42

The anatomy of Russian information warfare the Crimean operation, a case study

Jolanta Darczewska NUMBER 42 WARSAW MAY 2014

The anatomy of Russian information warfare the Crimean operation, a case study

Jolanta Darczewska © Copyright by Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia / Centre for Eastern Studies

Editor Anna Łabuszewska

Co-operation Halina Kowalczyk, Katarzyna Kazimierska

Translation Ilona Duchnowicz

Co-operation Nicholas Furnival

Graphic design PARA-BUCH

DTP GroupMedia

Photograph on cover Shutterstock

Publisher Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia Centre for Eastern Studies ul. Koszykowa 6a, Warsaw, Poland Phone + 48 /22/ 525 80 00 Fax: + 48 /22/ 525 80 40 osw.waw.pl

ISBN 978-83-62936-45-8 Contents

Introduction /5

MAIN POINTS /7

I. Russian information warfare theory /9

1. The revival of the topic /9 2. Building the ‘information front’ base /10 3. General characteristics of information warfare theory /11 4. Information warfare in Russian geopolitical doctrine /13 5. The Panarin school /14 6. The Dugin school /17 7. The ideological ‘engine’ of information struggle /18 8. The Eurasian project vs. the Ukrainian issue /20

II. Information warfare in geopolitical practice /23

1. ‘The technology of victory’ /23 2. Propaganda as the basic instrument of information operations /25 3. Network propaganda operations /26 4. ‘The Dugin network’ /28 5. Network institutionalisation /29 6. Innovations in real life /31

Conclusion /33 Atlantic civilisation led by the U led by the civilisation Atlantic from the aggression lisation” “informational to counteract T Introduct mation battles are necessary for “the necessary are mation battles R sabotage. political and ideological and impact, psychological media), the diplomacy and (secret services, channels overt and of secret kinds of various use by making countries other in societies and elites the to subordinate methods to detect difficult to use is Its goal of warfare. information potential the world entire and capabilities to the to the demonstrate citizens could be de-Russified”, be could andso andso forth. on citizens over by NATO”, taken Fleet be could Sea bases Black “Ukrainian into Crimea”, storm could “the “Banderivtsy that feared itas: was such were absurd, These arguments itself. of Crimea annexation moves and formilitary the argumentation the gaps in the cealing ’s to con credibility at and lending intentions were aimed mechanisms disinformation the into , ofcorporation Crimea in occupation and military Following the were taken. measures complex and multidirectional diplomaticand short, activity. In sabotage, provocation socio-cultural and political ideological, with (the combined ),it was crisis Ukrainian of the time At the making. the in years many was though, front, This elites. al cultur and academic representatives of the and experts, analysts, political politicians, diplomats, by supported was front formation The wagedin scale. being unprecedentedlyis large onwhich an , in situation the regarding campaign disinformation have employed resources been recent of the online a multitude in and newspapers channels, radio and television federal the All practice. and theory of R background the with tion warfare of interpretation attempt informa to provide an an is text for T of used years. applied been geopolitics has arsenal ussian politicians and journalists have argued that infor that have argued journalists and politicians ussian he C rimean operation has served as an occasion for occasion R an as served operation has rimean ion SA”. T R his argument from the from the argument his ussian/Eurasian civi ussian/Eurasian ussian geopolitical geopolitical ussian ussia ussia his his ------

5 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 6 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 the separatist coup and the annexation of C annexation coup the and separatist the (intoxication) treatment in informational and took part ical of U citizens it. T notdoes resist C with case the was –as aggression of the victim the of warfare: information essence shows the eration perfectly T interests. its post-Soviet with the line area”in “Russia’s including propaganda, arrange to by right Russian raised arguments of the part with agree politicians and Western media Some some people well. as with resonated here it has although da, propagan Russian to mostresistant out the be to opinion turned Western public USSR. of the disintegration set up following the were which states people”, of the citizens i.e. Russian-speaking world’s “the and public most strongly divided Russian greatest the affected aggression Kremlin’stheinformational effect, In eration. Fed Russian of the entity or an US state becomeshould another chaos). Crimea whether at The home doctors spin were asking post-Soviet the in area”or a“globaldominance (total Maidan” “Russian between choose to opinion outside had Public Russia channels. of information amultitude using wide ‘obscure’ to was goal public opinion at homeAnother world and of sphere its influence. within remain and controlled by Russia be could Ukraine that so proposed by Russia as system political country’s their adopt to solutions regarding citizens and ernment on gov its pressure placing and Ukraine in situation the bilising at desta year. primarily They of have this aimed been beginning at the warfare of atough entered information phase years many for seen been had which battles information The anti-Ukrainian kraine who had undergone necessary psycholog who undergone had necessary kraine his happened because R because happened his rimea by R rimea ussian-speaking ussian-speaking he C he rimean op rimean rimea – rimea ussia. ------• • • N MAI those times. those the publictested at and leading for influencing techniques the and conducted times Soviet in warfare psychological upon the draw clearly battles information Russia.” practice, In against waged war information the to need “respond to war with for the argument an as used also is of warfare method This concepts. new generationopposition Western the to warfare developed been in has theory Russia’s warfare information the context of the rivalry between these two civilisations. two these between rivalry context of the the have presented in been Crimea followed need annex to by the hegemony. Ukraine global in gain crisis hood and The internal state Russian USA”the to disassemble intends allegedly which led by “Atlantic the to civilisation setat is contrast civilisation” liberty.” Eurasian The true “Russian and values conservative for multi-polar world, ajust gling tradition, defends which promotes “a post-liberal power (…) neo-conservative strug it ideology opposition of In the liberalism, to battles. mation infor forgrounds geopolitics offers ideological Furthermore, mentors young of generationsand of the geopoliticians. teachers academic Dugin, Aleksandr and Igorschools: Panarin geopolitical Russian two keyrepresentatives of the the cerns con particular in opinion leaders. This as warfare information in participation personal for other their topic, on the and this for one popularising onhand thought have the given credit be to advantage. ageopolitical Representatives of geopolitical gain to also and domesticpolitics and regional international, in goals its achieve to uses state the means are netwars, and warfare information-psychological as such forms, extreme its as well as network struggle, and The information restrictions. without borders state all accessiblerange, permeates it easily and is weapon: weapon, unlimited it cheap,it is has it auniversal is adangerous as information treats The doctrine geopolitical P O INT S - - - -

