Okapmas Folia Anat. Jpn., 57(6) : 347-368, March 1981

The Posterior Deep Temporal of the Crab-eating Monkey

By

FUMIHIKO SUWA

Department of Anatomy, Osaka Dental University, Japan

(Director : Prof. Y. Ohta) (one table, one text-figure and 14 figures in four plates)

-Received for Publication, July 17, 1980-

Key words : Temporal artery, Monkey, Plastic injection, Masticatory muscles, Comparative anatomy.

Summary : The course, origin and ramification of the posterior deep temporal artery of the crab-eating monkey were studied by the acryl plastic injection method. The artery arose from the distal to the points of origin of the inferior alveolar and the middle meningeal in all examples observed. The branches of the artery were : the anterior branch, the lateral pterygoid branch, the , the temporal lateral and the temporal crestal branch. These supplied the masticatory muscles except for the medial pterygoid muscle. In particular, the distribution territories of these branches were described according to the lamination of the masseter muscle (see Table 1) . The artery terminated in the superior, the superoposterior and the posterior branches in the . The lingual branch arose from the maxillary artery near the origin of the posterior deep tem- poral artery in all examples, and supplied the oral mucosa behind the lower molar teeth, their lingual gingivae and the posterior margin of the mylohyoid muscle and the masticatory muscles except for the masseter.

Introduction author and his coworkers investigated the posterior deep temporal artery of the dog. The course and ramifications of the The present paper deals in detail with posterior deep temporal artery are located the posterior deep temporal artery, its in the which is oc- branches and supply areas in the crab- cupied by the medial and lateral pterygoid eating monkey. General descriptions of and the temporal muscles. The distribu- the artery in monkeys have previously tion territory of the artery expands to been given in textbooks or works in which the . Near the origin of the masticatory muscles were surveyed. the artery, various relations are seen with Some findings on the artery of the present the points of origin of the inferior alveolar species have been reported by Lineback artery, the pterygoid muscular branches (1933), Dyrud (1944), Castelli and Huelke and other branches which originate from (1965) and Suzuki (1975). the maxillary artery. In 1978, the present

347 348 F. Suwa

Materials and Methods pterygoid (Fig. 2). At this position, the medial pterygoid branch (0.3-0.6, M. 0.39 Twenty adult crab-eating monkeys were mm) arose from the inferior wall of the used. Acryl plastic was injected via the artery in four of the 35 examples ob- common carotid arteries by the plastic served, the lateral pterygoid branch (0.3- injection method (Taniguchi, Ohta and 0.4, M, 0.32 mm) arose in two cases, and Tajiri 1952, 1955). Eighteen injected heads both branches arose in two cases (Figs. were treated with sodium hydroxide to 2, 14). The artery ran superolaterally on obtain corrosion specimens, although one the lateral side of the middle of the side of one head was unsuccessful in venter of the lower head of the lateral preparation. The two other injected heads prerygoid and medial to the insertion of were preserved in formalin solution for the deep temporal muscle, and arched dissection. All the corrosion specimens anteromedially between the upper and of the carotid system and formalin-pre- lower heads towards the pterygopalatine served samples were studied in order to fossa (Fig. 2). In this course, the elucidate the detailed anatomy of the artery gave rise to the lingual branch posterior deep temporal artery, its branches anteriorly and the posterior deep temporal and relationships with surrounding struc- artery superiorly. The origin of the tures. former lay proximal to that of the latter in 24 of the 35 examples observed (Fig. Findings 3), distal to that in seven cases and at the same level in four cases. The The maxillary artery (1.0-2.1, M. 1.60 origin of the latter, however, in all mm in diameter) ran anteriorly on the the cases mentioned, was located on the medial side of the collum mandibulae superior wall of the convex part of the (Fig. 4) and came inferolateral to the maxillary artery when it bent antero- lateral pterygoid muscle after crossing its medially on the venter of the lower head inferior margin obliquely from postero- (Figs. 2, 3, 11, 15). medial to anterolateral (Figs. 2, 3, 7). The arose inferoante- 1. Posterior deep temporal artery riorly from the inferior wall of the max- This artery (0.7-1.6, M. 1.06 mm in di- illary when it passed medial to the collum ameter) ascended between the mandibular (Figs. 2, 3, 11). Simultaneously, the mid- ramus and the lateral surface of the dle meningeal artery (0.5-1.1, M. 0.76 mm) middle of the venter of the lateral ptery- arose from the medial wall of the max- goid muscle (Figs. 2, 3) along the poste- illary (Figs. 4, 7) inferolateral to the lower rior margin of the insertion of the deep head of the muscle. The maxillary thus temporal muscle up to the lower margin gave rise to the inferior alveolar and of the beyond the height middle meningeal arteries, and the lingual of the mandibular notch. It then entered branch and the posterior deep temporal the deep temporal medial to its tendon artery in that order, respectively (Fig. 4). together with the deep temporal nerve, The maxillary artery ran anteriorly bent slightly posteriorly within the muscle superolateral to the lingual and inferior divided into the superior, the postero- alveolar nerves (Fig. 2) and reached the superior and the posterior branches (Figs. meeting point between the inferior margin 2, 3, 12). of the lower head of the lateral pterygoid and the posterior margin of the medial

