musically connected neighborhoods to understand how the urban music was generated at the local level. -
Cultural Changes in the Turkic World
Cultural Changes in the Turkic World © 2016 Orient-Institut Istanbul ISTANBULER TEXTE UND STUDIEN HERAUSGEGEBEN VOM ORIENT-INSTITUT ISTANBUL BAND 7 © 2016 Orient-Institut Istanbul Cultural Changes in the Turkic World edited by Filiz Kıral, Barbara Pusch, Claus Schönig, Arus Yumul WÜRZBURG 2016 ERGON VERLAG WÜRZBURG IN KOMMISSION © 2016 Orient-Institut Istanbul Umschlaggestaltung: Taline Yozgatian Titelfoto: Barbara Pusch Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. ISBN 978-3-95650-181-4 ISSN 1863-9461 © 2016 Orient-Institut Istanbul (Max Weber Stiftung) Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung des Werkes außerhalb des Urheberrechtsgesetzes bedarf der Zustimmung des Orient-Instituts Istanbul. Dies gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen jeder Art, Übersetzungen, Mikro- verfilmung sowie für die Einspeicherung in elektronische Systeme. Gedruckt mit Unter- stützung des Orient-Instituts Istanbul, gegründet von der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, aus Mitteln des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung. Ergon-Verlag GmbH Keesburgstr. 11, -
Ozgecan Karadagli
From Empire to Republic: Western Art Music, Nationalism, and the Merging Mediation of Saygun’s Op.26 Yunus Emre Oratorio by Ozgecan Karadagli A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Music University of Alberta © Ozgecan Karadagli, 2017 Abstract This dissertation focuses on Western art music during the second half of the 19th century Ottoman Empire and the first half of 20th century in Republic of Turkey in the construction of a national identity, and how it had been used as a part of cultural politics. One of the aims is to contest some misinterpretations on the history and roles of Western art music. Through the Tanzimat (reform) period of the Ottoman Empire, Western art music genres became part of their Westernization policy. However, music was not a part of state ideology. On the other hand, as a big part of culture revolutions, music played an immense role of forging the new national identity of Turkish Republic. This music, under the vision of the founder Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, was formed through the synthesis of newly constructed Turkish folk music and Western art music techniques. Ahmet Adnan Saygun, as one the first generation of composers of the new state, dedicated himself to creating the new nationalist music of Turkey. This dissertation also argues that Saygun brought together Turkish folk music, Turkish art music and Western art music to compose nationalist music. In doing so, Saygun mediated the aesthetic and cultural traditions of the past and the present as well as broke the artificial art and folk music binary. -
(1/2019). Turkish Yoke Or
ZESZYTY NAUKOWE TOWARZYSTWA DOKTORANTÓW UNIWERSYTETU JAGIELLOŃSKIEGO RADA NAUKOWA Przewodniczący Rady Naukowej Prof. dr hab. Wojciech Nowak | Rektor Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Dr Denys Azarov | Uniwersytet Narodowy „Akademia Kijowsko-Mohylańska” Prof. Martin Bier | East California University Prof. dr hab. Andriy Boyko | Lwowski Uniwersytet Narodowy im. Iwana Franki Prof. Hugh J. Byrne | FOCAS Research Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology Dr hab. Adrián Fábián | University of Pécs Prof. dr hab. Maria Flis | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. dr hab. Tadeusz Gadacz | Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny w Krakowie Dr Herbert Jacobson | Linköping Universitet Prof. dr hab. Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Dr Miklós Kiss | University of Groningen Dr Erdenhuluu Khohchahar | Kyoto University Prof. dr hab. Andrzej Kotarba | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Dr Oleksiy Kresin | Narodowa Akademia Nauk Ukrainy Prof. dr hab. Marta Kudelska | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. dr hab. Tomasz Mach | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. dr hab. Andrzej Mania | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Dr Kristin McGee | University of Groningen Prof. dr hab. Karol Musioł | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. Biderakere E. Rangaswamy | Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology Dr Melanie Schiller | University of Groningen Prof. dr hab. Jacek Składzień | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. dr hab. Leszek Sosnowski | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. dr hab. Bogdan Szlachta | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. Luigia di Terlizzi | Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro Prof. Matthias Theodor -
Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response.Pdf
What Went Wrong? What Went Wrong? Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response Bernard Lewis 2002 Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Buenos Aires Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris São Paulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw and associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Copyright © 2002 by Bernard Lewis Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Lewis, Bernard. What went wrong? : western impact and Middle Eastern response / Bernard Lewis. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-19-514420-1 1. Middle East—History—1517- I. Title. DS62.4 .L488 2000 956´.015—dc21 2001036214 Printing (last digit): 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Contents Preface vii Introduction 3 Chapter 1 The Lessons of the Battlefield 18 Chapter 2 The Quest for Wealth and Power 35 Chapter 3 Social and Cultural Barriers 64 Chapter 4 Modernization and Social Equality 82 Chapter 5 Secularism and the Civil Society 96 Chapter 6 Time, Space, and Modernity 117 Chapter 7 Aspects of Cultural Change 133 Conclusion 151 Afterword 161 Notes 163 Index 173 Preface This book was already in page proof when the terrorist attacks in New York and Washington took place on September 11, 2001. -
1 Turkish Classical Clarinet Repertoire
Turkish Classical Clarinet Repertoire: Performance, Accessibility, and Integration into the Canon, with a Performance Guide to Works by Edward J. Hines and Ahmet Adnan Saygun D.M.A. Document Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Musical Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Sarah Elizabeth Korneisel Jaegers Graduate Program in Music The Ohio State University 2019 D.M.A. Document Committee Dr. Caroline A. Hartig, Advisor Dr. David Clampitt Professor Katherine Borst Jones Dr. Russel C. Mikkelson 1 Copyrighted by Sarah Elizabeth Korneisel Jaegers 2019 2 Abstract While American and western European works make up the majority of the classical clarinet repertoire known and studied in the West, works of Turkish origin are the focus of this document. Though over 100 pieces of Turkish classical clarinet repertoire exist, they are widely unknown to Western musicians, uncatalogued, and seldom performed. Consequently, although the clarinet is a staple of Turkish music and is extremely popular in the country’s folk tradition, classical clarinet music by Turkish composers remains difficult for Western musicians to find and acquire. The history of Anatolia as a cultural melting pot resulted in diverse and unique classical and folk musical traditions, both based on the makam modal system. Unlike the Western tradition, which developed twelve-tone equal temperament, the octave in the Turkish modal system comprises twenty-four unequally-spaced tones. The clarinet was introduced to Turkey by Giuseppe Donizetti (1788–1856), who traveled to Turkey at the behest of the sultanate to found European-style bands. Particularly appreciated was the clarinette d’amour, pitched in G. -
Zeszyty Naukowe Towarzystwa Doktorantów Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego
ZESZYTY NAUKOWE TOWARZYSTWA DOKTORANTÓW UNIWERSYTETU JAGIELLOŃSKIEGO RADA NAUKOWA Przewodniczący Rady Naukowej Prof. dr hab. Wojciech Nowak | Rektor Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Dr Denys Azarov | Uniwersytet Narodowy „Akademia Kijowsko-Mohylańska” Prof. Martin Bier | East California University Prof. dr hab. Andriy Boyko | Lwowski Uniwersytet Narodowy im. Iwana Franki Prof. Hugh J. Byrne | FOCAS Research Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology Dr hab. Adrián Fábián | University of Pécs Prof. dr hab. Maria Flis | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. dr hab. Tadeusz Gadacz | Uniwersytet Pedagogiczny w Krakowie Dr Herbert Jacobson | Linköping Universitet Prof. dr hab. Katarzyna Kieć-Kononowicz | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Dr Miklós Kiss | University of Groningen Dr Erdenhuluu Khohchahar | Kyoto University Prof. dr hab. Andrzej Kotarba | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Dr Oleksiy Kresin | Narodowa Akademia