7 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 8 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 • • services, etc. services, networking social in activity as such innovations, introducing into account toolsand new media taking techniques, ganda propa its perfecting and modifying more, it constantly is Further battlefields. on information of impunity asense has Russia Moscow’s intensify: setto is aggression informational some people well. as with resonated here it has although da, propagan Russian to Western public more opinion is resistant possible. action successful make which keyfactors the (who Kremlin’s are propaganda) receptive the to diaspora are Russian of the existence the and used is language Russian the Russia’s where Eurasia). space in The information dominance Russia’sing thepost-Sovietand in area spheres of influence (reconstruct purposes (mobilisation external of and society) for internal used both It already et cetera. is bases, social and diplomatic, media, organisational, scientific, and research its building and state the for policy strengthening pursued consistently the and late 1990s, developed been the since has geopolitics, West which information the aproduct of is both and Russia between rivalry of the strategy The information - - - - in the curricula of higher education facilities which do not report do not which report education of higher facilities curricula the in included been also has on-Don, theory etc.). struggle Information in andVolgograd Rostov- Ministry Affairs Internal Russian of the of Academy Telecommunications,Voronezh the Institute Research the (FSO) Orel, Academy in Service (FSTEC), Protective Federal the Control Export and for Technical Service Federal ofProblems the Protection Information of Technical Institute Experimental search (FSB) Academy, Service Re State and Science the Security Federal Cryptography, Computer Telecommunications and Scienceat the of of law enforcement (the Institute charge in ministries to the report which institutes research and education facilities the ered cov The above 2000. reform all in Federation announced Russian of the Doctrine Security work by Information the ontiated the ini issues security information in interest in of arapid increase aconsequence as reform thorough this underwent The institute correspondents. war and journalists also and personnel, military primarily are whose students chair, security of spetspropaganda area the in information.’ Research ‘monitoring development and of military the and analysis’ communication,’ ‘information military tion and foreign informa ‘organising in specialists Federation. It trains of Russian Defence of the Ministry University of the Military the of Department Foreign and Languages Information Military the as now is known The institute reorganised. been had institute the after 2000 in reintroduced be to 1990s the in curriculum the from Spetspropaganda subject. ernment’s this to approach gov Russian the in change of example the aspectacular is tute insti of this The of history Foreign Languages. Institute Military the at in 1942 subject taughtseparate as a first theory, was which spetspropaganda from It derived is directly Russia. in along tradition has theory warfare information Russian 1. I. T he revival ofhe topic revival the R u ssia n i n nfor ma t is also continued by the information information continued by the also is on w ion a rf (special propaganda) propaganda) (special a r e th was removed was e ory ------

9 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 10 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 given the status of an academic science. academic of an status given the been has warfare of subject information the and network wars, and information and technology, communication network analysis, situation as: subjects now such include universities ofments other depart science political and philosophy sociology, at curricula the as as well Federation, the Russian of of Foreign Affairs Ministry the (MGIMO) Relations Diplomatic the Academy of and International of Moscow at State the courses Institute diplomata result, training institutions, was established upon the FSB Academy’s FSB upon the established was initiative institutions, scientific and formed is by 74formation Security, which research Federation In Covering Russian of Educationthe Higher Facilities Association of ofand Methodological Cryptography. The Scientific Academy’s FSB by the coordinated is This Institute ence institutes. sci and conducted projects by research in and ministries those to 1 of the former director Sherstyuk, headed by is Vladislav stitute solved being by it. The in tasks of the nature interministerial the and security of information nature interdisciplinary the to on website, its described appropriate as is form, organisational intended resolve to is problems level. at The aglobal institute’s of Russia’s i.e. co-operation, it part as international tion security informa for in example sov Moscow State University specialises Lomono at 2003 the in established Institute formation Security issues. In The defined precisely with to deal meant are decade past over etc.).created the centres al, The research numerous education technologies, communication informational, logical, psycho diplomatic, counterintelligence, telligence, propaganda, in military, economic, social, (political, broad of range actions it applied because is covers science. avery This terdisciplinary in of an traits has also theory warfare information Russian 2.

Building the ‘information front’Building the base cessed on 20 February 2014). February on 20 cessed emy’s Cryptography Institute Acad FSB the from P. (http://www.isedu.ru/sostav/vuzi.htm A. Kovalenko Professor by chaired is association This – ac 1 . As . As ------involved transferring Western terminology across to the Russian Russian to the across Western terminology involved transferring This cyberspace. in i.e. activity purposes, intelligence and tary of use new computer the for technologies mili concerning marily Western pri United Europe States and developed the in theory security opposition in cyber to built been has theory The Russian 3. Pivovar. by Mr directed is which Countries, for Post-Soviet Chair at the Abroad given lectures side has Russia) out living ethnic Foundation, supports which Mir kiy Russ of the director executive the as served who has 2007 since strategies, media in Meyer (a specialist Maxim that noting worth post-Soviet It the is processes in area. integration and abroad near the in of countries history the emigration, Russian of the history the are: Pivovar’s of research coordinated. major and areas united being is centres academic various of effort intellectual the that proves This State UniversityHumanities. for the Russian of the by YefimPivovar, directed is The rector centre structures. state of operation the to security information ensuring and monitoring space information projects, applied are: research of activity areas priority defined its turn, In of issues. post-Sovietanalysis ethnic historical the as movements, well as social and parties Russian with co-operate movementshow they and social and parties cal politi their diaspora, Russian-speaking the include: studying eas centre’s ar the USSR, collapse of the following the key research emerged which countries of the economic and history political Lomonosov contemporary University. the additionstudying to In at the for History Abroad Near Chair of the part as created was Post-Soviet the which in Processes Area, Socio-Political Studying for Centre Analytical and Information for by the example trained problems resolve to are regional required resources The human (FAPSI). tion Informa and Communications Agency ofFederal Government theory of information warfare characteristics General ------11 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 12 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 ‘information warfare’ and ‘network warfare’ the ‘cyberneticin warfare’, used Theterms West. definitions anythe of with fit to in made be They cannot keyterms. of the review critical by a confirmed been has This trick. manipulative aconsequence of as this confusing is terminology The Russian theory. Russian of the put “defensive”nature on was the phasis em reality, strong world. adapted Russian to being When it was 2 discuss Western publications. In turn, mostR Western turn, publications. In discuss publications which However, concerns generally warfare. this generation of fourth dimensions social and technological of the manifestations as ‘netwar’ and ‘cyberwar’ between distinction the make theoreticians Only few in Russia. meanings ly different 2012 and 2013 ‘ and 2012 on the place in debate the taking was public proof space. One of this out pushed and of marginalised is dimension Its technological dimension. acultural and NATO), USA and ideological the an (above apolitical, all, it has and (2) ation and Feder Russian of the Doctrine Security Information of the part as two contexts: in placed usually isterm a effect it In West. the and East the between ‘Cold to references ‘psychological warfare’ War’ and direct make space ( technological the order and non-military and military weapons’. ‘information as the mation resources mix They thus to control infor means of special by use space information the in adopted bycountries different systems civilisational different the between rivalry of the part as masses ofness the theconscious influencing as warfare’ ‘information derstand