• The Posterior Deep Temporal Artery of the Crab-eating Monkey 349

Branches : 3), and gradually bent anteriorly, giving 1) Anterior branches (Fujimoto 1959, in off, small twigs superomedially and in- the dog) feriorly intramuscularly. These twigs This branch (0.3-0.8, M. 0.54 mm), the perforated the anterior margin of the first branch of the posterior deep tem- muscle. The main stream of the ante- poral, which numbered one in 20 cases rior branch continued to run anteriorly (Figs. 4, 5, 7) and two in 15 cases (Figs. between the temporal and the zygo- 3, 5), arose from its anterior wall, or maticomandibular muscles, then laterally rarely from the superior wall of the between the coronoid process and the maxillary artery, proximal or distal to latter. It finally came to the anterior the origin of the masseteric artery. It margin of the zygomaticomandibular immediately gave rise to the lateral muscle (Fig. 2). En route it gave off pterygoid branch medially in five cases twigs to its insertion medially and an- (Fig. 7), ran anterosuperiorly towards teriorly, anastomosing with the periph- the posterior margin of the insertion of eries of the . The ante- the temporal muscle to enter it (Fig. rior branch which was underdeveloped

Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the whole ramification of the posterior deep temporal artery in the crab-eating monkey. See key to abbreviations on page 358 . The asterisk indicates the zygomaticomandibular muscle. 350 F. Suwa

