Xxi 84 2014 E D I Ç Ã O 8 4 4 8 O Ã Ç I D ANO XXI - E ANO XXI - Julho 2014 - Nº84

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Xxi 84 2014 E D I Ç Ã O 8 4 4 8 O Ã Ç I D ANO XXI - E ANO XXI - Julho 2014 - Nº84 ANO edição julho xXI 84 2014 ANO XXI ANO ANO XXI - Julho 2014 - nº84 - e d i ç ã o 8 4 julho 2014 julho CAPA Imagem estilizada do quadro ANO edição julho xXI 84 2014 “A Sinagoga”, óleo sobre tela, Marc Chagall, 1917 TESTE-CAPA84c(provaprelo).indd 1 26-Jun-14 7:15:33 AM Carta ao leitor Tishá b´Av, o nono dia do mês hebraico de Menachem finanças, medicina também estão fora de proporção com Av, é o dia mais triste do calendário judaico – a data em seu pequeno número. Têm feito uma luta maravilhosa no que foram destruídos ambos os Templos de Jerusalém. mundo, em todas as épocas; e o têm feito com as mãos Desde a queda do Segundo Templo, vários eventos atadas nas costas (...)”. trágicos – tanto para o Povo Judeu como para o restante da humanidade – ocorreram nessa data. As palavras de Mark Twain reverberaram ao longo dos séculos. O que ele escreveu a respeito do Povo Judeu O nono dia de Av e as Três Semanas de Luto que o vale especialmente para a geração que sobreviveu ao precedem são dias de autorreflexão, em que devemos fazer Holocausto, reconstituiu um Estado Judeu na Terra de um exame de consciência, tanto individual como coletivo. Israel e fez com que o judaísmo voltasse a florescer. Contudo, o judaísmo não vê com bons olhos a tristeza. “Somos a geração de Jó e de Jerusalém”, escreveu Elie Diz um ensinamento judaico que tudo que ocorre na vida Wiesel. De fato, a geração do Holocausto sofreu mais é para o bem e que devemos nos esforçar para enxergar a do que qualquer outra. Mas foi ela que liderou o retorno luz. Mesmo em meio à escuridão. Qual, então, o aspecto a Israel e Jerusalém e reconstituiu um Estado Judeu na positivo da data mais triste do ano judaico? Terra de Israel. Tishá b’Av é também uma data que simboliza a Tishá b’Av é o dia de Jó e de Jerusalém. Por um lado, eternidade judaica. É a própria evidência de que, apesar é a data mais difícil do calendário judaico. Por outro, de todas as adversidades e tragédias que vivenciou, o Povo celebra a imortalidade do Povo Judeu. No nono dia de Judeu não apenas sobreviveu, mas floresceu. Qualquer Av, jejuamos, lamentamos e nos enlutamos – tanto pela pessoa que tivesse presenciado a queda do Segundo destruição da Casa de D’us como pelo exílio e sofrimento Templo de Jerusalém, o poderio romano e a destruição de nosso povo. Mas Tishá b’Av contém uma centelha sutil, da pátria judaica, poderia apostar que o poderoso Império mas muito poderosa: a constatação de que sobrevivemos Romano duraria para sempre e que o Povo de Israel aos assírios, aos babilônios, aos romanos, aos inquisidores, logo desapareceria da Terra. Ocorreu o inverso. aos nazistas e a todos aqueles que lutaram, em vão, contra O Império Romano desapareceu, tendo sido relegado a eternidade dos Filhos de Israel. aos livros de História. Já o Povo de Israel, apesar do exílio, das perseguições, dos massacres, da assimilação Há uma tradição que ensina que Tishá b’Av, o dia em que e do genocídio, permanece uma nação forte e vibrante. caíram os dois Templos, será a data na qual o Terceiro Um povo que foi expulso de sua pátria há dois milênios, Templo será erguido. A partir de então, o nono dia de Av a ela retornou, construiu um estado moderno e, em deixará de ser o dia mais triste do calendário judaico e 66 anos, tornou-se um oásis de democracia, tecnologia e passará a ser o mais feliz. progresso no Oriente Médio. Esperamos que essa era de paz se inicie em breve, para o Mark Twain,um dos grandes escritores norte-americanos, Povo de Israel e para a humanidade toda. escreveu o seguinte a respeito dos judeus: “Se as estatísticas estão corretas, os judeus constituem apenas um por cento da raça humana (...). Adequadamente, jamais se ouviria falar dos judeus; porém se fala, e sempre se ouviu falar deles (...). Suas contribuições aos grandes nomes do mundo na literatura, ciência, arte, música, TANACH A Terra de Israel: Pátria Eterna do Povo Judeu “O Eterno D’us disse a Avram: ‘De onde você se encontra, olhe para o norte e para o sul, para o leste e para o oeste. Eu darei a você e aos descendentes, para sempre, toda a terra que você está vendo... Agora vá e ande por esta terra, de norte a sul e de leste a oeste, pois Eu a darei a você’” (Genesis 13:14-17). primeiro comentário de Rashi sobre a importância da Terra de Israel – para o Criador do Torá merece a devida atenção. Universo, para a Torá – que é a Sua Vontade e Sabedoria “No