сти, под ред. В.А. Баришпольца. Москва, Знание, 2012; Атаманов Г.А., Г.А., Атаманов 2012; Знание, Москва, Баришпольца. понятия война:Информационная экспликация В.А. ред. под сти, безопасно информационно-психологической Основы for example: See cessed on 13 March 2013). on 13 March cessed ) and social order ( social and the geopolitical rivalry between Russia and the West the and Russia between rivalry geopolitical the C put forward by by forward put Strategy’ ybersecurity information space information (http://naukaxxi.ru – ac ussian authors un authors ussian ) by definition, and by definition, 2 have complete have (1) the tasks set tasks the cyber ------evidently kept confidential. evidently (cyber-), publicpect space, is the in underrepresented is which as public influence to opinion. used Thetechnological of means arsenal the have new technologies expanded that emphasised it is although term, afragmentary as seen is security berspace topic. Cy security information the down cessively narrowed ex strategy this services, secret and Council Security Russian 5 4 3 technologists political as warfare pation information in partici personal for other topic, their on the and this popularising for oneof thought onhave hand geopolitical the given to be credit advantage. ageopolitical Representatives gain to also and politics domestic and regional international, in goals its achieve to uses state the means are netwars, and formation-psychological warfare in as such forms, extreme its struggle), including psychological (more frequently, network information- struggle and mation the The restrictions). without borders infor state all permeates and accessible range, it easily is weapon, unlimited it has a universal is weapon adangerous (it as cheap, is information it treats doctrine The geopolitical interrelated. closely are contexts geopolitical the Russia”) and against warfare (“war on information The functional 4. Gattarov Ruslan Senator the two Russian geopolitical schools: Igor schools: geopolitical Panarin Russian two the key representatives of the concerns particular ion in leaders. This

Information warfare in R in Information warfare tion campaigns. elec and campaigns image-building management, political technologies, of political application practical the in aspecialist is technologist A political and was then nominated deputy governor of Chelyabinsk Oblast. Oblast. of Chelyabinsk governor deputy nominated then was and 2014 February in senator as down He stepped Russia’sat presidium. United established was for Work which on Blogosphere, Council of the chairman the and Council Federation at the Society of Information Progress for the Commission of the chairman the and 2010 from senator as He served Russia. of United committee Chelyabinsk of the chairman the as elected later sia, - Rus of United Young of Guard the activist 1977), an (born Gattarov Ruslan Igor Panarin (born 1958), holder of a higher doctoral degree in political sci political in degree doctoral 1958), of ahigher holder (born Igor Panarin 3 . According to specialists from the the from specialists to . According ussian geopolitical doctrine ussian 5 and Aleksandr Aleksandr and 4 and opin and ------13 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 14 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 in international politics). international in Voice affairs on where he current comments station, radio of Russia to Russia’ ‘Global window on the ‘The politics’ and programmes own for his hosts example, (Panarin, radio RT, on the TV also and One, Rossiya, NTV, Ren-TV on Channel and programmes analytical and publicist in part active an take they warfare: ofers information practition and theoreticians both They are system. counteraction information Russian the formatting also are they threats, mational infor public external to Russian the sensitising While War period. Cold the during used those than more sophisticated and actions channelled and moves opponent ‘mirror’ organised of the as see the and services secret the to They havegeopoliticians. obvious links Dugin 7 6 Federation the Russian of of Foreign Affairs Ministry emy of the Diplomatic of the of Acad Professor IgorThe early writings Panarin 5.

T ‘Психологичекие аспекты обеспечения национальной безопасности Рос безопасности национальной обеспечения аспекты ‘Психологичекие Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration. Administration. Public and Economy of National Academy Presidential Russian the and at MGIMO teaches also He Russia. of Affairs of Foreign try - Minis of the Academy Diplomatic at the a professor is he At present, mittee. Com Election Central of the department analytical of the head the was he 1999–2003, in at worked FAPSI; he 1991, Union’s After Soviet 1976. KGBthe in in career professional his He started Council. Federation the and president the to attached bodies expert numerous and Federation Russian of the ences of Sci Academy Military of the member full psychology, in PhD and ences of of editor-in-chief the was he 1990s, early the In of religion. historian and pher philoso geopolitician, scientist, 1962), apolitical (born Dugin Aleksandr the and the International Eurasian Movement. Movement. Eurasian International the Youth and Union Eurasian the of founder the He is rivalry. to doomed are which civilisations, Sea the and Land the civilisations”: “superior of two existence of the thesis geopolitical underlying the share market ideological the to throws he theories the All conservatism. Russian and neo-imperialism, sianism, Eura traditionalism, of integral ideologist main the is Dugin geopolitics. of Russian representative a leading He is press. foreign and Russian the in published of articles hundreds and books ten than more written sity. He has Univer State at Moscow Studies for Conservative Centre of the director the and University Lomonosov Moscow of the department philosophy and ogy sociol at the professor as serves he At present, house. publishing Arctogeia he Panarin school he Panarin Elementy 6 , academic teachers and mentors young of generations and of the teachers , academic and and magazines and the editor of the manifesto of the of the manifesto of the editor the and magazines Angel Milyi ------7

9 8 Federation. works later His Russian of the Doctrine Security Information for foundations the the laid In his book ‘Information World book ‘Information his Russia’In War –War II against win. idea) will Eurasian (i.e. Russian Good 2020, when the the until last opinion will his in and millennium of this start at the second one the commenced and USSR; collapse of the the ended in and perestroika “Russia-Ruthenia”:with oneagainst began first the waves aggression great of two information distinguishes Panarin Professor front. West information the onneed counteract to the information. desired of extortion and blackmail lobbying, and information, information of fabrication the tion thereof; or acombina information or fabricated manipulated spreading implications; disinformation false to gives rise a way that in authentic i.e. information using manipulation, information benefits; certain at control gaining public of aimed the intentional control social as: ofsuch influence, operations are these practice In purposes. for Russian technology warfare information in used terms basic ‘velvet context of the the In abroad. revolutions’,the he defines ‘Anti-Putin’ Western codenamed operation the controlled from de facto aggression: of this amanifestation also was elections presidential and recent parliamentary the cow after Mos in protest movement opinion,the on Square Bolotnaya his United States. In the from aggression information and technology control ‘Arab the were aproduct of and Spring’ social area CIS ‘colour’ so-called revolutions the the in all that claimed Panarin ‘

ная война. Развал СССР’ (2010). СССР’ Развал война. ная информацион ‘Первая (2006); геополитика’ и война ‘Информационная война и ‘Информационная (2003); войны’ информационной ‘Технология ‘Информационная война и Россия’ (2000). (2000). иРоссия’ война ‘Информационная (1996); войск’ безопасность ‘Психологическая 1996); 2, 1995;ч. 1, (ч. сии’ Вторая мировая информационная война – война против России’ (2012). России’ против –война война информационная мировая Вторая