in some cases (Fig. 5) supplied only the lay between the upper margin and the medial surface of the deep temporal venter of the upper head of the lateral muscles. pterygoid, and left medially the antero- In the 15 cases where two anterior medial or medial wall of the parent branches were seen (Figs. 3, 15), the artery. proximal was always stronger and dis- The branch, giving off small twigs played the features mentioned above. to the deep temporal muscle from its The distal arose from the anterior wall posterior margin, ran anteromedially. of the parent artery between the points It finally divided into the superior and of its origin and the masseteric artery anterior branches on the lateral side of in eight cases, from the superolateral the upper head of the lateral pterygoid. wall of the maxillary artery right distal The former branch bent anteromedially to the origin of the posterior deep between the upper head and the deep temporal artery in five cases, and from temporal muscle onto the superior the medial wall of the posterior deep surface of the head up to a small ridge temporal right distal to the origin of (corresponding to the infratemporal the masseteric in two cases. In the crest in man) above the origin of the five cases where the anterior branch head. Its peripheries anastomosed with arose from the maxillary, it was similar the muscular branch of the middle to the usual vessel in its course and meningeal (Fig. 7). The latter branch distribution area. In the other eight ran anterosuperomedially between the and two cases, the branch arising from venter of the upper head and the deep the posterior deep temporal ran antero- temporal muscle and gave off small superomedially towards the posterior twigs to the origin of the head medially. margin of the insertion of the deep The branch arising from the anterior temporal muscle to enter it and spread branch ran medially to the lateral sur- anterosuperiorly, i.e. to the superior face of the upper head. The branch area of the distribution territory of the arising from the masseteric artery usual anterior branch, anastomosing (Figs. 6, 8) ran anteromedially above with the superior branch and the ante- the upper head and turned to the supe- rior deep temporal artery intramuscu- rior branch since its origin usually lay larly. higher. In the five cases where the branches 2) Lateral pterygoid branch were seen to number two, one arose This branch (0.4-0.6, M. 0.46 mm) distal to the origin of the masseteric numbered one in 30 of the 35 examples artery and ran medially as the superior observed, and two in five cases. It branch above the upper head, and the arose from the parent artery between other ran medially as the anterior the points of its origin and the mas- branch. seteric artery in 16 cases, distal to the origin of the masseteric in one case 3) Masseteric artery (Fig. 14), and the same level as its This artery (0.4-0.7, M. 0.61 mm in origin in three cases (Fig. 7). It arose diameter) arose posteriorly or postero- from the masseteric in six cases (Figs. laterally from the posterior (Figs. 3, 6, 8), and from the anterior branch in 15), the lateral (Fig. 2) or the postero- four cases. lateral (Figs. 7, 8) wall of the posterior Each of the origins mentioned above deep temporal in the height of the The Posterior Deep Temporal Artery of the Crab-eating Monkey 351 mandibular notch in 34 of the 35 ex- from its inferior margin. amples observed. In the remaining case b) Anteroinferior branch (Figs. 5, 7, (Fig. 5), it arose from the superior wall 8, 9, 10) of the maxillary right proximal to the This branch (0.4-0.6, M. 0.52 mm), origin of the posterior deep temporal the thickest of the three terminal and ascended in contact with it. The branches, bent anteroinferiorly beyond artery ran posteriorly along the inferior the notch together with the mas- margin of the temporal muscle and seteric nerve, and divided into the medial to the maxillomandibular muscle medial and lateral branches. The up to a point in front of the temporo- former, giving off twigs to the anterior mandibular capsule (Fig. 7), where it and posterior parts of the deep mas- gave rise to the temporal crestal branch seter, ran anteroinferiorly between superoposteriorly (Figs. 3, 11, 15). both parts on the mandibular ramus and The artery ran posterolaterally be- anastomosed with masseteric branches neath the maxillomandibular muscle, of the transverse facial and the facial and continued to run laterally, lateral arteries at the anteroinferior end of to the insertion of the upper head of the insertion of the deep masseter. the lateral pterygeid, above the same The latter, together with the nerve, named vein and anterosuperior to the following the course of the former, same named nerve. The artery finally coming to a position between the divided into the anterior, the antero- deep and the intermediate masseter, inferior and the posterior branches, all to supply them and the insertion of of which ran laterally beyond the notch the zygomatico- mandibular muscle, (Fig. 7), lateral to the maxillomandibu- where it anasto- mosed with mas- lar and suporomedial to the anterior seteric branches of the buccal and the and posterior parts of the deep mas- transverse facial (distal branch of seter. In cases where two masseteric Matsukawa 1969) (Figs. 9, 10). arteries were seen (11 cases), the c) Posterior branch (temporomandib- proximal divided into the anteroinferior ular joint branch of Castelli et and the anterior branches, and the al. 1965) (Figs. 5, 7, 8, 9, 10) distal turned to the posterior branch This branch (0.2-0.3, M. 0.27 mm), in five cases ; the proximal turned to the thinnest, ran posteriorly along the the anteroinferior branch and the distal inferior margin of the lateral surface divided into the anterior and the poste- of the temporomandibular joint, and rior branches in four cases (Fig. 8), supplied it and the posterior part of and the proximal divided into the an- the deep masseter, anastomosing with teroinferior and the posterior branches the joint branch of the transverse and the distal turned to the anterior facial (Fig. 9). branch in two cases. a) The anterior branch (Figs. 5, 7, 4) Temporal crestal branch 8, 10) This branch (0.3-0.6, M. 0.52 mm), This branch (0.3-0.5, M. 0.40 mm), which was seen in all 35 examples, giving off small twigs to the anterior arose from the posterior wall of the part of the deep masseter, ran antero- masseteric artery in 28 cases (Figs. 2, superiorly between it and the mandib- 3, 8, 15), and from the posterior wall ular ramus, and supplied the inser- of the posterior deep temporal distal tion of the maxillomandibular muscle to the origin of the masseteric in eight 352 F. Suwa