princípio, D’us criou os céus e a – e para o Povo Judeu. o terra...” (Genesis, 1:1). “No princípio”: Declarou Rabi Yitzhak: a Torá não deveria O que é intrigante sobre esse primeiro comentário é o seu ter começado por nenhum outro verso a timing. Rashi viveu há quase mil anos: um milênio após não ser: “Que este mês (Nissan) seja para vós o primeiro a destruição do Segundo Templo Sagrado de Jerusalém e dos meses do ano” (Êxodo, 12:2), que é a primeira mitzvá o subsequente exílio do Povo Judeu da Terra de Israel, e que o Povo Judeu recebeu como mandamento. Qual quase um milênio antes da criação do moderno Estado de a razão, então, para a Torá iniciar o relato da Criação Israel. Quando Rashi escreveu seu comentário, os judeus com Bereshit? Porque – “Ele revelou a Seu povo o poder já viviam no exílio há mil anos e não podiam retornar de Seus feitos, para lhe conceder a herança das nações à sua pátria legítima. Naquele então, o assim-chamado (Salmos, 111:6). Pois caso os povos do mundo dissessem Novo Mundo nem sequer havia sido “descoberto”. Seu a Israel, “Vocês são ladrões, pois tomaram pela força primeiro comentário, portanto, é um anacronismo – um as terras de sete nações (de Canaã)”, Israel poderia assunto que deixou de ser relevante mil anos antes de sua responder-lhes: “A terra toda pertence ao Santo, Bendito vida – ou profético – uma questão que seria extremamente é Seu Nome. Ele a criou – e a deu àquele que a Seus relevante quase um milênio após seu falecimento. Como olhos Lhe pareceu apropriado. E Ele a deu a eles (as Rashi viveu uma vida sobrenatural e sua obra foi guiada nações de Canaã) por uma expressão de Sua vontade; e pela Divina Providência, podemos seguramente pressupor Ele a retirou deles e a deu a nós por uma expressão de que suas palavras foram proféticas. De fato, seu primeiro Sua vontade”. Rashi comentário sobre a Torá é hoje mais relevante do que nunca. Rashi é o “pai de todos os comentaristas” e Genesis é o primeiro dos cinco livros da Torá – a única obra de Posse da Terra autoria Divina conferida ao ser humano, transmitida por D’us a Moshé no Monte Sinai. O fato de Rashi Um judeu que crê na Torá e um cristão que acredita na iniciar seu comentário sobre a Torá da forma como o Bíblia Cristã não necessitam de convencimento de que a faz é altamente significativo, pois ressalta a inestimável Terra de Israel é a pátria do Povo Judeu. Se há um tema 6 REVISTA MORASHÁ I 84 Campo de flores no deserto do Negev que ecoa ao longo de todo o Tanach – a Torá, os Nevi’im três vezes ao dia, para que D’us nos tire do exílio (os Profetas) e os Ketuvim (os Escritos), é o fato de que e nos leve de volta à Terra de Israel. Ao término de cada a Terra de Israel é o presente eterno de D’us ao Povo evento judaico significativo, como Yom Kipur e o Seder de Judeu. Na Torá, vemos que D’us repetidamente reafirma Pessach, proclamamos: “No ano próximo em Jerusalém” essa promessa a nossos Patriarcas e a Moshé, e lemos – Bashaná haba’á b’Yerushalaim”, para nos recordar que sobre o Êxodo do Povo Judeu do Egito e sua jornada a vida judaica e o cumprimento de seus preceitos não através do deserto a caminho da Terra Prometida. Os estão completos se estivermos fora de Eretz Israel e se Nevi’im relatam como o Povo Judeu conquistou a Terra o Templo continuar em ruínas. Durante dois mil anos, e lá estabeleceu um país. Os Livros de Josué e dos Juízes nem um dia sequer transcorreu em que o Povo Judeu se detalham as guerras travadas e vencidas. O Livro de tivesse esquecido da Terra de Israel ou tivesse renegado Samuel relata que o Rei David fundou e deu o nome seu direito à mesma. à cidade de Jerusalém, que estabeleceu como a capital de Israel, e onde reinou por 33 anos. O Livro dos Reis A alegação de que o Povo Judeu retornou a narra que o Rei Salomão, filho do Rei David, construiu Eretz Israel em virtude do Holocausto ou que o o Templo Sagrado de Jerusalém, e que a Terra de Israel Movimento Sionista influenciou os judeus a retornarem foi dividida em dois reinos – o Reino de Israel (Malchut à sua Pátria ancestral, portanto, é um absurdo. Durante Israel) e o Reino da Judeia (Malchut Yehudá). dois mil anos, dia após dia, temos ansiado pelo retorno à nossa Terra e orado a D’us para permitir que tal Historicamente é indiscutível que houve um Estado acontecimento ocorra. Fomos exilados de nossa Judeu na Terra de Israel durante mais de mil anos e que Terra não por opção, mas porque foi conquistada por a cidade de Jerusalém foi fundada e nomeada pelo maior nações estrangeiras, que exterminaram milhões de dos reis judeus, David.
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