ртй и’ 20) ‘номцоня он и илмтя (2004), дипломатия’ и война ‘Информационная (2005); Рим’ Третий social manoeuvring social society; , i.e. influencing 8 provided grounds for Russia’s provided grounds , i.e. creating false false , i.e. creating a result of aresult , i.e. , i.e. 9 - - - , 15 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 16 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 nent compo organisational analysis), situation the current and ing opponent),about the white),and intelligence propaganda include: These open. and of secret ries catego into he the divides which struggle, information of the instruments basic of the outline provide an also Panarin’s books 10 and Communications’ and Warfare book latest ‘Information presentation of his the during experiences,” he said Chinese US and by the it enriched be must experiences, Soviet best on the reality. Based global modern the to adequate be processes must controls communication openly and secretly both which system warfare information national “The (5) (4) (3) (2) (1) management operation formation of in process the followingstages in the distinguishes Panarin spetsnazes’ conducted They by ‘information are formation warfare. of forms KGB’, in information ‘the organisational author calls are the flag). which centre, fromsingle a Complexmanaged operations forcesoperation (sabotage conducted aforeign operations under channels combined other and tion warfare, involved state by the desired informa shape in the take to media mass and opinion of politicians the shapes which media the ing See: See: forecasting and planning, and forecasting performance control. performance organisation and stimulation, and organisation feedback, operation adjustment, operation кации (coordination and steering channels, secret agents secret influenc channels, steering (coordination and Презентация книги Панарина ‘Информационная война и коммуни ивойна ‘Информационная Панарина книги Презентация ’ (http://ria.ru/ announce/20140303/). the analytical component analytical the 10 . Referring to the recent developments the to . Referring (the service which collects information information collects which service (the : , including special special , including (media monitor (media (black, grey grey (black, ------. 13 12 11 revolutions’ ‘colour The 6. states. of union core of would at be this the Ruthenia empire. The Eurasian falling this to acounterbalance as China, to Egypt from extending states, doomed is to collapse. He and abyss of proposes a new union the edge now is empire on the of this that believes USSR). Panarin collapse of (since the the history advantage contemporary in this had empire” The has “US-British warfare. information vantage in ad to linked inextricably was projects geopolitical success of all point of geopolitics, of view the global the from he concluded that history (2006). Geopolitics’ and Russian tion Warfare Analysing book ‘Informa his project in geopolitical his announced Panarin West. by the planned cially artifi campaign anti-Russian element of the an was romaidan) public protest (the Eu Ukrainian the that he claimed Ukraine, in career of the term ‘netwar’ term of the career between intelligence services” intelligence between form of encounter mostdangerous the “socially as also and hood” post-Soviet the in state area,”regions “a of Russian disassembly entire the aimed at in destabilising processes plotted West ficial ated the ‘Eurasian’ netwar model. The ‘Eurasian network’ would network’ The model. ‘Eurasian netwar ‘Eurasian’ ated the he cre means, communication fast and elements interactive ing involv infrastructure military of creation anew information the ‘ term base Using the fare. where he gave look US acloser concept at the of net-centric war sia by in his work his ‘Post-modern in Dugin Geopolitics” by Aleksandr sia

T 2003, page 293. page 293. 2003, Москва условиях’, вособых тика поли информационная ‘Государственная А.В., Манойло for example: See changes in these countries. countries. these in changes socio-political about brought (2005), which Kyrgyzstan and (2004) Ukraine (2003), in movements social the describe to used been has term This Aлександр Дугин, ‘Геополитика постмодерна’ (rossia3.ru). постмодерна’ ‘Геополитика Дугин, Aлександр he D ugin schoolugin 11 have also contributed to the stunning stunning contributed the to have also net-centric warfare’ . They are viewed in Russia as “arti as Russia viewed in . They are 12 . This term was introduced in Rus in introduced was term . This , which means means which , 13 ------, 17 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 18 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 cording to Dugin’s to cording diagnosis. ac technologies, effective and goals, Russia’sto and reality own need adapted be to these and network uses means, country the won be only if orange can network technologies.”the Anetwar with clashes in defeats further be doomedto will it effort, this makes Russia “Unless were ‘postmodernised’. etc. tion systems, communica and information institutions, political services, forces, secret armed Russian the condition on that the successful be could model This direction. reverse precisely the oriented in be would offensive” “information of vectors Atlantic-American reality. The symmetric Russian net-centricand with approach of elements US basic postmodernism to combine the expected is ‘Atlantic opposition in the to model network’ network’ ‘Eurasian The purpose. for created be must this activists” culture and ists journal of corps patriotically-oriented the and scientists litical po scientists, intellectuals, services, secret Russian the from пассионарные thebest (Russian ‘mission-oriented’ ficials, of of senior consisting group US.’ a“special Dugin, to According thethe from to response ‘net-centric challenge offersymmetric a 14 Theory’ Political Fourth book ‘The his in ideology proposed by Dugin tism advantage. The neo-conserva informational an to gain struggle the offer for foundations ideological These geopoliticians two 7. feated the last 20 last feated the (NATO). de partnership USSRliberalism collapsed, When the Atlantic and Americentrism in ideology inherent is litically, this Geopo globalism. and technocracy on individualism, based is which West. ideology liberalism the is ideology This in dominant its struggle against Russia: Russia as the enemy gives meaning to to enemy gives meaning the as Russia Russia: against struggle its is sole for reason the existence its and of end capabilities, its the come to has Today liberalism arena. sole global ideology on the

T Aлександр Дугин, ‘Четвертая политическая теория’ политическая ‘Четвертая Дугин, Aлександр he ideological ‘engine’ of information struggle 14 can be summarised as follows. as one only There is pre summarised be can th century ideology (communism) to remain the the ideology (communism) remain to century , 2009. staff a t s ) ------The term ‘netcode’The term sovereignty. cyber- and state- spiritual-, he suggested triad: anew ideological dignity. However,and book, latest presentation of his the during power super status of spirituality, triad the as presented them he Initially, issues. ideological regards as Dugin than consistent 15 20 ideologies the in predominant were the which fascism, and communism (as opposed liberalism, to theory The fourth becometo consolidated. it possible liberals for makes the and for society open struggle the its superpower status and social solidarity social and status superpower its patriotism, it on based Russian Millennium’. PresidentPutin the Turn at the ‘Russia of manifesto his 1999in in Putin by Vladimir formulated idea was Russian the that World’ admits he openly the and work Warfare his In ‘Information of Russians. awareness the in dominants superpower “state-building and on the based is component ideological doctrine geopolitical his of of the ter fact, in the 21 the in of Russia’s thesis the and course leadership their pire’ have run em ‘liberal the and of liberalism theory Dugin’s the that thesis He with less agrees thought is Panarin’s subtle. ideological true liberty.” and values conservative defend tradition, will Russia liberalism on war its In world,freedom. and multipolar for genuine dignity forpower. ajust It force apost-liberal revolutionary is struggling not a pre-liberal be will not is and “Russia superstate. ological post-liberal ide setup to aneo-conservative expected is tury) motivation of ethnic groups and entire populations of countries, of countries, populations entire and groups motivation of ethnic processes, the the netcode manage the who“Those understand of One Dugin’s for writes, example: students formation warfare.