cases (Fig. 14). rior end of the coronoid process and It ran posteriorly between the maxil- gave off two or three twigs to the lomandibular and the posteroinferior superficial temporal muscle, anastomos- margin of the insertion of the deep tem- ing with the anterior deep and the poral muscle and reached a point in front superficial temporal arteries, the supe- of the joint capsule, giving off twigs rior and the superoposterior branches to the capsule and the insertion of the intramuscularly (Fig. 11). The main lateral pterygoid (Fig. 14). It then stream descended to supply the inser- continued to run along the anterior tion of the superficial temporal and the margin of the root of the zygomatic maxillomandibular muscles, anastomos- process of the temporal bone (Figs. 3, ing with the peripheries of the buccal 11), where it gave rise to the temporal artery (Fig. 10, 11). lateral branch anteriorly in 26 cases (Fig. 11). The main stream next passed 5) Superior branch (Fujimoto, in the posterosuperiorly between the maxillo- dog) mandibular and the superficial temporal This branch (0.3-0.9, M. 0.53 mm) muscles to supply the origins of these spread arborescently to supply the an- muscles, anastomosing with the posterior terior one third of the temporal muscle branch of the posterior deep temporal (Figs. 2, 3, 12, 13), and its peripheries intramuscularly (Fig. 12). perforating its anterior margin ran In one case, it entered the bone towards and behind the origin of the structure via a small foramen on the zygomaticomandibular muscle to supply root of the process (Fig. 14). it, anastomosing with the anterior deep The temporal lateral branch (Ikenoya temporal. Some of them perforated 1960, in man), which was one in number, laterally the aponeurosis of the muscle arose anterosuperolaterally from the into the superficial temporal, anasto- lateral wall of the temporal crestal mosing with the temporal lateral branch. branch in 26 cases (Figs. 3, 11), from An arterial loop was formed along the the anterolateral wall of the posterior linea temporalis and these these branches deep temporal distal to the origin of and the communications between them the crestal branch in six cases, and (Fig. 12). from the lateral wall of the masseteric in three cases (Fig. 8). The branch in 6) Superoposterior branch (Fujimoto, the above-mentioned cases arched supe- in the dog) riorly along the superior margin of the This branch (0.5-1.0, M. 0.66 mm), the coronoid process within the maxillo- thickest, followed a course which was mandibular muscle or between this a continuation of the posterior deep muscle and the insertion of the super- temporal artery, bending superoposte- ficial temporal muscle to supply them. riorly in the middle of the deep tem- The branch in the other nine cases poral muscle to supply it arborescently was well developed with a wider sup- (Figs. 2, 3, 11, 12). Its peripheries com- ply area. It bent laterally along the municated with the arterial loop men- posteroinferior margin of the venter of tioned above at the temporal crest the temporal muscle (Fig. 11) and ran extramuscularly. anterosuperiorly between the maxillo- En route it gave off a twig which mandibular and the superficial temporal. spread in the superficial temporal supe- It came to a point lateral to the supe- riorly and inferiorly to supply it, anas- The Posterior Deep Temporal Artery of the Crab-eating Monkey 353