Nauk Ukrainy Prof. dr hab. Marta Kudelska | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. dr hab. Tomasz Mach | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. dr hab. Andrzej Mania | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Dr Kristin McGee | University of Groningen Prof. dr hab. Karol Musioł | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. Biderakere E. Rangaswamy | Bapuji Institute of Engineering and Technology Dr Melanie Schiller | University of Groningen Prof. dr hab. Jacek Składzień | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. dr hab. Leszek Sosnowski | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. dr hab. Bogdan Szlachta | Uniwersytet Jagielloński Prof. Luigia di Terlizzi | Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro Prof. Matthias Theodor -
The Musical Relationship Between England and the Ottoman Empire, Rast Musicology Journal, 7(1), S.1959-1978
RAST MÜZİKOLOJİ DERGİSİ | Yaz Sayısı 2019, 7 (1) Original Research Toker, H. (2019), The musical relationship between England and the Ottoman Empire, Rast Musicology Journal, 7(1), s.1959-1978. Doi:https://doi.org/10.12975/pp1959-1978 The musical relationship between England and the Ottoman Empire* Hikmet Toker Corresponding author: Lecturer of Istanbul University State Conservatory, Musicology Department, İstanbul / Türkiye, [email protected] Abstract This article based on the research project that I conducted at Kings’ College London between 2015-2016. It is titled, The Musical Relationship Between England and the Ottoman Empire. The data that I obtained from the Ottoman and National archives was presented after the analysing process. In this article, the role of music in the relationship between the states and societies is analysed from the time of first diplomatic relationship to the time of the collapse of Ottoman Empire. Additionally, we examined the phenomenon of the use of music as a diplomatic and politic instrument between these countries by specific examples.The main sources of this article were predominantly obtained in the Ottoman Archive, National Archive and British Library. The catalogue numbers of some of them were presented in conclusion, with the thought that they can be used in the future project. Keywords music and politics, ottoman music, musical westernisation, music and diplomacy İngiltere - Osmanlı musiki münasebetleri Özet Bu çalışma 2015-2016 yılları arasında King’s College London’da yürüttüğüm, İngiltere-Osmanlı Müzik Münasebetleri adlı doktora sonrası araştırma projesine dayanmaktadır. Belirtilen sürede Türkiyede ve İngiltere’de yaptığım araştırmalar neticesinde elde edilen bulgular analiz edilerek metin içinde sunulmuştur. -
Ottoman Empire
OTTOMANIA_OK_cover 07.05.13 14:39 Seite 1 MICHAEL HÜTTLER, Dr. phil., studied theatre, film DON JUAN ARCHIV WIEN DON JUAN ARCHIV WIEN is an independent research and media studies as well as journalism and communica- OTTOMANIA OTTOMAN EMPIRE institute for opera and theatre history in Central and tion studies at Vienna University; he has been conducting 1 AND Mediterranean Europe from the beginnings to the nine- research for the DON JUAN ARCHIV WIEN since teenth century. 2001. From 2007 to 2010 he has been Director of DON The symposia and books series Ottoman Empire and European Theatre OTTOMANIA EUROPEAN THEATRE JUAN ARCHIV WIEN and since 2011 he is Director of emphasizes the various theatrical and musical expressions of the exponents 1 Don Juan is an important figure in cultural and theatre HOLLITZER Wissenschaftsverlag. of the Ottoman Empire, presented on the theatrical stages of Europe, as well history, originating in Spain in the early seventeenth century, as the appearance of European theatre and opera in the Ottoman Empire, I becoming increasingly widespread in Europe and since the HANS ERNST WEIDINGER, Gewerke, Dr. phil., stu- especially in its political and cultural centre, Constantinople (now Istanbul). late eighteenth century continuously disseminated overseas. Few publications on the topic of the cultural connections between the died law, classical languages, archeology, theatre studies The numerous traces of this theatrical triumphal procession Ottoman Empire and Europe focus on theatre and opera; fewer still have THE AGE OF and art history at Vienna University, and dance, voice and are being systematically catalogued and documented by engaged the topic of the interaction and reciprocal influences of the Ottoman piano in Vienna and Prague.