page 350. page Москва мир’. и война ‘Информациoнная Панарина, Л. Панарин, И. st century global political processes. However, political global a mat as century is inherent in the ideological dimension of in dimension ideological the in inherent is 15 . Panarin is also less also is . Panarin th cen 2003, 2003, - - - - - 19 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 20 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 co-president party Velikoye of the Otechestvo spring’). The blogger, well-known ‘Russian Starikov,the Nikolai or march’ ‘Russian the as such myths, political the are of which expressions (the symbolic ascertained code’ frequently is sian ‘Rus of the triumph netcode. At present, the Russian the to posed op is statehood) hegemony of Russian disassembly (global and pear to still be valid today. valid be still to pear intoxication ap psychological and disinformation in specialist and foment the conflict for their own purposes” own their for foment conflict and the 19 18 17 16 the the Moscowin with Atlantic), to Pacific the from stretching possible, of sphere influence (if vast its as Eurasia building while Russia, (2010).election background: ageopolitical has war This presidential the win helped him and 2003/2004, Yanukovych in blue for of support Viktor the team stereotype). Itaganda ensured ‘orange the plague’ (a against prop widespread awar been has this beginning very for the From years. Ukraine against war logical psycho and engaged information incessantly in been has Russia 8. Moscow,” 1971. in Nord wrote Pierre government for in the never exists peacetime The point that is weapons. of use psychological incessant the was innovation other An warfare. universal and into amassive this novation, turning in a Soviet was warfare of psychological ideology part “Making Civilisation.” of Russian of citizens mass up (…) of acritical mind conscious have building and led the to (…) which achievements have woken up people’s layers sub of the PresidentPutin’s to owing code’ works perfectly ‘Russian “Our

T The Great Fatherland Party. Fatherland Great The See: Zavtra See: 47, November 2008. 47, November Валерий Коровин, ‘Сетевая война США в Чечне’, Северный Кавказ, № mation – arme de guerre’, Paris 1986. 1986. Paris guerre’, de – arme mation désinfor Volkoff,‘La Vladimir from ‘L’Intoxication’. Nord, Quotation Pierre he Eurasian project U vs. the he Eurasian , 13 March 2014. 13 March 19 krainian issue krainian The words of this French French The words of this 17 , wrote recently , wrote 16 . The US netcode netcode The US . 46- 18 ------: implement during a socio-economic crisis in Ukraine). in implement asocio-economic crisis during (in Dugin’s possible would a bloodless to be scenario, opinion, this benefits economic energy and oftempted by political, promises or of duress circumstances under project either integration sian Eura it at convincing join to government the aimed Ukrainian apragmatic envisages acomplicated with scenario game This 2. Scenario Ukraine. in imminent edly alleg was which war of civil risk due the to was this that argued He south-eastern. zones: and into two divided is western Ukraine 1. Scenario 2013: in already Ukraine of integration for the strategies concrete three He outlined 20 informed,” not sufficiently diplomatic being or is either is Anyone who says this it not is like like. is issue Ukrainian what possible. is the as This east the to way a as to find to push much it trying are Washington in cians geopoliti possible, west the as while to the close as to run line this We land. territory, have the wanted the always through cut will line division the case this in divisions; territorial coincide with always do not differences “Cultural area. cultural European ern people West representatives of who the are Western Ukrainian distinct culturally the versus Russia with links ented towards ori Russians, Little identical culturally the and Great Russians peoples who orientations: ethnic geopolitical representopposing are opinion,there his In state. lame and itaseasonal as treating for divided be to years, for Ukraine calling ostentatiously been has West. the Dugin and East the between it left suspended tion has whose problem loca the faced of Ukraine, asovereign has centre,

dugin-radzi; http://kresy24.pl/45590/podział-ukrainy-juz-przesadzony). się’ (http://www.eprudnik.pl/ podzielcie Ukraińcy, –bracia radzi ‘Dugin 20 he wrote in 2009. in he wrote ------21 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 22 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 and peoples”and communities of individual distinctiveness cultural the tion and tradi the Union conceived is respects which amodel being of as Eurasian the since enemy into afriend, the and poison into acure the However, project. turn to made gration be to has attempt the inte implementation Eurasian to the of the obstacle main the is nationalism Western society. modern in Ukrainian predominant post-modernist standards other ideology and rights human ism, tolerance, multicultural individualism, of values liberalism, the do notshare classification traditional the with line in and nition by defi Ukrainians “Western nationalists. Western Ukrainian War terminology, a“subversive scenario”. It envisages using or,Dugin by use Cold defined to as scenario a“vanguard” is This 3. Scenario 21 march’ as Dugin put it. Dugin as march’ on ‘geopolitical its embark to stimulus asudden Russia giving point aturning as Panarin and Dugin viewed by been both has an, Euromaid aconsequence of as the Ukraine, in crisis The internal