tomosing with the middle temporal and superolateral to the lingual nerve, artery of the superficial temporal (Figs. between the posterior margin of the in- 11, 12) and the temporal lateral branch sertion of the deep temporal muscle and (Fig. 11). the lower head of the lateral pterygoid, and then between the medial pterygoid 7) Posterior branch (Fujimoto, in the and the insertion of the temporal. Giving dog) off small twigs to the venter of the This branch (0.347, M. 0.56 mm), the medial pterygoid and the insertion of thinnest, ran posteriorly within the deep the temporal, it passed anteriorly up temporal muscle above the temporal to the anterior margin of the medial crest and arborescently supplied its pterygoid, where it divided into two. One venter (Figs. 2, 3, 12, 13), except the branch supplied the buccinator muscle posterior area supplied by the posterior from its posterior side and further the auricular and the superficial temporal oral mucosa attached to the muscle after arteries. The distribution territory of perforating it, and the other bent medially this branch was larger in 29 cases, in contact with the anterior margin of while the area supplied by the above- the medial pterygoid to enter the oral mentioned other arteries was smaller. submucous layer and ran anteriorly to Its distribution territory in the other supply the lingual gingivae of the lower 16 cases was smaller but that of the molar teeth, the posterior margin of the latter was larger (Fig. 12). The periph- origin of the mylohyoid muscle and the eries of the branch within the deep sublingual gland. temporal muscle communicated with the The branch, very close to its origin, superoposterior branch and the posterior gave off one or two small twigs from its auricular artery and supplied the max- superior wall medially, which supplied the illomandibular muscle inferiorly, anas- venter of the lower head of the lateral tomosing with the temporal crestal pterygoid. However, such twigs were branch intramuscularly (Fig. 12). The not seen in four cases, and similar twigs branch in one case gave off a small arose directly from the maxillary (Figs. twig on its inferior wall, immediately 2, 14). The parent branch divided into after its origin, which supplied the the superior and inferior branches at the anterior surface of the joint capsule, inferior margin of the insertion of the and the insertion of upper head of the deep temporal. The former supplied the lateral pterygoid. inferior part of its insertion (Figs. 2, 15) and the latter supplied the venter of the 2. Lingual branch medial pterygoid after crossing the lingual This branch (0.4-0.8, M. 0.60 mm), which nerve (Figs. 3, 11, 15). was seen in all 35 examples observed, arose anteriorly, in front of the meeting Discussion point between the inferior margin of the lower head of the lateral pterygoid and In 1978, the present author and his the posterior margin of the medial ptery- coworkers prepared detailed descriptions goid, from the inferior wall of the max- of the posterior deep temporal artery of illary proximal to the origin of the poste- the dog. The author now wishes to dis- rior deep temporal in 27 cases (Figs. 3, cuss this artery, especially in the dog 4, 15) and distal to it in eight cases (Figs. and man, from the comparative viewpoint. 2, 14). The branch ran anteriorly along The general course of the maxillary 354 F. Suwa artery is located between the mandible the more the distance between them and the lateral pterygoid muscle and increased, the more was the emerging lateral to the mandibular nerve, although point of the inferior alveolar transferred. some scholars have reported that the to the inferior, and vice versa the poste- artery sometimes passes medial to these rior deep temporal to the superior. The structures. In the rhesus monkey, Castelli origin of the posterior deep temporal or et al. (1965) found that the maxillary of the trunk was located on the anterior artery passed medial to the neck of the wall of the maxillary in most cases. In condyle towards the pterygoid palatine the present study, both arteries of the fossa in contact with the lateral surface crab-eating monkey did not arise via such of the lateral pterygoid muscle. Such a a trunk. The posterior deep temporal case in which the maxillary passed medial left the maxillary from its superior wall to the muscle was not seen in the dog at right angles, while the inferior alveolar and crab-eating monkey by Suwa et al. left from its inferior wall independently. (1978, and the present paper). In man, The origin of the posterior deep temporal the maxillary artery gave rise to the was always to be separate from that of middle meningeal, the inferior alveolar the inferior alveolar, as pointed out by and the posterior Fujimoto in the dog and cat. in that order in the temporomandibular The posterior deep temporal artey arose joint region, as reported by Takarada in common with the masseteric artery in (1958), Ikakura (1961) and Kubota (1966). many cases. The masseteric, the tem- In the dog, Fujimoto (1959), Wakimaru poromandibular joint and the temporal (1959) and Suwa et aL reported that the lateral branches (Ikenoya) have been first artery was replaced by the last one referred to as the branches of the poste- as regards their origins. In the crab- rior deep temporal by many scholars. In eating monkey, the present author found studies in which the nutrient arterial that the first artery was located between branches of the temporal muscle were the middle and last ones as reported by investigated in some mammals, Fujimoto Castelli et al. described the anterior branch, the mas- Concerning the origin of the posterior seteric artery, the superior and supero- deep temporal artery in man, the above posterior and the posterior branches. Suwa workers stated that it arose from the et al. also described, in addition to these superior, rarely the inferior or the supero- branches, the lingual, the temporoman- lateral wall of the maxillary in the height dibular joint and the lateral pterygoid of the inferior margin of the lateral branches in the dog. pterygoid muscle, forming an angle of The anterior branch demonstrated by 30-600 with respect to the maxillary Fujimoto in the dog was also distributed artery. Concerning the relationships be- to the maxillomandibular muscle and the tween the posterior deep temporal and insertion of the temporal muscle in the the inferior alveolar, both were reported monkey. However, Suzuki (1975) who by Takarada, Ikakura and Kubota to arise made observations on the blood supply of via a common trunk in few cases in man, the masseter muscle of the crab-eating as against about half of all examples monkey, did not mention such a supply observed in the dog as reported by Suwa territory. et al. Fujimoto mentioned that both arte- The lateral pterygoid branches were ries were found to originate separately larger than these of the dog, and their as the usual type in the dog and cat, and origins were seen on the parent artery The Posterior Deep Temporal Artery of the Crab-eating Monkey 355

and its branches. Those of the monkey, maxillary in man. Fujiwara (1976) report- generally well-developed, and the similar ed that the artery in the human fetus branches of the middle meningeal were arose from the maxillary artery in contact the important supply route for this mus- with the posterior deep temporal in all 17 cle. Castelli et al. also reported that the examples observed. Suwa et al. (1978, muscle was supplied by the pterygoid and the present paper) found that the artery of the posterior deep temporal and artery arose in common with the poste- small muscular branches of the maxillary. rior deep temporal in the dog and monkey The masseteric artery in man arose in except for one case in the monkey where common with the posterior deep temporal it arose from the maxillary. Castelli et in about 85% of cases, or rarely directly al. also stated that small masseteric and from the maxillary, according to the capsular arteries arose near the origin of reports of Takarada, Ikakura and Kubota. the posterior deep temporal in the monkey. Fujimoto indicated that the masseteric in According to the lamination of the the human fetus arose in common with masseter muscle attempted by Yoshikawa, the posterior deep temporal in 13 of 15 (1962), the present author has made ob- examples observed and from the maxillary servations on the blood supply of this in the other two cases. However, Sicher muscle from many branches of the poste- (1965) stated that the artery left the rior deep temporal and the masseteric