лкад Дгн ‘ваиси пок и г уриса проблема украинская kaya-problema/) его и проект (http://odnako.org/magazine/material/evraziyskiy-proekt-i-ego-ukrains ‘Евразийский Дугин, Александр 21 . ------’ 3. 2. 1. follows: as students his 2014), he instructed which in March 18 VK, (Panarin portal on group VKontakte discussion Technology ofhis to ‘The Victory’ anote entitled addressed day, same the On tion. Professor Panarin annexa its and control over Crimea play taking in been in had gy strate media asuccessful as well as diplomatictage and channels sabo and open secret that fact the of confirmation symbolic was operation’ This were present ‘Crimean there. success of the the to had who contributed officials and politicians All circles. academic and Yevgenycluding representatives of cultural and Primakov, in veterans, service secret government well, the who served had media representatives of the other and Kiselev Dmitry as well as Panarin, representatives of and leading geopolitics: two Dugin the diplomats led by Sergey Lavrov, Council, Security of the members service, secret of heads the the included also meeting sent at the pre those houses of of parliament, both members selected fully care by Russia.” with Along taken it action “peaceful to trasted con and Ukraine” in situation the Western moves destabilising spoke about “unprofessional cynical PresidentPutin and eration, Fed Russian into the of incorporation Crimea of occasion the the 2014on on March 18 Kremlin held at the meeting formal the During 1. II. ‘ T ment, which is based on spiritual and ethical values. ethical and on spiritual based is ment, which of path developalternative Thean world offered been has coups. form of political the take which colour revolutions the foundcounteract to a recipe has Russia implemented. being from violent scenario prevent planned the to Crimea precautions in took many Russia 2008, son August to compari in that, emphasised strongly “It especially be should he of technology victory’ p Infor r act ma i c e t on w ion a rf a r e i n ge n op ol i t ic a l l ------23 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 24 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 (the date of the Crimean referendum) Crimean (the of date the opponent’s of date the precise the defeat: 16 March by stating operation up the summed Public, the torate with for Contacts FSB’s former head of the Mikhailov, Direc Aleksandr General dust.” United States into radioactive the power capable of turning only the is “Russia fear.” that with boasted grey He also turned Obama “Barack that stations on Rossiya-24 1 and TV on Channel announced Kiselev Dmitry vein. asimilar in statements made have services secret and media Russian Representatives of the implementing plans. its while major any encountered obstacles not had Russia of note Victory’ that ‘Technology headerof his the in He operation. Berkut’s emphasised engagementthis in ‘valour’ and so he did as emphasising of population Ukraine, Russian-speaking aconsolidation be should of the there that metaphorically ly and He operation. suggested indirect coordinated and tary), planned mili and diplomatic, acombinedbeen (media, financial-economic had this that He admitted warfare. ment of information ‘defensive’ ele an as operation Crimean the classified consistently Panarin 5. 4. 22 in real life and in virtual reality, elements of blocking the oppo the of reality, elements blocking virtual in and life real in of components, amultitude has both warfare “Information tions. tor, sanc and PresidentPutin’s involvement, personal blackmail fac psychological the war: information ‘Crimean’ ofements the ‘ war-0/?m...). war-0/?m...). верблюды не мы Генерал-майор Михайлов об инфвойнах: Cобака лает, караван идет, но но идет, караван лает, Cобака инфвойнах: об Михайлов Генерал-майор directed personally by .” by Vladimir personally directed and tary, etc.) with have conducted coordination close been in and economic,mili (diplomatic,tion of information financial Russia’sthe counterac fields of comprehensiveon all actions channel. right the of Berkut’s impulse into accumulated valour the sible direct to pos been it has The Spirit of become Valour crystallised: has ’ (http://www.pravda.ru/news/society/21-03-2014/1201182- 22 . He specified the key el the key . He specified ------techniques can be used without any major obstacles. The major any news without obstacles. used be can techniques newspapers), (television, and radio media propaganda ditional tra controls mostof state the Given reality, where the Russian etc.). chaos, equals Maidan fascism, equals Banderivtsy riotism, pat equals spring Russian the myths: political created ated with associ be to thesis propaganda (causing the obviousness posed Russophobe), as of loaded such keywords, principle of the sup (the message uses black-and-whitefull simplified, is is and terms, without much thought, even irrationally), the clarity even much thought, irrationally),without the act recipients message will of the they to a condition which in banned), principle agitation of the emotional (bringing the been had language Russian the that information manipulated the believed they so protected, be should rights their that expect people Russian-speaking and (Russians information desired of 2003), since reiterated have incessantly principle been the types impact principle long-lasting ofand the massive as such propaganda, principles of successful sociotechnical the with conducted line in Cold fought the War. those to erences during been They have also ref clear make battles information recent Russian struggle: this propaganda, control. Spets­ social and technology struggle information in used are notions the applicationand of pressure Influence blocking 2. scale. global the success on was this success;and with his plan fulfilled Putin presented. is sult - re how this it important is instead, inessential; is warfare information of consequence as a sustained profitsand losses by W opinion expressed T concluded. he influence),” nent’s elements and of (creating pressure influence operations of information basic instrument the Propaganda as (the ‘orange plague’ and ‘Banderivtsy’ propaganda stereo propaganda (the ‘orange ‘Banderivtsy’ plague’ and as we may see for ourselves, is the key instrument of we mayas keyinstrument seefor ourselves,the is he quotations provided above confirm the abovehe provided quotations confirm The propaganda message was clear: President The message clear: propaganda was estern theoreticians: the balance of balance the theoreticians: estern

principle principle ------25 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 26 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 kept in mind that such synonyms need to be symmetrical. For ex need symmetrical. be to synonyms such that mind kept in developed. be should polemics However, in used be to it be should of synonyms Asystem Russians. against are THEY while Russians, West’, lised we support and EU. Wethe USA and Russians the are ‘civi the (as apatriot), us), from (free Putin for liberalism, against war, for Ukraine a free against themselves declare terests). THEY in strategic our secure to way better is softer (although the war support also necessary, If we will NATO USA, liberalism. the and oppose and Ukraine, aRussian and Crimea aRussian want WE (THEY, liberal-Western US) camp you the who).and and know people the (Putin, camp patriotic the country: our in camps two we “It have obvious that is that: Enemy’, Internal the instructing of Rules Polemics ‘The with entitled atext posted Dugin Aleksandr http://rossia3.ru/. portal netwar the is action 10 On March, of this action, which has been a known fact for fact along time aknown been has which action, object of an organised on groups are Runet discussion online and public. The in opinions portals exchange to and native information alter post to thepossibility offer they since propaganda Russian’ of sector ‘anti- main the viewed as are media networking Social 3. addresses. and posts memes any to propaganda formation and automatic Computer enable users. replication of toolsalso in the between interaction enable they since opinion-forming media, tial have and become influen time real in provide information sources Twitter,found on blogs, forums, discussion Facebook, These etc. be can Independentinformation different. quite is information, create can themselves users where the media, networking social online The in situation harmful. blocked as be should which and goals, certain helpcould achieve who information decide which specialists, technology moderated by is political them presented in 23