Table 1. Muscular branches of the posterior deep temporal artery of the crab-eating monkey. 356 F. Suwa

arteries, as well on that of the temporal which spread out in a fan-shape towards and the lateral pterygoid muscles, as the origin of the muscle. The terminal summarized in Table 1. divisions of the artery in the temporal Suzuki (1975) reported that the mas- muscle were named the superior, the seteric artery of the crab-eating monkey superoposterior and the posterior branches was well-developed, and arising from the in this paper, according to the nomen- posterior deep temporal, supplied a large clature of Fujimoto in the dog and cat. twig to the maxillomandibular muscle, The superoposterior branch was the the deep and intermediate layers, and largest. They anastomosed not beyond partly the superficial layer. The present the median line, with the posterior auric- author found that the masseteric artery ular artery and the superior branch of of the monkey was weak, contrary to the of Matsukawa Suzuki's descriptions, and that it did not et al. (1969). In the monkey, the temporal extend beyond the intermediate up to the muscular branches of the posterior deep superficial layer, although it was well- temporal artery were thus the superior, developed in the dog and cat as noted by the superoposterior and the posterior, plus Castelli et al. To supplement this vessel, the temporal crestal and the temporal however, masseteric brancees arising from lateral branches. other arteries and entering the muscle The present author with coworkers behind the mandibular ramus, formed a have already given detailed descriptions distinctive featuae. of the lingual branch in the dog, as shown The temporal crest named by the pre- in man. This branch arises from the sent author was not seen so clearly in inferior alveolar artery in the dog and the dog and cat as in the crab-eating man. In the crab-eating monkey, however, monkey. The crest was a continuation it was neither a branch of the inferior of the upper margin of the zygomatic alveolar nor of the posterior deep tem- arch posteriorly and transferred to the poral, but arose from the maxillary artery, linea temporalis. Such an obviously de- very close to the origin of the posterior veloped crest in the monkey might be deep temporal in all the examples ob- due to the development of a plane area, served. The distribution territory of the between the temporal squama and the branch was similar to that in the dog as root of the zygomatic process, where the described by Suwa et al., but the twig maxillomandibular muscle was located. which ran along the inferior alveolar The temporal crestal branch corresponded nerve and the branch to the mandibular to "the large branch" of the masseteric ramus in the report of Yamamoto et al. arteric artery mentioned by Suzuki. (1974), were not seen in the present study. The temporal lateral branch described The medial pterygoid branches described by Ikenoya in man was a branch of the by Tsuji (1969) in some mammals did not temporal crestal branch in most cases in arise from the posterior deep temporal in the monkey, but not of the maxillary the monkey but from the lingual branch. artery, and was distributed mainly to the superficial temporal muscle. Castelli et The authors to express his sincere al. mentioned that the posterior deep thanks to Professor Y. Ohta for critically temporal artery of the monkey continued reading the manuscript, and to Assistant upwards to supply the deeper fibers of Professor T. Tokioka and the staff mem- the temporalis muscle, where it divided bers of the Department of Anatomy for into two or three secondary branches their invaluable assistance. The Posterior Deep Temporal Artery of the Crab-eating Monkey 357

On the posterior deep temporal artry of Literature Cited the dog. Okajimas Folia Anat. Jpn., 55 : 255-264, 1978. 1) CasteIli, W.A. & D.F. Huelke, : The 12) Suzuki, T. : On the arterial supply in arterial system of the head and neck of the m. masseter of the crabeating-mon- the rhesus monkey with emphasis on key. Abstract of the 49th Kanto district the external carotid system. Am. J. meeting of the Jap. Anat. Ass., Acta Anat., 116 : 149-170, 1965. Anat. Nippon., 50 : 102, 1975. (in Japa- 2) Dyrud, J. : The nese) of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). 13) Suzuki, T. : On the arterial supply of Anat. Rec., 90 : 19-22, 1944. the masseter muscle in the dog and cat. 3) Fujimoto, T. : Cubical anatomy of sev- Acta Anat. Nippon., 52 : 299-308, 1977. eral ducts and vessels by injection meth- (in Japanese) od of acrylic resin. V. Arterial distribu- 14) Takarada, T. : The anatomical study of tion of the temporal muscle in some the maxillay artery in the Japanese. mammals. Okajimas Fol. Anat. Jpn., 33 : Shikagakuho, 58 : 1-20, 1958. (in Japa- 389-424, 1959. nese) 4) Fujiwara, I.: Stereological studies on 15) Taniguchi, Y., Y. Ohta & S. Tajiri several ducts and vessels by injection New improved method for injection of method of acrylic resin. XXVII. Arterial acrylic resin. Okajimas Fol. Anat. Jpn., distribution of the masseter muscle in 24: 259-267, 1952. some mammals. Okajima Fol. Anat. Jpn., 16) Taniguchi, Y., Y. Ohta, S. Tajiri, H. 47: 385-352, 1970. Okano & H. Hanai : Supplement to new 5) Ikakura, K.: On the origin, course and improved method for injection of acrylic distribution of the maxillary artery in reain. Okajimas Fol. Anat. Jpn., 27 : 401- the Japanese. Kouku Kaibou Kenkyu, 406, 1955. 18: 91-122, 1961. (in Japanese) 17) Tsuji, T.: Sterelogical studies on sev- 6) Ikenoya, T.: Studies on the blood supply eral ducts and vessels by injection meth- of the masticatory muscles in the Japa- od of acrylic resin. XXII. Arterial distri- nese. Stud. Dept. Anat. Tokyo Dent. Coll. bution of the medial pterygoid muscle in (Tokyo Shika Daigaku Kaibogaku Kyo- some mammals. Okajimas Fol. Anat. Jpn., shitsu Gyosekishu), 17: 68-89, 1960. (in 46: 21-40, 1969. Japanese) 18) Wakimaru, T.: Studies on the vascular 7) Kubota, K.: Studies on the nutrient and the nervous systems over the mandib- artery of the temporomandibular joint. ular joint. Md. J. Kagoshima Univ., 11: Shikagakuho, 66 : 765-822, 1966. (in Japa- 1010-1023, 1959. (in Japanese) nese) L9) Yamamoto, I., T. Yanagawa & A. Arai : 8) Lineback, P. et al. : The Anatomy of On the nutrient arterial branches of the the Rhesus Monkey. Hafner, New York, mandibular ramus in the dog by the 248-265, 1961. plastic injection method. Okajima Fol. 9) Matsukawa, M., A. Ryumon, H. Furuhara Anat. Jpn., 50: 377-392, 1974. & S. Masuda : On the superficial temporal !O) Yoshikawa, T., T. Suzuki, R. Kiuchi & artery of Macacus cynomolgos. Okajimas H. Matsuura : The lamination of the m. Fol. Anat. Jpn., 45 : 267-278, 1969. masseter of the crab-eating monkey, 10) Sicher, H.: Oral Anatomy. Mosby, St . orang-utan and gorilla. Acta Anat. Nip- Louis, 4th Ed., 325-340, 1965. pon., 37: 206-217, 1962. (in Japanese) 11) Suwa, F., S. Tominaga & H. Kumagai : 358 F. Suwa

Key to abbreviations

C: Condylar process m: Maxillary artery E: External auditory meatus p: Posterior deep temporal artery F: Mandibular fossa li: Lingual branch M: Medial pterygoid muscle s: Superficial temporal artery L: Lateral pterygoid muscle pa : Posterior auricular artery T: Temporal muscle mm : Z Zygomatic arch tf : Transverse i: Inferior alveolar artery mt : Medial pterygoid branch

Branches of the posterior deep temporal artery :

an : Anterior branch tl : Temporal lateral branch 1p : Lateral pterygoid branch tc : Temporal crestal branch ma : Masseteric artery po : Posterior branch a: Anterior branch sp : Superoposterior branch b: Anteroinferior branch su : Superior branch C: Posterior branch : Direction of the snout The Posterior Deep Temporal Artery of the Crab-eating Monkey 359