N ‘ ‘ gramoty.com; исследования Попытка брата. ‘Вирту старшего око Ломко, альное Иван Кривов, Андрей Полянская, Анна for example: See Где живут тролли. И кто их кормит их Икто тролли. Где живут etwork propaganda operations propaganda etwork ене оаи оы Ру зоны собаки Цепные Новая газета Новая ’, ’, ’, оа газета Новая , 7 September 2013. , 7September ’ (2003) – royallib.ru, –royallib.ru, ’ (2003) , 23 October 2009; 2009; , October 23 23 . One example example One . ------concern primarily the ‘organisational component’: the primarily concern since R context that this in stated be to (PR), roleits image-building It in needs propaganda. agitation and on impact have an These functions functions. (inspirer) crediting (opponents) ac the and discrediting performs also Propaganda creep’, Bandera (‘that editors’ ugly ‘the aesthetically mugs’).also empathy. not but The only ideologically opponent discredited is deprived and ofThe opponent ideological image clear of is the white). is Russia West white and (whereand diabolic black, is the in black worldand of painted the The simplified visible. is picture Russia’s as clearly defender is of leader and Putin cult successful The them. in prominent highly also of events are interpretations tendentious and Biased or ‘liberast’. ‘pederast’ as such cabulary, abusive and vo obscenities numerous They polemics. contain and news online in used is language hateful and Emotional Panarin. by described techniques provocation intimidation verbal tion, and fabrica information manipulation, disinformation, on the based is Net propaganda media. traditional ones in used the as same the are propaganda of online rules the conclusion for the that grounds provide even greater online front’ ‘information of the ticipants by par expressed opinions and instruction of this The analysis them.” against used be also could level patriots for beginner agitation materials visual or similar Moskvy of Echo ugly or mugs the editors US frontof embassy of in Navalny the the showing video demotivators, virus memes and software, trolling automatic An patriotic of time. a waste is them with a discussion people, into entering limited so by intellectually used are guments Such ar level, let them. to respond novice but aggressive polemists or ‘Stalinist’ fascist’ ‘Russian the from immediately start THEY If ‘spy’,be spies’. to pay you?’ or CIA ‘traitor’, ‘death the much did ‘how cold-blooded our or ‘Stalinist’, should ‘Nazi’ response term the use be: ‘agent will column’.andresponse of US influence’ they ‘fifth If ‘nationalists’, us communists’, NOT US call ‘Soviet’, our ARE then западники (Russian ‘Westerners’ and ‘liberals’ terms ‘patriots’, the us use response in call WE ample, and THEY ussian strategic innovations ). WHO THOSE If - - - - - 27 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 28 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 tive opinion leader during the Russian intervention in Crimea. Crimea. in intervention Russian the tive opinion leader during ac especially an was Dugin groups. discussion his created he has VKontakte), (Twitter, where services Facebook, Odnoklassniki, networking social to posted and tweeted also are announcements http://www.socium.tv/node/40. portal media and articles His http://geopolitika.ru multi the portal and ies), analytical the for (the Stud site Centre Neoconservative of the journal.com/ websites http://ru-neokons.live http://konservatizm.org/ and accessed be on Dugin’s the can achievements academic turn, In associates. his leader and by the made recent publish announcements publications and Dugin’s to links contain of them www.evrazia-books.ru/). All portal (http://www.evrazia.tv/) and Knigi Evrazii (http://vehi.tv/index.php?module=main); portal portal TV (http:// TV Eurasia Movement (http://evrazia.info/), Eurasian of the portals er Vehi to oth links contains evrazia.org portal The analytical news and http://patriot-af.livejournal. and ‘Oprichnina’) (the website Terrible ofBrotherhood’s the Ivan nsk.narod.ru org, http:// clones [http://nppinfo.com, http://nbpinfo.com, network numerous its and Party Bolshevik National of the portal http://nazbol. http://nb-info-ru, to links information i.e. contains the turn in http://nbf.rossia3.ru. Party This Bolshevik National of the portal Movement’s http://evrazia.org/Eurasian netwar portal the and International http://rossia3.ru/ the to portal linked is The netwar 4. R in society no civil is there Headquarters is its chief authority. chief its is Headquarters Network 2008. in founded by Dugin youth organisation military Youth Eurasian Union, of apara the portal the time same at the ‘opinioncalled leaders’ formed by polittechnologists are Panarin) (asby defined ‘ T he D he ugin network’ ugin нацболру.рф , http://nbkurs.ru], http://oprich- to and . The aforementioned ‘netwar portal’ is is . The portal’ aforementioned ‘netwar ussia, informational ‘ informational ussia, spetsnazes and so------’ Rossiya movement) and Dragan Stanojevic (leader of the United (leader ofRossiya Stanojevic movement) the Dragan and Samoderzhavnaya (leader of the Matyukhin ance), Aleksandr organisation), Yermolayev Anton Alli National (leaderof the Hundreds Black of (head the Shtilmark Association), Aleksandr Conservative-Right (leader of the Zhilin ny party), Alexey Kurs Youth Natsional Eurasian Union the (leader of and the valenko kov (co-president Ko party), Andrei Velikoye of the Otechestvo Youth Eurasian Union), of Khomya commissioner the Vladimir ‘Pereprava’), BovdunovEducation Association (federal Aleksandr and Cultural of (head the Notin Aleksandr Expertise), Geopolitical (Centre for Korovin by: Valery signed was declaration founding The 2014. on 13 Coalition March Spring’ ‘Russian the established Dugin’s share which views organisations movements and mal infor and formal of the Part commissioners. and headquarters controlled by structures hierarchical and organised are these spetsnazes. information and society ahugeThere civil is online gap between 5. uncompromising. aggressiveand dynamic, extremely are actions online their and to act, mobilised network. They are form ahomogenous communication chains these and impact, of information xportal.pl). chains They form separate portal ish (for Pol the example, and theory fourth of his fans Moscow from Universityforeign to philosophy and students ogy sociol ‘Natsbols’ colonies’ through fascism-inclined –from itual into aform of online), grouped ‘spir by are them which expressed opinions the from (judging supporters of fanatic number a great gain helped Dugin has contacts networkThe of extensive online of ‘scientific that communism’), (such as patriotism’ etc. of ‘scientific rank accorded be should the patriotism Russian that and appealing de- problemin emergedhad Ukraine, the that claimed example, he for propaganda: by official forward put theses the for all provided grounds analyses geopolitical His N etwork institutionalisation etwork Instead of spontaneously formed discussion groups, of formed discussion spontaneously Instead ------29 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 30 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 north-western neighbours. They are linked in that they share the the share they that in linked They are neighbours. north-western Russia’s and abroad near the in atnews agency countries targeted the Regnum, from originated stoletije.ru and iines.org drus.su, zapa regcomment.ru, probably and also cominf.org ostkraft.ru, For agencies have created. been the example, Rex, portals and Moscow.” Institute, Warfare mation new news agencies Many Infor “executive of as the director texts his now signs by portal, imperiya. of the administrator an as presentedrecently himself who until Belarus, from Russian ethnic an ers). YuriBaranchik, (http://baltija.eu, http://glagol.in.ua, http://imperiya.by oth and have which joined Russia’s in warfare portals information dias given Russian to been recently of has attention deal A great portal. found be ru/blog/9558) on this can ‘patriots’ (see for by so-called http://nstarikov. example: written ko.org, http://ruska-prawda.com, http://politrash.ru) blogs and org; http://vmestepobedim.org; http://kontra20.ru;pro-Kremlin http://odna internet forums (http://aftershoc; topic http://avanturist. Along of –http://ruxpert.ru. list warfare information the in specialises which portal the mentioning itcontext, worth is for voices. many this songs In Kremlin’s propaganda written the sing which ‘swarms’ onenetwork just of of is similar amultitude coverage: massive it because has Dugin’s successful also is ogy technol This mission. patriotic motivated by the purposes, litical Kremlin’s for po used Theythe are instructions. gives them and statements their people, corrects ‘its’ controls them, guides ters - headquar The network online. technology’ ‘swarm so-called it possible the to use make trend ideological Eurasian the with in fit which of organisations forms of operation the Institutionalised militants. with of experts and monarchists, and nationalists leftists, with radicals of conservative alliance: eclectic an quite is of Eurasia). this of proves The signatories Diaspora Serb that list ------24 the that sure made “soldiers had when they nice, and were very the that morning the in announced pressservice The airport’s .” from commandos by Bandera “air assault an from plained, ex they orderdefend to it, in as in airport occupied the They engaged disinformation. active in were also 2March, 1 and at between night Crimea to who came insignia, without uniforms ‘niceThe men’ so-called Moscow. in this.” not no be allow Maidan We shall There will (…) salute. aNazi as hands dirty their who extend scum, Bandera Kyiv government in “The whatwas: Among he formed said is by by Kurginyan. aspeech to atstopped Revolution listen to Square march of the participants the parade, the events. After before such hold evidently drills –they columns equal in were marching ans people. of Young 4,000 ademonstration to veter people war and office thegranted consent Moscow the mayor of had that reported daily, by the made Komsomolets Moskovsky timates es to according demonstration this in people15,000 participated Времени Essence of Time”, Суть is which for “The (standing embroidered on them SV letters the and stars with boards, shoulder military-styled with jackets red wearing ‘competitive’ of the were march peace Participants Kurginyan. Sergey Stalinist, Essence of fascist-leaning led‘The Time’ by the organisation paramilitary it, held by branded the television sian Rus as demonstration, a‘peaceful’ and ofincorporation Crimea of opponents of ademonstration the 2014: Moscowin on 17 March For were seen ‘peace two purposes. example, propaganda marches’ for used of disinformation verbal equivalent an is action through Disinformation life. real in observed be also can Innovations 6. website Rex found on IA (opinion leaders), of group experts same along of be whom list can

Innovations life real in See: http://www.iarex.ru/experts/ – accessed on 26 March 2014. March on 26 –accessed http://www.iarex.ru/experts/ See: 24 . , the armed military officers wearing officerswearing military armed , the in Russian). Around Russian). in Around . Other media media . Other - - - - 31 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 32 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 following the collapse of the USSR. collapse of the following the emerged which countries of the citizens Russian-speaking the and Russians unites which sphere socio-cultural and symbolic ‘flag the holiday’) and Georgethe ribbons belong Saint to jackets, (the red propaganda reinforce designedto Some elements of the intervention’ Crimea.” in ‘military so-called of the time at the Maidan’, ‘peaceful even no the injured one while was during killed “Around mentioned them: 100 people also were has dent Putin Presi ofexample bloodless solutions problems Crimea. in the to The an ‘nice as propaganda in Crimea. men’ used been have also in facilities occupied strategic and other airport to the back came globe, they the across spread news was When this airport.” the left apologised and they assault, of air no risk under was airport - 25 Federation Russian of population the multi-ethnic of identity the civil the ing of reinforc purposes the employed serve to by PresidentPutin Russia”, in space information asingle have and “Building been and security” Federation,” information sian Russian “Improving apositive Rus image of “Building the include These programmes Federation. Russian the waged against warfare’ ‘information ise neutral to used been have few years also past over the launched authorities.” state programmes federal The the presidential and about Russia of spread disinformation “the keythreats among the lists which 2000, in Doctrine Security Information the in lined out policy the with now. conducted tandem been in also It has applied consistently for been years has public; this the mobilising Russia’sand of spheres influence reconstructing state, the ing strengthen aimed at thepolicy accompanied of effect it were an that warfare information the and The of incorporation Crimea policy State C by foreign entities, which must be listed in the register of ‘foreign of ‘foreign register the in listed be must by foreign which entities, funded on non-governmentalorganisations act include: the egy strat of this world. Manifestations external the with of rivalry gy have adopted they a strate services; secret the in started careers thepowerelite whose by influenced strongly also is policy This NATO). and USA Russia’sagainst opponents (the geopolitical West the –above all, mainly directed be to aggression for informational calls which doctrine geopolitical provided by the are belief for this grounds post-Soviet The ‘scientific’ the and area. Russia place in taking the processes influence to made being are attempts that belief Kremlin’sthe of effect an is policy of this dimension The external

onclu Kremlin.ru, 12 February 2013, volgapress.ru, 9 February 2013. 9February volgapress.ru, 2013, February 12 Kremlin.ru, on si 25 . ------33 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 34 POINT OF VIEW 05/2014 ful action. This is also a convenient information and media space, media aconvenient and also information is This action. ful success contributed the to which one factors of the also was used is where space Russian The operation. linguistic Crimean the Russia’s during was ally Russia, with bonds main emotional and cultural who have maintained diaspora, The Russian-speaking R East. the in ground socio-cultural on fertile falls on disinformation based newspeak However, not propagated appealing. are the ideas ideological the ofFurthermore, era new technologies. the in verify to easy and message incredible West. propaganda rather the is The Russian in it crusade possible anew ideological for launch make to Russia could opponent). instrument wonder might One this whether the function(discrediting and propaganda) Kremlin’s official the not judgments, of and and facts),tions content (compliance with of emo (the language language are features Its distinctive fare. war of information keyinstrument the remains Propaganda network. the within of activity organisation the concern marily tools (the Internet).new media However, pri innovations these into consideration It to take had stereotypes. mental Soviet and warfare upon draws clearly newspeak’, psychological Soviet cal of ‘ideologi akind deliberations theoretical its in uses which geopolitics, informational The Russian USSR. contemporary the from were inherited which for and use have in years which been technologies political a product of viewed be should as traditional network warfare and information The Russian observed recently old new packaging productin An support. other along with circles’ culture and academic legislative, diplomatic, ideological, social, media, tional, organisa ensure to developing base as the well as tion warfare, informa with dealing base research and scientific of the building agents’ (2012), (2013), anti-gay act the consistent the above all and ussia’s allies ussia’s ------iticians’ fear of unpredictability and entrepreneurs’ fear of fear losses; entrepreneurs’ and of fear unpredictability iticians’ war, of Westpolfear the in (using groups pacifists’ social various of motivations play various on the also Russians values. spected people’son the choice”). re upon draws wording generally This based is Kremlin free,” the and and power “the rich of be to Putin well,” Russia as government “the wants patriots, be to right the have (“Russians wording this in inherent also is but manipulation used here, is opinion leaders. wording Different by local spread also Voice is RT,the TV and disinformation station radio of Russia case to decipher. of the continue more be to In difficult will and been has provided here Western audience.at the Disinformation targeted also are manner, in a moresophisticated affairs current interprets which of Foreign Affairs, Ministry for the example RT).institutions, TV The and websites official Russia Russian of (The media Voicespecialist via of spread and West the modified is message to the addressed that fact It the however is noting worth of spheres influences. the tween be lines partition the setting means fact in new and tive, nothing promotedworld, unattrac is being Europe, by Russia, including project of ‘conservative revolution’, of the i.e. de-Americanisation ‘new’ the that aware fully They Maidan.” are the from fascists and of “Banderivtsy cruelty the from saved Crimea has annexation the that have argumentation notthey convinced by been Russian The Western disinformation: public less is receptive Russian to publicdience, evenreceptive is ideas. here, where its to the solutions, into obeunconvinced forcing those to military sorted However, re Crimea. in has sabotage Russia actions with backed have won been overaconsequence of as long-lasting propaganda They operation. 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