PLATES ta 0) C ,

Expla蹴ation of Figure8

Plate I

Figs.2and 3. Lateral view of the mandibular region◎f the maxillary artery and the origin◎f

the posterior deep temporal artery and its ramification on the left side. A plastic-injected dissection specimen is shown in Fig・2(ca・ ×2ユ), and a corrosion specimen in Fig.3 (ca. ×2.6). ' 'al The posterior deep temporal arises frorn the maxillary distal to the origin of the inferior V) alveolar汐but the massteric artery has been removed(×)in both figures. The temporal = branch was also removed in Fig。2。 The artery divides 'intσthe superior, the supero・ CD posterior and the posterior branches arborescently. The anterior branch in Fig.2, which was well-developed(↓), supplies the zygomatico. mandibular muscle(*). The lingual branch arises from the maxillary cistal to(in Fig.2) and medial to(in Fig.3)the origin of the posterior deep temporal, and gives off a small twig(/)to the insertion of the temporal muscle. The two anterior branches in Fig.3 arise both proximal and distal to the origin《)f the masseteric artery from the posterior deep temporal. 361

Plate I

F. Suwa 362 F . Suwa

Plate II

Fig. 4. Medial view of the left side. ca. x1.9. The maxillary artery gives rise to the inferior alveolar and the middle meningeal arteries, the lingual branch and the posterior deep temporal artery in that order.

Fig. 5. Lateral view of the right side. ca. x 3.3. The masseteric artery in this case arises directly from the maxillary right proximal to the origin of the posterior deep temporal and ascends in contact with it.

Fig. 6. Superomedial view of the left side. ca. x 3.1. The lateral pterygoid branch arises from the masseteric.

Fig. 7. Superomedial view of the right side. ca. x 3.4. The lateral pterygoid branch arises from the posterior deep temporal, from which the masseteric arises posterolaterally and divides into the anterior, the anteroinferior and the posterior branches at the mandibular notch. Communications are seen between the lateral pterygoid branch and the same named branch of the middle meningeal artery. 363

Plate II

F. Suwa 36-1 F. Suwa

Plate III

Fig. 8. Anterolateral view of the masseteric artery of the right side. ca. x 3.4. In this case, two masseteric arteries are seen. The proximal divides into the antero- inferior and anterior branches, and the distal turns to the posterior branch. The temporal lateral, the lateral pterygoid and the temporal crestal branches arise from the masseteric artery, respectively.

Figs. 9 and 10. Lateral view of the mandibular ramus of the right (Fig. 9, ca. x2.1) and left (Figs. 10, ca. x 1.6) sides. Communications between the masseteric artery and other arterial branches within the masseter muscle are seen as follows. In Fig. 9, the anteroinferior branch anastomoses (\,) (4—) with the peripheries (*), and the posterior branch anastomoses (N) with the peripheries of the transverse facial. In Fig. 10, the anteroinferior branch anastomoses (—.) with those of the transverse facial. In both figures, the temporal lateral branch anastomoses ) with the peripheries of the buccal artery.

Fig. 11. Lateral view of the temporal lateral branch of the left side. ca. x 2.3. The mandibular ramus and all branches out of the masseteric artery were removed. The temporal lateral branch arises from the masseteric, and anastomoses with the supero- posterior branch (4—), the peripheries (t ) of the anterior deep temporal and (N) of the superficial temporal artery. 365

Plate III

F. Suwa 366 F. Suwa

Plate IV

Figs. 12 and 13. Lateral view of the left side. ca. x 1.3, x 1.0. Communications between various branches in the temporal muscle are seen as follows. In Fig. 12, there are anastomoses (—.) between the superior branch and the anterior deep temporal artery ( x ) ; ( f ) between the superoposterior branch and the superficial temporal artery ; ( between the posterior branch and the temporal crestal branch ; and (—) between the superior and superoposterior branches. In Fig. 13, there are anastomoses ( 1 ) between the superoposterior and posterior branches ; and (\) between the posterior branch and the posterior auricular artery.

Fig. 14. Lateral view of the left side. ca. x 2.9. The masseteric artery was removed ( x ). The temporal crestal branch arising from the posterior deep temporal artery gives off a small twig to the temporomandibular joint (--.) and enters the temporal bone ) via a small foramen on the root of its zygomatic process.

Fig. 15. Lateral view of the left side. ca. x2.1. The lingual branch arises from the inferior wall of the maxillary artery distal to the origin of the inferior alveolar, and supplies branches to the venters of both the medial and lateral pterygoid and the insertion of the temporal muscle. It runs across the venter of the medial pterygoid and supplies the oral mucosa, the lingual gingivae of the lower molar teeth and the posterior margin of the mylohyoid muscle beyond the anterior margin of the medial pterygoid muscle. A twig of the lingual branch supplies the insertion of the deep temporal (/) 367

Plate IV

F. Suwa